1) Radicalism in the Middle East has been on the rise since 2010 according to survey data, with over half the populations of countries like Lebanon, Tunisia, and Egypt saying they are very concerned about the rise of extremism. 2) Historical causes contributing to the rise in radicalism include the failure of secular movements, Iran's 1979 Islamic revolution, civil wars in Lebanon and the Balkans in the 70s-90s, and Western invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq. 3) Socio-economic causes include the weakening of welfare states, nationalism, power vacuums, religious conflicts, failures of Arab uprisings, education systems, social/economic problems from war, and unfair