The document provides an overview of microcontroller units (MCUs) and microprocessor units (MPUs), describing their components, functions, and applications within embedded systems. It highlights the differences between machine language, assembly language, and high-level programming languages, as well as various data formats like unsigned and signed integers. Additionally, it outlines the hardware and software architecture of MPU-based and MCU-based systems.

1. Microcontroller Unit (MCU) &
Microprocessor Unit (MPU) System
Basics
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2. Microcontrollers
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 Embedded Systems
 An embedded system is a combination of HW and SW
specifically designed to perform dedicated functions.
 In some cases, embedded systems are part of a larger system
or product, as in the case of cooling system controls in a car.
 Microcontroller Unit (MCU)
 An integrated electronic computing device that includes the
following three components on a single chip
Microprocessor (MPU)
Memory
I/O (Input/Output) ports
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3. Microcontrollers
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 Support Devices
 Timers
 A/D converter
 Serial I/O
 Common communication lines
 System Bus
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4. Block Diagram
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5. Microprocessor (MPU)
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 MPU
 Read instructions
 Process binary data
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6. Memory
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 Storage Device
 Addresses
 Registers
 Major Categories
 Read/Write Memory
(R/W)
 Read-only-Memory
(ROM)
D7 D0
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7. Input/Output Devices
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 Input Devices
 Switches and Keypads
 Provide binary information to the MPU
 Output devices
 LEDs and LCDs
 Receive binary information from the MPU
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8. Microprocessor Controlled System Layout
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9. Cont.
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 The MPU communicates with Memory and I/O
devices using the System Bus
 Address bus
 Unidirectional
 Memory and I/O Addresses
 Data bus
 Bidirectional
 Transfers Binary Data and Instructions
 Control lines
 Read and Write timing signals
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10. Example
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11. Example(detailed)
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12. Software
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 Machine Language
 Binary Instructions
 Difficult to decipher and write
 Error-prone(possible to replace a 0 with 1 by mistake)
 All programs converted into machine language for execution
Instruction Hex Mnemonic Description Processor
10000000 80 ADD B Add reg B to Acc Intel 8085
00101000 28 ADD A, R0 Add Reg R0 to Acc Intel 8051
00011011 1B ABA Add Acc A and B Motorola
6811
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13. Cont.
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 Characteristics of Assembly Language
 Machine instructions represented in mnemonics
 One-to-one correspondence
 Efficient execution and use of memory
 Machine-specific
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14. Cont.
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 Characteristics of High-Level Languages
 BASIC, C, and C++
 Written in statements of spoken languages
 Machine independent
 Easy to write and troubleshoot
 Larger memory and less efficient execution
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15. Data Format using 8-bits (review)
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 Unsigned Integers
 All eight bits represent the magnitude of a number
 Bit7 to Bit0
 Range 00H to FFH (010 to 25510)
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16. Cont.
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 Signed Integers
 2's Complement
 Bit 7 is sign bit
 Positive numbers: 00H to 7FH (010 to 12710)
 Negative numbers: 80H to FFH (-110 to -12810)
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17. Cont.
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 Binary Coded Decimal Numbers (BCD)
 8 bits of a number divided into groups of four
 Each group represents a decimal digit from 0 to 9
 AH through FH are invalid
 Example: 0010 0101BCD = 2510
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18. Cont.
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 American Standard Code for Information
Interchange (ASCII)
 Seven-bit alphanumeric code with 128 combinations (00H to
7FH)
 Represents English alphabet, decimal digits from 0 to 9,
symbols, and commands
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19. Sept Dec 2024
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 System hardware
 Discrete components
 Microprocessor, Memory, and I/O
 Components connected by buses
 Address, Data, and Control
 System software
 A group of programs that monitors the function of different
units in an entire system
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20. MPU-Based Time
and Temperature System
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21. MCU-Based Systems(Applications)
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 Includes microprocessor, memory, I/O ports, and
support devices (such as timers) on a single
semiconductor chip
 Buses are generally not available to a system
designer
 I/O ports are generally multiplexed and can be
programmed to perform different functions
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22. MCU-Based Time
and Temperature System
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