Microorganisms are ubiquitous and play vital roles in virtually all Earth processes. Microbiology is the study of microbes like bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi and protozoa. These microbes are essential for nutrient cycling, biodegradation, climate change, food production and disease. Microbiologists make important discoveries that benefit society through vaccines, antibiotics, genome sequencing, and more. They also work to apply microbes beneficially in areas like healthcare, agriculture and environmental remediation.
The document discusses biology and the study of living organisms. It defines cells as the basic functional units of living things and notes there are two main types of cells - eukaryotic and prokaryotic. The document then discusses the universal principles of life, noting all cellular life shares certain characteristics including cell membranes, genetic material in DNA, RNA and proteins, and basic chemical composition and processes.
- Microorganisms play key roles in human health, agriculture, food production, and the environment. They can cause infectious diseases but have also helped control diseases through vaccines and antibiotics. Microbes aid agriculture through nitrogen fixation and by enabling ruminant digestion. They are crucial to food industries like dairying and brewing through fermentation. Some microbes also produce biofuels like methane and ethanol. Overall, microorganisms both threaten and greatly benefit human lives and activities.
This document discusses microbiology and is from the Institute of Engineering & Management in Kolkata. It defines microbiology as the study of microorganisms too small to be seen with the naked eye, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa, and algae. Most microorganisms are beneficial, as they aid in food production, energy production, agriculture, and human health. While beneficial microbes live symbiotically in the human body, some can cause infectious diseases; the document discusses examples of bacterial diseases like pneumonia, tuberculosis, and cholera, as well as antibiotics used to treat bacterial infections and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
Basic concepts of biology Basic definition branches Main branches cell theor...ChZaheer3
Biology is the study of living organisms. It examines the structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, and distribution of living organisms. The field of biology is divided into categories focusing on different scales: cellular/molecular, organismal, and ecological/evolutionary. Key branches of biology include anatomy, genetics, physiology, microbiology, botany, zoology, and ecology. All living things are made of cells, use DNA to store and inherit information, grow and develop from a single cell, obtain and use energy, respond to their environment, and evolve over generations. Biotechnology uses biological processes to develop useful products and is divided into medical, agricultural, and environmental applications.
This document provides an introduction to biochemistry. It begins by defining biochemistry as the science concerned with the chemical nature of living matter. Biochemistry has two branches - descriptive biochemistry which qualitatively and quantitatively characterizes cell components, and dynamic biochemistry which elucidates the nature and mechanisms of reactions between these components. The document then discusses the hierarchy of molecular organization within cells from basic precursors to macromolecules and organelles. It provides details on the structure and functions of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells as well as some of the major organelles found in eukaryotic cells like the plasma membrane, cytoskeleton, and cytoplasm.
8 chap 6 (kingdom monera) f.sc 1st year biology helping notesMary Smith
1. The document provides answers to multiple choice and short answer questions about Kingdom Monera, specifically bacteria. It covers topics like sterilization methods, microbial control chemicals, bacterial cell structure, reproduction, metabolism, and the ecological and economic importance of bacteria.
2. Key points include how foods and milk are sterilized, chemical disinfectants used, differences between gram positive and negative bacteria, how binary fission occurs, and the roles of bacteria in decomposition and nutrient cycles.
3. The document also addresses cyanobacteria, discussing their photosynthesis, pigments, food reserves, reproduction, and importance in nitrogen fixation and soil reclamation.
The document discusses biology and the study of living organisms. It defines cells as the basic functional units of living things and notes there are two main types of cells - eukaryotic and prokaryotic. The document then discusses the universal principles of life, noting all cellular life shares certain characteristics including cell membranes, genetic material in DNA, RNA and proteins, and basic chemical composition and processes.
- Microorganisms play key roles in human health, agriculture, food production, and the environment. They can cause infectious diseases but have also helped control diseases through vaccines and antibiotics. Microbes aid agriculture through nitrogen fixation and by enabling ruminant digestion. They are crucial to food industries like dairying and brewing through fermentation. Some microbes also produce biofuels like methane and ethanol. Overall, microorganisms both threaten and greatly benefit human lives and activities.
This document discusses microbiology and is from the Institute of Engineering & Management in Kolkata. It defines microbiology as the study of microorganisms too small to be seen with the naked eye, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa, and algae. Most microorganisms are beneficial, as they aid in food production, energy production, agriculture, and human health. While beneficial microbes live symbiotically in the human body, some can cause infectious diseases; the document discusses examples of bacterial diseases like pneumonia, tuberculosis, and cholera, as well as antibiotics used to treat bacterial infections and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
Basic concepts of biology Basic definition branches Main branches cell theor...ChZaheer3
Biology is the study of living organisms. It examines the structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, and distribution of living organisms. The field of biology is divided into categories focusing on different scales: cellular/molecular, organismal, and ecological/evolutionary. Key branches of biology include anatomy, genetics, physiology, microbiology, botany, zoology, and ecology. All living things are made of cells, use DNA to store and inherit information, grow and develop from a single cell, obtain and use energy, respond to their environment, and evolve over generations. Biotechnology uses biological processes to develop useful products and is divided into medical, agricultural, and environmental applications.
This document provides an introduction to biochemistry. It begins by defining biochemistry as the science concerned with the chemical nature of living matter. Biochemistry has two branches - descriptive biochemistry which qualitatively and quantitatively characterizes cell components, and dynamic biochemistry which elucidates the nature and mechanisms of reactions between these components. The document then discusses the hierarchy of molecular organization within cells from basic precursors to macromolecules and organelles. It provides details on the structure and functions of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells as well as some of the major organelles found in eukaryotic cells like the plasma membrane, cytoskeleton, and cytoplasm.
8 chap 6 (kingdom monera) f.sc 1st year biology helping notesMary Smith
1. The document provides answers to multiple choice and short answer questions about Kingdom Monera, specifically bacteria. It covers topics like sterilization methods, microbial control chemicals, bacterial cell structure, reproduction, metabolism, and the ecological and economic importance of bacteria.
2. Key points include how foods and milk are sterilized, chemical disinfectants used, differences between gram positive and negative bacteria, how binary fission occurs, and the roles of bacteria in decomposition and nutrient cycles.
3. The document also addresses cyanobacteria, discussing their photosynthesis, pigments, food reserves, reproduction, and importance in nitrogen fixation and soil reclamation.
This document provides an introduction to biochemistry and its significance for nursing. It defines biochemistry as the study of chemical processes in living organisms and how biological molecules like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids give rise to life's complexity. Understanding biochemistry is important for nurses to properly diagnose conditions, treat patients, and maintain homeostasis. It also summarizes key aspects of cell structure, focusing on eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, as well as specific organelles like mitochondria that play important roles in biochemical processes.
This document outlines the course content for a course on microbial ecology. It covers 5 units: (1) microbes and ecological theory, (2) microorganisms in ecosystems, (3) physiological adaptations of microorganisms, (4) bioconversion, and (5) microbial interactions. Unit 1 defines key terms like ecosystem, habitat, niche, and discusses colonization and succession. It provides examples of succession on cellophane films, dung, and human hair. The overall objective of the course is to study microbial community dynamics and interactions between microbes, plants, animals and their environments.
Biology is the scientific study of living things. Key characteristics of living things include cellular organization, reproduction, metabolism, homeostasis, heredity, response to stimuli, growth and development, and adaptation through evolution. There are many branches of biology that study different aspects of life, including anatomy, physiology, botany, zoology, ecology, genetics, and molecular biology. The scientific method is used to systematically study and understand living organisms.
This document provides an overview of the course contents for Biochem-700, a biochemistry course at the M.Phil/M.Sc level. The course covers topics such as the introduction and applications of biochemistry, cell structure and types, membrane transport, enzymes, metabolism, genetics, proteomics, and nanobiotechnology. It also provides definitions and comparisons of key concepts like prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, the domains of life, aerobic and anaerobic respiration, probiotics and prebiotics, and plasma membrane structure. Recommended textbooks are also listed.
LET Review in Natural Science (Mentoring Session)Raiza Joy Orcena
The epiglottis is a flap-like structure that prevents the food from going the wrong way during swallowing into the trachea (windpipe) and lungs. It covers the larynx during swallowing and opens during breathing.
Biochemistry is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. It examines the structure and function of biomolecules like proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids and how they are involved in metabolic pathways and genetic processes. Biochemistry has applications in medicine, nutrition, agriculture, and other fields. It seeks to understand living systems at the molecular level and provide insights into disease diagnosis and treatment.
This document provides an overview of biochemistry and its relevance to medicine. It discusses the following key points:
- Biochemistry is the study of chemical processes in living organisms, from molecules to cells. It is essential for understanding normal body functions and disease states.
- The human body is composed of biomolecules like proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and water, which are organized in a hierarchical structure from atoms to cells.
- Intermolecular forces like covalent bonds, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and van der Waals forces contribute to molecular stability.
- Metabolic processes involve the breakdown and synthesis of biomolecules, deriving energy through oxidation
General Biology One.
This course serves as an introduction to the branch of Science, Biology. It is a course offered in the department of Biological sciences in all Nigerian Universities in accordance with the Benchmark Academic Standard (BMAS) designed by the National Universities Commission (NUC. This slides covers topics such as Characteristics and classification of living things, generalized survey of plants and animals, cell history and basic cell types, prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, cell structure and organization, cell growth and cell division. Other topics will be covered in the part 2 of this course.
This document outlines a course description and syllabus for General Biology I. The course is a 3 credit unit course that introduces students to basic biology, including the characteristics and classification of living things, a survey of plants and animals, cell structure and function, genetics and heredity, and ecology and evolution. The syllabus provides details on attendance policy, grading system, and topics to be covered over the course of the term.
This document provides an overview of microbiology. It defines microbiology as the study of microorganisms too small to be seen with the naked eye. It discusses that microorganisms are found everywhere and play important roles in processes like photosynthesis, biodegradation, and vitamin production. The document then reviews the history of microbiology, including early scientists like Hooke, Van Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur, and Koch. It also summarizes the classification of microorganisms into the three domains of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eucarya. The scope of microbiology is described as including both the basic study of microbes as well as their applied uses in fields like medicine, industry, and agriculture.
This document provides an introduction and overview of microbiology. It defines microbiology as the study of microorganisms too small to be seen with the naked eye. It discusses that microorganisms are found everywhere and play important roles in processes like photosynthesis, biodegradation, and vitamin production. The document then reviews the history of microbiology, including early pioneers like Hooke, Van Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur, and Koch. It also summarizes the classification of microorganisms into the three domains of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eucarya. The scope of microbiology is said to include both the basic study of microbes as well as their many applied uses.
1) Life is complex and organized at multiple levels from molecules to cells to organisms. All living things share common properties like being made of organic molecules, metabolism, cellular organization, heredity and adaptation.
2) Cells are the basic units of life and come in two main types - prokaryotes like bacteria and eukaryotes like plants and animals. Eukaryotes have internal membranes and organelles that allow more complex regulation.
3) While the exact mechanisms are still unknown, it is believed that early Earth conditions led to the formation of simple organic molecules through chemical reactions, eventually resulting in self-replicating living systems through a process of chemical and biological evolution.
A lecture note on Microbial Growth and Nutrition, and Clones, Enzymes and Inf...Akram Hossain
This was an assignment of preparing “A lecture note on Microbial Growth and Nutrition, and Clones, Enzymes and Informative Hybridizations” for the course "General Microbiology"
Hope you will find it useful.
1. The document provides an introduction to cell biology, discussing key topics such as the cell theory, different types of cells in the human body, microscopy techniques used to study cells, and the historical development of cell biology as a field of study.
2. Important milestones discussed include the invention of the microscope in the 16th century, Hooke and van Leeuwenhoek's early observations of cells in the 1660s-1670s, the formulation of the cell theory in the 1830s-1840s, and later discoveries like the nucleus, chromosomes, and organelles that advanced understanding of cellular structure and function.
3. The cell theory states that all living things are made of cells, cells are
Biological diversity, or biodiversity, is the scientific term for the variety and variability of life on Earth. Biodiversity is the key indicator of the health of an ecosystem. Every living thing, including man, is involved in these complex networks of interdependent relationships, which are called ecosystems.
Like all healthy ecosystems, Richness of microbiota species characterizes the GI microbiome in healthy individuals. Conversely, a loss in species diversity is a common finding in several disease states. Microbiota Biodiversity helps us : 1- Combat aggressions from other microorganisms, 2- Maintaining the wholeness of the intestinal mucosa. 3- Plays an important role in the immune system, 4- Performing a barrier effect.5- A healthy and balanced gut microbiota is key to ensuring proper digestive functioning. A gut out of balance means a body out of balance which means illness including Inflammation, Allergies, Infections, Nutrient deficiencies, Weight Gain, Asthma-allergies – Autoimmunity
• Arthritis, Metabolic Bone disease, Skin problems e.g. eczema, rosacia, Mood disorders - Cognitive decline-Alzheimers and Cancer.
This document discusses microbial cell factories and metabolic engineering. It defines microbial cell factories as microbial cells engineered as production facilities through metabolic engineering, which alters metabolic pathways for chemical production. Metabolic engineering draws from various disciplines to engineer metabolic pathways to increase productivity of antibiotics, polymers, and more. The document also discusses primary and secondary metabolites, with primary metabolites essential for growth and secondary metabolites having various industrial uses like antibiotics. Strategies for overproducing both types of metabolites include genetic engineering of pathways and eliciting microbial responses through stress factors or quorum sensing.
1. The document outlines topics related to an introductory microbiology course including grading, exams, and course material. Microorganisms are defined as organisms too small to see with the naked eye including bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and some algae. 2. Well over 99% of microorganisms are beneficial and play important roles in environments, food production, and human health. However, a small minority of around 1% cause infectious diseases. 3. The history of microbiology began with early microscope observations of microbes and discoveries by scientists like Pasteur and Koch that established the germ theory of disease and methods to prove causative agents of specific illnesses.
This document provides information about 6 students (Jean Pierre, Betty, Leslie, Deysi, Aldo, and Luigui) who are members of Group 1 applying biochemistry to physiology. It discusses the importance and definition of biochemistry, how it relates to other sciences like chemistry, biology, genetics and medicine. It also summarizes the stages and physiological changes that occur during fasting, including depletion of glucose stores, consumption of fat reserves, and protein breakdown if fasting continues for an extended period.
This document defines and describes various types of microorganisms. It explains that microorganisms include bacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses, and other microscopic organisms. While some microorganisms are harmful and can cause disease, others play important roles in industries like food production, waste decomposition, and more. The document also provides details on the characteristics, structures and uses of specific microorganisms like bacteria, algae, fungi and protozoa.
This document provides an overview of biochemistry for pre-clerkship students. It begins by outlining the learning outcomes, which include understanding the roles of biochemistry in medical education and defining life. It then discusses the chemical foundations of cells and lists the main components and reactions that occur within cells. The document describes the key organelles found in cells and their biochemical roles. It also covers the different types of cell signaling found in multicellular organisms. Finally, it provides definitions and scopes of biochemistry, organic chemistry, and discusses the major biomolecules and cellular foundations of life.
TEST BANK For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice, 3rd...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice, 3rd Edition by DeMarco, Walsh, Verified Chapters 1 - 25, Complete Newest Version TEST BANK For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice, 3rd Edition by DeMarco, Walsh, Verified Chapters 1 - 25, Complete Newest Version TEST BANK For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice, 3rd Edition by DeMarco, Walsh, Verified Chapters 1 - 25, Complete Newest Version Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Stuvia Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Answers Quizlet Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Questions and Answers Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Studocu Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Quizlet Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Stuvia Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Studocu Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Stuvia
This document provides an introduction to biochemistry and its significance for nursing. It defines biochemistry as the study of chemical processes in living organisms and how biological molecules like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids give rise to life's complexity. Understanding biochemistry is important for nurses to properly diagnose conditions, treat patients, and maintain homeostasis. It also summarizes key aspects of cell structure, focusing on eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, as well as specific organelles like mitochondria that play important roles in biochemical processes.
This document outlines the course content for a course on microbial ecology. It covers 5 units: (1) microbes and ecological theory, (2) microorganisms in ecosystems, (3) physiological adaptations of microorganisms, (4) bioconversion, and (5) microbial interactions. Unit 1 defines key terms like ecosystem, habitat, niche, and discusses colonization and succession. It provides examples of succession on cellophane films, dung, and human hair. The overall objective of the course is to study microbial community dynamics and interactions between microbes, plants, animals and their environments.
Biology is the scientific study of living things. Key characteristics of living things include cellular organization, reproduction, metabolism, homeostasis, heredity, response to stimuli, growth and development, and adaptation through evolution. There are many branches of biology that study different aspects of life, including anatomy, physiology, botany, zoology, ecology, genetics, and molecular biology. The scientific method is used to systematically study and understand living organisms.
This document provides an overview of the course contents for Biochem-700, a biochemistry course at the M.Phil/M.Sc level. The course covers topics such as the introduction and applications of biochemistry, cell structure and types, membrane transport, enzymes, metabolism, genetics, proteomics, and nanobiotechnology. It also provides definitions and comparisons of key concepts like prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, the domains of life, aerobic and anaerobic respiration, probiotics and prebiotics, and plasma membrane structure. Recommended textbooks are also listed.
LET Review in Natural Science (Mentoring Session)Raiza Joy Orcena
The epiglottis is a flap-like structure that prevents the food from going the wrong way during swallowing into the trachea (windpipe) and lungs. It covers the larynx during swallowing and opens during breathing.
Biochemistry is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. It examines the structure and function of biomolecules like proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids and how they are involved in metabolic pathways and genetic processes. Biochemistry has applications in medicine, nutrition, agriculture, and other fields. It seeks to understand living systems at the molecular level and provide insights into disease diagnosis and treatment.
This document provides an overview of biochemistry and its relevance to medicine. It discusses the following key points:
- Biochemistry is the study of chemical processes in living organisms, from molecules to cells. It is essential for understanding normal body functions and disease states.
- The human body is composed of biomolecules like proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and water, which are organized in a hierarchical structure from atoms to cells.
- Intermolecular forces like covalent bonds, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and van der Waals forces contribute to molecular stability.
- Metabolic processes involve the breakdown and synthesis of biomolecules, deriving energy through oxidation
General Biology One.
This course serves as an introduction to the branch of Science, Biology. It is a course offered in the department of Biological sciences in all Nigerian Universities in accordance with the Benchmark Academic Standard (BMAS) designed by the National Universities Commission (NUC. This slides covers topics such as Characteristics and classification of living things, generalized survey of plants and animals, cell history and basic cell types, prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, cell structure and organization, cell growth and cell division. Other topics will be covered in the part 2 of this course.
This document outlines a course description and syllabus for General Biology I. The course is a 3 credit unit course that introduces students to basic biology, including the characteristics and classification of living things, a survey of plants and animals, cell structure and function, genetics and heredity, and ecology and evolution. The syllabus provides details on attendance policy, grading system, and topics to be covered over the course of the term.
This document provides an overview of microbiology. It defines microbiology as the study of microorganisms too small to be seen with the naked eye. It discusses that microorganisms are found everywhere and play important roles in processes like photosynthesis, biodegradation, and vitamin production. The document then reviews the history of microbiology, including early scientists like Hooke, Van Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur, and Koch. It also summarizes the classification of microorganisms into the three domains of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eucarya. The scope of microbiology is described as including both the basic study of microbes as well as their applied uses in fields like medicine, industry, and agriculture.
This document provides an introduction and overview of microbiology. It defines microbiology as the study of microorganisms too small to be seen with the naked eye. It discusses that microorganisms are found everywhere and play important roles in processes like photosynthesis, biodegradation, and vitamin production. The document then reviews the history of microbiology, including early pioneers like Hooke, Van Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur, and Koch. It also summarizes the classification of microorganisms into the three domains of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eucarya. The scope of microbiology is said to include both the basic study of microbes as well as their many applied uses.
1) Life is complex and organized at multiple levels from molecules to cells to organisms. All living things share common properties like being made of organic molecules, metabolism, cellular organization, heredity and adaptation.
2) Cells are the basic units of life and come in two main types - prokaryotes like bacteria and eukaryotes like plants and animals. Eukaryotes have internal membranes and organelles that allow more complex regulation.
3) While the exact mechanisms are still unknown, it is believed that early Earth conditions led to the formation of simple organic molecules through chemical reactions, eventually resulting in self-replicating living systems through a process of chemical and biological evolution.
A lecture note on Microbial Growth and Nutrition, and Clones, Enzymes and Inf...Akram Hossain
This was an assignment of preparing “A lecture note on Microbial Growth and Nutrition, and Clones, Enzymes and Informative Hybridizations” for the course "General Microbiology"
Hope you will find it useful.
1. The document provides an introduction to cell biology, discussing key topics such as the cell theory, different types of cells in the human body, microscopy techniques used to study cells, and the historical development of cell biology as a field of study.
2. Important milestones discussed include the invention of the microscope in the 16th century, Hooke and van Leeuwenhoek's early observations of cells in the 1660s-1670s, the formulation of the cell theory in the 1830s-1840s, and later discoveries like the nucleus, chromosomes, and organelles that advanced understanding of cellular structure and function.
3. The cell theory states that all living things are made of cells, cells are
Biological diversity, or biodiversity, is the scientific term for the variety and variability of life on Earth. Biodiversity is the key indicator of the health of an ecosystem. Every living thing, including man, is involved in these complex networks of interdependent relationships, which are called ecosystems.
Like all healthy ecosystems, Richness of microbiota species characterizes the GI microbiome in healthy individuals. Conversely, a loss in species diversity is a common finding in several disease states. Microbiota Biodiversity helps us : 1- Combat aggressions from other microorganisms, 2- Maintaining the wholeness of the intestinal mucosa. 3- Plays an important role in the immune system, 4- Performing a barrier effect.5- A healthy and balanced gut microbiota is key to ensuring proper digestive functioning. A gut out of balance means a body out of balance which means illness including Inflammation, Allergies, Infections, Nutrient deficiencies, Weight Gain, Asthma-allergies – Autoimmunity
• Arthritis, Metabolic Bone disease, Skin problems e.g. eczema, rosacia, Mood disorders - Cognitive decline-Alzheimers and Cancer.
This document discusses microbial cell factories and metabolic engineering. It defines microbial cell factories as microbial cells engineered as production facilities through metabolic engineering, which alters metabolic pathways for chemical production. Metabolic engineering draws from various disciplines to engineer metabolic pathways to increase productivity of antibiotics, polymers, and more. The document also discusses primary and secondary metabolites, with primary metabolites essential for growth and secondary metabolites having various industrial uses like antibiotics. Strategies for overproducing both types of metabolites include genetic engineering of pathways and eliciting microbial responses through stress factors or quorum sensing.
1. The document outlines topics related to an introductory microbiology course including grading, exams, and course material. Microorganisms are defined as organisms too small to see with the naked eye including bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and some algae. 2. Well over 99% of microorganisms are beneficial and play important roles in environments, food production, and human health. However, a small minority of around 1% cause infectious diseases. 3. The history of microbiology began with early microscope observations of microbes and discoveries by scientists like Pasteur and Koch that established the germ theory of disease and methods to prove causative agents of specific illnesses.
This document provides information about 6 students (Jean Pierre, Betty, Leslie, Deysi, Aldo, and Luigui) who are members of Group 1 applying biochemistry to physiology. It discusses the importance and definition of biochemistry, how it relates to other sciences like chemistry, biology, genetics and medicine. It also summarizes the stages and physiological changes that occur during fasting, including depletion of glucose stores, consumption of fat reserves, and protein breakdown if fasting continues for an extended period.
This document defines and describes various types of microorganisms. It explains that microorganisms include bacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses, and other microscopic organisms. While some microorganisms are harmful and can cause disease, others play important roles in industries like food production, waste decomposition, and more. The document also provides details on the characteristics, structures and uses of specific microorganisms like bacteria, algae, fungi and protozoa.
This document provides an overview of biochemistry for pre-clerkship students. It begins by outlining the learning outcomes, which include understanding the roles of biochemistry in medical education and defining life. It then discusses the chemical foundations of cells and lists the main components and reactions that occur within cells. The document describes the key organelles found in cells and their biochemical roles. It also covers the different types of cell signaling found in multicellular organisms. Finally, it provides definitions and scopes of biochemistry, organic chemistry, and discusses the major biomolecules and cellular foundations of life.
TEST BANK For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice, 3rd...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice, 3rd Edition by DeMarco, Walsh, Verified Chapters 1 - 25, Complete Newest Version TEST BANK For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice, 3rd Edition by DeMarco, Walsh, Verified Chapters 1 - 25, Complete Newest Version TEST BANK For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice, 3rd Edition by DeMarco, Walsh, Verified Chapters 1 - 25, Complete Newest Version Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Stuvia Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Answers Quizlet Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Questions and Answers Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Studocu Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Quizlet Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Stuvia Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Studocu Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Stuvia
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
One health condition that is becoming more common day by day is diabetes.
According to research conducted by the National Family Health Survey of India, diabetic cases show a projection which might increase to 10.4% by 2030.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
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1. MCB 101
MAMUN RASHID CHOWDHURY
Retired Professor, Deptt. Of Biochemistry
and Molecular Biology, Dhaka University
email : kbm.mamun@iub.edu.bd
phone: 8801715021864
2. Living beings are isothermal open system working on the
principle of maximum economy of parts and process, deriving
energy through well-regulated enzyme catalyzed reactions and
are capable of precise replication of their kind.
Living beings are made up of entities organized in a membrane
enclosed environment and in some cases with additional wall.
Almost all living systems maintain a constant temperature like
370C in human beings, except animals which undergo
hibernation during winter, like reptiles etc., the so called cold-
blooded animals.
Being system with definite enclosure, there must be constant
supply of components for activities and removal of unwanted
materials. So the barrier must not be permeable or porus, but
semi-permeable, allowing certain materials to pass through
the membrane as per need, but not everything. The system is
thus in continuous transaction with its surroundings, the
environment.
3. • For continuity of life, living system has to do some form of work or activities using
energy. Some system traps solar energy to utilizable form of chemical energy. But
most living beings use oxidation energy from some energy- rich natural
biomolecules.
• This energy generation is not spontaneous, but enzyme catalyzed, involving a
well-regulated sequence of enzyme activities for any particular pathway so that a
particular product is formed as per need, in addition to energy generation. Thus
the reactions and the organ/organelle which possesses the reaction sequences
work with maximum efficiency, maintaining optimal economy. Living systems do
not encourage waste of any kind.
• For continuity of life, they reproduce like themselves.
Organisation:
Living beings are made up of simple molecules organized in complicated ways to
form complex ones. All start from elements of some kind at certain proportion. After
incinerating an animal, one can get few kilograms or such amount of each of
different elements. Can any human being organize these elements into an animal?
For instance, the following hierarchy can be taken into consideration for
understanding:
elements---- compounds----macromolecules
--------organelles------ cells ----- tissues-------- organs
------- system-------- Individuals.
4. Organization is important from both structural and functional
points as well. Any defect in organization reflects not only in
defective physical make up but also in functional behaviour.
For instance, clogging in blood vessels in heart due to
deposition of LDL-cholesterol, an organization problem, causes
diminished blood flow to the relevant region of the organ,
leading to tissue damage, resulting in myocardial infarction or
heart attack.
At the same time defective function can bring organizational
problem. For instance, if one leg is incapacitated by putting
plaster for a few months because of fracture, on removal of
plaster after bone healing, it will be found that circumference
of this leg is less than that of normal one, because of non-
functional muscle wasting.
So living system is a large well-enclosed
compartment with a number of well-connected
compartments.
5. Metabolism
Living system carries out lots of enzyme-catalyzed chemical
reactions all the time.
The sum total of all the chemical reactions is called
metabolism.
Catabolism is the degradative part where larger molecules are
broken down to smaller precursor molecules with the
generation/release of energy trapped as ATP and metabolic
wastes to be disposed off of the body.
Catabolism can occur in the presence of oxygen (aerobic
metabolism), producing more energy as ATP and CO2 as
metabolic waste or can occur in the absence of oxygen
(anaerobic metabolism), producing less ATP along with
ethanol in bacteria/yeast and lactic acid in animals.
6. • Anabolism is where smaller precursors are used for the
synthesis of desired macromolecules at the expense of
metabolic energy generated .For instance, amino acids
absorbed from dietary protein digestion are used for specific
body protein e.g. hemoglobin synthesis.
• Anabolic and catabolic reactions are not simple reversal of
each other, but they maintain separate and independent
control or regulation, otherwise there would develop futile
cycle of synthesis and degradation.
• These may occur in different compartments in eukaryotes,
e.g. catabolism occurs in mitochondria and anabolism or
biosynthesis occurs in cytosol. Disturbance in this
regulation, however, results in abnormalities. For instance,
intake of more than recommended amount of carbohydrate
causes synthesis and deposition of excess fat leading to
obesity. On the other hand, excess degradation of purine
bases of nucleic acid due to high nucleic acid containing
food intake or excess tissue degradation causes
hyperuricemia, leading to gout.
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13.
14. Micro-organisms and their activities are vitally
important to virtually all processes on Earth.
Micro-organisms matter because they affect every
aspect of our lives – they are in us, on us and around us.
Microbiology is the study of all living organisms that are
too small to be visible with the naked eye. This includes
bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, prions, protozoa and
algae which are collectively known as 'microbes'.
These microbes play key roles in nutrient cycling,
biodegradation/biodeterioration, climate change, food
spoilage, the cause and control of disease, and
biotechnology.
Thanks to their versatility, microbes can be put to work
in many ways: making life-saving drugs, the
manufacture of biofuels, cleaning up pollution,
fermentation of various food items etc.
15. • Microbiologists study microbes, and some of
the most important discoveries that have
underpinned modern society have resulted
from the research of famous microbiologists,
e.g. Jenner and his vaccine against smallpox,
Fleming and the discovery of penicillin, Marshall
and the identification of the link between
Helicobacter pylori infection and stomach
ulcers, and Zur Hausen and the link between
papilloma virus and cervical cancer.
• Microbiology research has been, and continues
to be, central to meeting many of the current
global aspirations and challenges, such as
maintaining food, water and energy security for
a healthy population on a habitable earth.
16.
17. 1677:Anton Von Leewenhock- Little animals
1796: Edward Jenner- Small Pox vaccine
1862-63 Pasteur- disapproved spontaneous generation and
supported germ theory of diseases
1876: Robert Koch- Proved germ theory of disease using B anthracis
1882: Robert Koch- Koch’s postulates
1885: Pasteur- Rabies vaccination
1892: Ivanovsky- Discovery of virus
1899: Beijerinck- viral dependence on living host cell for reproduction
1900: Walter Reed- mosquito as vector for Yellow fever transmission
1928: A Flemming- discovery of penicillin
1977: Sanger & Gilbert- method for DNA sequencing
1983: Karry Mullins- Polymerase Chain Reaction developed
1995:The Institute of Genomic Research- H influenzae genome sequen.
18. The steps of Koch's postulates used to relate a specific microorganism to a specific
disease. (a) Microorganisms are observed in a sick animal and (b) cultivated in the
lab. (c) The organisms are injected into a healthy animal, and (d) the animal
develops the disease. (e) The organisms are observed in the sick animal and (f)
reisolated in the lab.
19. • In the late 1800s and the first decade of the 1900s, called
Golden Age of Microbiology, using the concept of germ theory
of disease by Pasteur and Koch, many of the etiologic agents of
microbial disease were discovered, leading to the ability to halt
epidemics by interrupting the spread of microorganisms.
• Despite the advances in microbiology, it was rarely possible to
render life-saving therapy to an infected patient. Then, after
World War II, the antibiotics were introduced to medicine and
the incidence of pneumonia, tuberculosis, meningitis, syphilis,
and many other diseases declined with the use of antibiotics.
• Work with viruses could not be effectively performed until
development in the 1940s of the electron and also cultivation
methods for viruses were also introduced, and the knowledge of
viruses developed rapidly.
• With the development of vaccines in the 1950s and 1960s, such
viral diseases as polio, measles, mumps, and rubella came under
control.
20. By applying microbes in a range of controlled settings,
microbiologists can harness their power for beneficial use in areas
as diverse as healthcare, food production and agriculture.
• The essential ongoing work of microbiologists includes making
agriculture more sustainable, cleaning up pollution,
manufacturing biofuels, and processing food and drink.
• With the threat of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and global
pandemics on the rise, microbiologists are also helping to
produce the vital life-saving drugs for survival.
• So, Microbiologists aim to solve a range of problems affecting
our health, the environment, climate and food and agriculture.
These include:
Studying the prevention, diagnosis and control of infections and
specific diseases
• Ensuring food and drink is safe to consume
• Understanding the role that microbes play in climate change
• Developing green technologies
•
23. • Bacteria are ubiquitous, mostly free-living large
domain of prokaryotes, with a few µm in length.
• Bacteria are vital in many stages of the nutrient
cycle by recycling nutrients e.g. N₂ cycle of nitrogen
fixation from atmosphere. The nutrient cycle
includes decomposition/putrefaction of dead
bodies.
• In the biological communities surrounding deep
sea hydrothermal vent and cold seeps,
extremophile bacteria provide the nutrients
needed to sustain life by oxidizing dissolved
compounds, e.g. H₂S and CH₄ to energy.
• Bacteria also live in symbiotic and
parasitic relationships with plants and animals.
• Most bacteria have not been characterised and
there are many species that cannot be cultured in
the laboratory, like many marine bacteria.
24. • Humans and most other animals carry millions of bacteria,
mostly in the gut and on the skin.
• Most of the bacteria in and on the body are harmless or
rendered so by the protective effects of the immune system,
though many are beneficial, particularly the ones in the gut.
• However, several species of bacteria are pathogenic, causing
infectious disease, like cholera, respiratory infections etc.
• Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections, even in
farming, but uncontrolled use or misuse leads to antibiotic
resistance , a serious medical problem.
• Bacteria are important in sewage treatment & breakdown of
oil spill, in the fermentative production yogurt & cheese; in
the recovery of gold, palladium, copper and other metals in
the mining sector, as well as in biotechnology and the
manufacture of antibiotics and other chemicals.
25. • Size: Bacteria display a wide diversity of shapes and sizes;
are about one-tenth the size of eukaryotic cells and are
typically 0.5–5.0 µm in length, Mycoplasma, the smallest
bacteria measuring only 0.3 micro-metres,
• Shape: Most bacterial species are either spherical,
called cocci (singular coccus, from Greek kókkos, grain,
seed), or rod shaped, called bacilli (sing. bacillus,
from Latin baculus, stick). Some bacteria, called vibrio, are
shaped like slightly curved rods or comma shaped; others
can be spiral shaped, called spirilla or tightly coiled,
spirochaetes.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30. • Bacteria require certain conditions for growth, and
these conditions are not the same for all bacteria.
Factors such as oxygen, pH, temperature, and light
influence microbial growth. Additional factors
include osmotic pressure, atmospheric pressure,
and moisture availability. A bacterial population's
generation time, or time it takes for a population to
double, varies between species and depends on
how well growth requirements are met.
• In nature, bacteria do not experience perfect
environmental conditions for growth. As such, the
species that populate an environment change over
time. In a laboratory, however, optimal conditions
can be met by growing bacteria in a closed culture
environment.
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48. • Pure culture, when one type of bacteria is grown; identified through
colony nature on agar media; in mixed culture different types of
colonies are formed.
Colony from pure
culture is used to
prepare pure broth
culture.
49. • The bacterial growth curve represents the number of live cells
in a bacterial population over a period of time.
• Lag Phase: This initial phase is characterized by adaptation to
new growth conditions and with having cellular activities but
not growth. A small amount of bacterial cells, called
inoculum, are placed in a nutrient rich medium that allows
them to synthesize macromolecules necessary for replication.
These cells increase in size, but no cell division occurs in the
phase.
• Exponential (Log) Phase: After the lag phase, bacterial
cells are dividing by binary fission and doubling in numbers
after each generation time(time for being double in number).
Metabolic activity is high as DNA, RNA, Protein and other cell
components necessary for growth are generated for division. It
is in this growth phase that antibiotics and disinfectants are
most effective as these substances typically target bacteria cell
walls or the DNA transcription/RNA translation processes.
50. • Stationary Phase: Eventually, the population growth
experienced in the log phase begins to decline as the
available nutrients become depleted and waste products
start to accumulate. Bacterial cell growth reaches a plateau,
or stationary phase, where the number of dividing cells
equal the number of dying cells. This results in no overall
population growth. Under the less favorable conditions,
competition for nutrients increases and the cells become
less metabolically active. Spore forming bacteria produce
endospores in this phase and Pathogenic bacteria begin to
generate substances (virulence factors) that help them
survive harsh conditions and consequently cause disease.
• Death Phase: As nutrients become less available and
waste products increase, the number of dying cells
continues to rise. In the death phase, the number of living
cells decreases exponentially and population growth
experiences a sharp decline. Spores are able to survive the
harsh conditions of the death phase and become growing
bacteria when placed in an environment that supports life.
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60.
61. PURE CULTURE
In nature there are mixed population of bacteria. Isolating and
growing bacteria from natural sources e.g. soil/water, will give a mixed
population of bacteria in the culture, with different characteristics.
Pure culture involves techniques for isolating and growing one species
of bacteria from a mixed culture i.e. a population of cells from a single
cell for studying the characteristics of the concerned organism.
• The techniques of isolation of the pure culture were primarily
developed to find out and characterize the bacteria that was
responsible for causing anthrax, tuberculosis,and such major
diseases.
•
• It is also used for commercial fermentation purposes including
yoghurt, alcohol, citric, lactic acid, and several other beverages for
many years now. The pure culture technique has also contributed to
the development of several vaccines and antibiotics.
62. Isolation methods:
Streak-plate & spread-plate technique: Using inoculating
needle, sample is streaked/spread on agar plate and incubated. If
diluted separate colonies of individual bacterium will developed, to be
transferred to nutrient broth for pure culture.
Pour plate technique: A loopful bacterial suspension is
transferred to liquid & cool agar medium and mixed; serially
transferred to a few agar media ( serial dilution) and mixed every time;
poring on petridishes and incubating overnight would give isolated
colonies to be used for pure culture in nutrient broth.
Enrichment-culture technique: When the specific type of
bacteria is present relatively in smaller number and grow slowly, the
specially designed cultural environment of that bacteria friendly
cultural composition & specific incubation conditions would favour
the growth of designated bacteria and prevent the growth of others.
63.
64.
65. MAINTENANCE /PRESERVATION OF PURE CULTURE
• Once a microorganism has been isolated and grown in
pure culture, it becomes necessary to maintain the
viability and purity of the microorganism by keeping the
pure culture free from contamination. Normally in
laboratories, the pure cultures are transferred aseptically
and periodically onto or into a fresh medium
(subculturing) to allow continuous growth and viability of
microorganisms, without contamination.
• Since repeated sub-culturing is time-consuming, it
becomes difficult to maintain a large number of pure
cultures successfully for a long time. In addition, there is a
risk of mutations as well as contamination.