The academic literature has provided substantial
amount of suggestions on broad concepts of business fostering
peace in the community just by doing its operations properly.
However, many could contend if these businesses could be
urged to perform larger roles as agents for peace.
Consequently, the desire to have businesses, particularly the
Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise (MSME), to act as key
players in peacebuilding largely depends on the understanding
of what could motivate them in acting such key role and what
could possibly hinder them in doing the same. Thus, this study
is an exploration of the motivators and challenges of MSMEs
in acting as main agents for peacebuilding. The study utilized
a descriptive research design involving thirty conveniently
sampled MSMEs in Butuan City, Philippines. A researchermade questionnaire was used as data gathering tool. A
multivariate analysis was done to analyse the effect of
participation and perceived risk in the identified motivators
and barriers. The results of the study revealed thatinternal
motivators are the greatest motivators in acting for peace.In
addition, financial and political reasons are strong barriers for
MSMEs to participate in peacebuilding. Finally, the study
found that Level of Perceived Risk and Participation
significantly affects the type of motivators and barriers
MSMEs face in peacebuilding movements.
Role of the Private Sector in Conflict Prevention in Pakistan
Safwan A. Khan
Vaqar Ahmed
Sustainable Development Policy Institute
Stability: International Journal of Security & Development, 3(1): 24, pp. 1-9, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/sta.dv
Role of the Private Sector in Conflict Prevention in Pakistan
Safwan A. Khan
Vaqar Ahmed
Sustainable Development Policy Institute
Stability: International Journal of Security & Development, 3(1): 24, pp. 1-9, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/sta.dv
An excerpt from my Ph.D. dissertation on the concept of creative bureaucracy. Talk given in Vienna at the request of the Wirtschaftsuniversität's Public Policy research group.
Third plenum report by China Trade Winds - extractslevdlc
Here is few extracts of the final part of our report “ Xi Jinping, the new era ” following the highly-anticipated Third Plenum of the XVIII. Congress (from 9 to 12th of November 2013).
It was the missing piece of the puzzle of this country’s leadership until 2022, end of the second five-year legislature under Xi Jinping.
The aim of this brief study is to analyze the results of the Plenum, its significance, and last but not least, the style of this new leadership.
For further details, contact marketing@chinatradewinds.com
It is probably fair to say that public administration scholarship has been more successful in demonstrating the need for theories of bureaucratic politics than in actually producing those frameworks. It has been more than half a century since scholars such as Waldo and Gaus exposed the rickety foundations of the politics administration dichotomy and made a convincing brief that administrative theory had to share common ground with political theory.
Civil Relations Program in Relation to Peace Process Maintenance of the Phili...ijtsrd
It was the purpose of this study to find out the relationship between civil relations program and peace process maintenance of PNP in Dipolog City, Zamboanga del Norte in the first and second quarters of the calendar year 2011. The descriptive method of research was used in the study with the aid of the questionnaire checklist. There were 105 barangay official respondents and 105 police personnel – respondents of the study. Data were analyzed using the frequency counting, percentage, weighted mean, single factor Analysis of Variance ANOVA , Pearson r Product Moment Coefficient of Correlation, and the t – test. The study revealed that civil relations program was implemented much effectively by the barangay officials in Dipolog City while its peace process maintenance was well – maintained by the police law implementers. It was also revealed that there was a significant low level of relationship between civil relations program implementation and the peace process maintenance. DILG officer and the Mayor of Dipolog City must conduct regularly extensive performance evaluation to the barangay officials, institute further reforms, and ensure effective barangay development and governance system including the reform of justice and security institution, and the preservation of the culture of justice, truth, and reconciliation. The Provincial Director of Zamboanga del Norte Provincial Police Office, the Chief of Police of Dipolog City Police Station, and the City Mayor should provide likewise support in line with research, training and technical assistance for the continuous implementation of the peace process maintenance. Albin A. Ditay, MSCJ "Civil Relations Program in Relation to Peace Process Maintenance of the Philippine National Police" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd41311.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.commanagement/organizational-behaviour/41311/civil-relations-program-in-relation-to-peace-process-maintenance-of-the-philippine-national-police/albin-a-ditay-mscj
[Spacek moderated Concurrent Panel on “Succession Building” at 2015 Conference]
Powerpoint discusses Past and Present-day American Public Servant Corruption; Public Servant Convictions in the 12-State Northeastern US (NeCoPA) Area; Definitions and Notions, of Public Servant Corruption; Measuring Public Servant Corruption "Culture" in the Northeast USA: a "Reality Check."
Effects of the Entrepreneurial Environment on Tunisian Individuals’ Decision ...inventionjournals
Due to the severe competitiveness in the marketplace, venture creation in big towns, such as SfaxTunisia, has become a serious challenge. Then, considering entrepreneurship as a source of wealth creation, economic growth, social progress, and technological development, the current paper seeks to identify the motivating factors that are triggering new venture creators’ decision to start their businesses. To identify the observed motivations, we developed a questionnaire that we addressed to 86 new entrepreneurs drawing on the theoretical and empirical literature. The application of factor analysis has revealed that business creators’ decision to launch their ventures rests upon three main motivational dimensions: socio-economic conditions, entrepreneurial skills, and financial and non-financial assistance. The study also suggests some recommendations to enhance entrepreneurship in Tunisia.
Multi-Stakeholder Partnerships in Development Sector: A Conceptual Framework Shipra Sharma
The MSP paradigm emerged in response to the failure of both the structural (that over-emphasize the role of government in facilitating development process) and the neo-classical or neo-liberal theories of development (that negate the role of the government and regard free market economy as the key to economic development) to effectively address the complexities of development.
An excerpt from my Ph.D. dissertation on the concept of creative bureaucracy. Talk given in Vienna at the request of the Wirtschaftsuniversität's Public Policy research group.
Third plenum report by China Trade Winds - extractslevdlc
Here is few extracts of the final part of our report “ Xi Jinping, the new era ” following the highly-anticipated Third Plenum of the XVIII. Congress (from 9 to 12th of November 2013).
It was the missing piece of the puzzle of this country’s leadership until 2022, end of the second five-year legislature under Xi Jinping.
The aim of this brief study is to analyze the results of the Plenum, its significance, and last but not least, the style of this new leadership.
For further details, contact marketing@chinatradewinds.com
It is probably fair to say that public administration scholarship has been more successful in demonstrating the need for theories of bureaucratic politics than in actually producing those frameworks. It has been more than half a century since scholars such as Waldo and Gaus exposed the rickety foundations of the politics administration dichotomy and made a convincing brief that administrative theory had to share common ground with political theory.
Civil Relations Program in Relation to Peace Process Maintenance of the Phili...ijtsrd
It was the purpose of this study to find out the relationship between civil relations program and peace process maintenance of PNP in Dipolog City, Zamboanga del Norte in the first and second quarters of the calendar year 2011. The descriptive method of research was used in the study with the aid of the questionnaire checklist. There were 105 barangay official respondents and 105 police personnel – respondents of the study. Data were analyzed using the frequency counting, percentage, weighted mean, single factor Analysis of Variance ANOVA , Pearson r Product Moment Coefficient of Correlation, and the t – test. The study revealed that civil relations program was implemented much effectively by the barangay officials in Dipolog City while its peace process maintenance was well – maintained by the police law implementers. It was also revealed that there was a significant low level of relationship between civil relations program implementation and the peace process maintenance. DILG officer and the Mayor of Dipolog City must conduct regularly extensive performance evaluation to the barangay officials, institute further reforms, and ensure effective barangay development and governance system including the reform of justice and security institution, and the preservation of the culture of justice, truth, and reconciliation. The Provincial Director of Zamboanga del Norte Provincial Police Office, the Chief of Police of Dipolog City Police Station, and the City Mayor should provide likewise support in line with research, training and technical assistance for the continuous implementation of the peace process maintenance. Albin A. Ditay, MSCJ "Civil Relations Program in Relation to Peace Process Maintenance of the Philippine National Police" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd41311.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.commanagement/organizational-behaviour/41311/civil-relations-program-in-relation-to-peace-process-maintenance-of-the-philippine-national-police/albin-a-ditay-mscj
[Spacek moderated Concurrent Panel on “Succession Building” at 2015 Conference]
Powerpoint discusses Past and Present-day American Public Servant Corruption; Public Servant Convictions in the 12-State Northeastern US (NeCoPA) Area; Definitions and Notions, of Public Servant Corruption; Measuring Public Servant Corruption "Culture" in the Northeast USA: a "Reality Check."
Effects of the Entrepreneurial Environment on Tunisian Individuals’ Decision ...inventionjournals
Due to the severe competitiveness in the marketplace, venture creation in big towns, such as SfaxTunisia, has become a serious challenge. Then, considering entrepreneurship as a source of wealth creation, economic growth, social progress, and technological development, the current paper seeks to identify the motivating factors that are triggering new venture creators’ decision to start their businesses. To identify the observed motivations, we developed a questionnaire that we addressed to 86 new entrepreneurs drawing on the theoretical and empirical literature. The application of factor analysis has revealed that business creators’ decision to launch their ventures rests upon three main motivational dimensions: socio-economic conditions, entrepreneurial skills, and financial and non-financial assistance. The study also suggests some recommendations to enhance entrepreneurship in Tunisia.
Multi-Stakeholder Partnerships in Development Sector: A Conceptual Framework Shipra Sharma
The MSP paradigm emerged in response to the failure of both the structural (that over-emphasize the role of government in facilitating development process) and the neo-classical or neo-liberal theories of development (that negate the role of the government and regard free market economy as the key to economic development) to effectively address the complexities of development.
"Abstract The private sector is vital to building and sus-"
"taining peace. These efforts are often recognized as"
"‘‘Business for Peace’’ or ‘‘Peace through Commerce.’’ Academic research on Business for Peace is almost twenty years old and tends to be theoretical. This paper is the first to present qualitative findings on businesses operating in an active violent conflict such as the case of Iraq. Companies in Iraq operate under the constant threat of violence and yet many still try to enhance peace through operations. We interviewed more than 40 participants who were business owners, managers, government officials, and international policymakers who were active in the Iraqi theater. We discuss our findings that relate to the perception of com- pany activities as peace enhancing into four categories: capacity building, rule of law, social cohesion, and local engagement. Our findings support the existing business and peace categories of rule of law and social cohesion. Our findings also suggest that current theory may be missing capacity building and local engagement as important business activities to promote peace. We conclude by noting the limitations of the paper and the need for more"
"qualitative research."
The Difference between Entrepreneurs and Managers in the Accumulation of Soci...ijtsrd
This paper difference between entrepreneurs and managers in the accumulation of social capital. The analysis for this study involved responses from 50 entrepreneurs and 50 managers in Vietnam. The research results shown three facts that support the predictions 1 social capital is higher among entrepreneurs, 2 the social capital of entrepreneurs rises with firm age, while such behavior is not observed for managers 3 entrepreneurs who invest in human capital also invest in social capital, while such correlation is not observed for managers. Dr. Le Nguyen Doan Khoi "The Difference between Entrepreneurs and Managers in the Accumulation of Social Capital" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38032.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/business-economics/38032/the-difference-between-entrepreneurs-and-managers-in-the-accumulation-of-social-capital/dr-le-nguyen-doan-khoi
A Corporate Social Responsibility, generally noted by “CSR”, refers to a corporation's initiatives to assess and take responsibility for the company's effects on environmental and social well-being. It generally applies to efforts that go beyond what may be required by regulators or environmental protection groups. Governments seeking to advance sustainable development are increasingly turning to policies and strategies that encourage, support, mandate, or directly demonstrate more socially and environmentally sound business practices. A central component of these policies involves promoting increased transparency of economic activities.
Factors Influencing the Entrepreneurial Behaviourijtsrd
This article aimed to determine whether there are differences in opinion between entrepreneurs and non entrepreneurs when assessing the different environmental factors that favour or hinder entrepreneurial behaviour. This article comes to the conclusion that there are significant differences between entrepreneurs and non entrepreneurs when they assess the factors that, in their opinion, are hindering or promoting entrepreneurial behaviour. Dr. Le Nguyen Doan Khoi "Factors Influencing the Entrepreneurial Behaviour" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd37922.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/business-economics/37922/factors-influencing-the-entrepreneurial-behaviour/dr-le-nguyen-doan-khoi
The focus of this research was to establish the effect of entrepreneurship Ecosystem in inculcating
entrepreneurial propensity for community development. Promotion of entrepreneurship in Kenya has existed
ever since independence. The Government has shown tremendous support to entrepreneurship growth. The
Government have channelled financial support through funding such as Women Enterprise fund, Youth
Enterprise Fund and Uwezo Fund
Global governance and the interface withbusiness new instit.docxbudbarber38650
Global governance and the interface with
business: new institutions, processes and
partnerships
Partnered governance: aligning corporate
responsibility and public policy in the global
economy
Atle Midttun
Abstract
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to note the remarkable expansion of corporate social
responsibility (CSR) throughout the late 1990s and early 2000s. Taking this as point of departure, it aims
to discuss the potential for aligning CSR-oriented industrial self-regulation with public governance to fill
some of the governance gap in the global economy.
Design/methodology/approach – The paper provides a conceptual discussion, empirically
underpinned by three case studies.
Findings – The paper finds that it is plausible, and empirically supported by the case studies, to
conceive of a considerable role for CSR based self-regulation in the global economy. A central
precondition is the ability of civil society organizations to establish ‘‘moral rights’’ as credible voices for
‘‘just causes’’ in a media-driven communicative society, and thereby put pressure on brand sensitive
industry. The paper finds that corporate self-regulation may fill a larger part of the governance gap if
public policy is oriented to engage with industry in a partnered mode.
Research limitations/implications – The paper establishes a conceptual base for exploring the
governance implications of CSR, casuistically underpinned by three case studies. Further studies are
needed, however, to explore the scale and scope of partnered governance in the global economy.
Practical implications – The paper provides insights into an approach to increase governability of the
global economy.
Originality/value – The originality of the paper lies in exploring the implications of CSR for governance,
and for highlighting how the governance potential may be enhanced by reorientation of public policy.
Keywords Governance, Corporate social responsibility, Globalization, Regulation
Paper type Conceptual paper
Introduction
The late twentieth and the early twenty-first centuries have seen increasing economic
globalization in the form of both globally extended capital markets and extended
outsourcing of production in global supply systems across the world. After three decades of
predominant liberalist orientation, the international economy remains strongly
pro-commercially biased.
International governance of social and environmental concerns has been relatively much
weaker, reflecting the lack of resourceful engagement by committed powerful actors and
PAGE 406 j CORPORATE GOVERNANCE j VOL. 8 NO. 4 2008, pp. 406-418, Q Emerald Group Publishing Limited, ISSN 1472-0701 DOI 10.1108/14720700810899158
Atle Midttun is based at the
Norwegian School of
Management, Oslo,
Norway.
The author is grateful to the
Research Council of Norway for
support to this article under the
projects ‘‘C(S)R in Global Value
Chains’’ and ‘‘Sustainability for
the 21st Century: Overcomi.
Sympathy and-benevolence-of-business-entities-evidence-during-the-covid-19-pa...Dr. Umair Ahmed
Abstract
This study aims to validate the existence of “rational sympathy” and “universal benevolence”
prescribed by Smith’s Moral Sentiment Theory among business entities during the COVID-19
pandemic outbreak. The study has optimized the qualitative analysis on secondary data to gain an
introspective pertaining to the objectives. The analysed subjects consist of the news reporting on the
action taken by particular business actors during the pandemic outbreak and movement order
control. The material are analysed in terms of the prescribed dimensions comprise of voluntary-based
action, non-reciprocal giving and aim the good cause of society. The findings indicate that rational
sympathy and universal benevolence do exist within the current context of business environment.
The business participants’ rational sympathy and self-interest motive has benefited the society
through the offering a wide range of products and services during the normal situation and
tranquillity context. Nevertheless, in the highly agitated and disturbance context, the business
players resort to universal benevolence motive, thus giving their utmost priority to the greater
interest of the state and sovereignty.
Keywords: Business, Ethics, Moral Sentiment Theory, COVID-19, Economy
Sympathy and Benevolence of Business Entities: Evidence during the COVID-19 P...Dr. Umair Ahmed
Abstract
This study aims to validate the existence of “rational sympathy” and “universal benevolence”
prescribed by Smith’s Moral Sentiment Theory among business entities during the COVID-19
pandemic outbreak. The study has optimized the qualitative analysis on secondary data to gain an
introspective pertaining to the objectives. The analysed subjects consist of the news reporting on the
action taken by particular business actors during the pandemic outbreak and movement order
control. The material are analysed in terms of the prescribed dimensions comprise of voluntary-based
action, non-reciprocal giving and aim the good cause of society. The findings indicate that rational
sympathy and universal benevolence do exist within the current context of business environment.
The business participants’ rational sympathy and self-interest motive has benefited the society
through the offering a wide range of products and services during the normal situation and
tranquillity context. Nevertheless, in the highly agitated and disturbance context, the business
players resort to universal benevolence motive, thus giving their utmost priority to the greater
interest of the state and sovereignty.
Similar to Micro, Small, and Medium Sized Enterprises’ (MSMEs) Participation in Peacebuilding: Motivators and Barriers (20)
Total Ionization Cross Sections due to Electron Impact of Ammonia from Thresh...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
In the present paper, we have employed modified Khare-BEB method [Atoms, (2019)] to evaluate total ionization cross sections by the electron impact for ammonia in energy range from the ionization threshold to 10 MeV. The theoretical ionization cross sections have been compared to the available previous theoretical and experimental results. The collision parameters dipole matrix squared M_j^2 and CRP also have been calculated. The present calculations were found in remarkable agreement with the available experimental results.
A Case Study on Small Town Big Player – Enjay IT Solutions Ltd., BhiladDr. Amarjeet Singh
Adequately trained Manpower is a problem that affects the IT industry as a whole, but it is particularly acute for Enjay IT Solution. Enjay's location in a semi-urban or rural area makes it even more difficult to find a talented employee with the right skills. As the competition for skilled workers grows, it becomes more difficult to attract and keep those workers who have the requisite training and experience.
Effect of Biopesticide from the Stems of Gossypium Arboreum on Pink Bollworm ...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Pink bollworm and Lepidoptera development quickly in numbers which is a typical animal group that produces around 100 youthful ones inside certain days or weeks. This assault influences the harvests broadly in the tropical and sub-tropical temperature areas. Thus, to keep up with the yield of harvests the vermin ought to be kept away by utilizing pesticides. The unnecessary measure of the purpose of pesticides influences the dirt, land, and as well as human well-being, and contaminates the climate. Thus, an ozone-accommodating biopesticide is extracted from the stems of the Gossypium arboreum. Thus, the extraction of biopesticide from the stems of Gossypium arboreum demonstrated that the quantity of pink bollworm and Lepidoptera is diminished step by step in the wake of showering the arrangement on the impacted region of the plant because of the presence of the gossypol.
Artificial Intelligence Techniques in E-Commerce: The Possibility of Exploiti...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
E-Commerce has transformed business as we know over the past few decades. The rapid increasing use of the Internet and the strong purchasing power in Saudi Arabia have had a strong impact on the evolution of E-Commerce in the country. Saudi Arabia is yet another country that will release artificial intelligence power to fuel its growth in the economic world. Recently, artificial intelligence (AI) applications that can facilitate e-commerce processes have been widely used. The impact of using artificial intelligence (AI) concepts and techniques on the efficiency of e-commerce, particularly has been overlooked by many prior studies. In this paper, a literature review was conducted to explore and investigate possible applications of AI in E-Commerce that can help Saudi Arabian businesses.
Factors Influencing Ownership Pattern and its Impact on Corporate Performance...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This study on factors influencing Ownership pattern and its impact on corporate performance has used five industries data viz Automobile industry, IT industry, Banking industry, Oil & Gas industry and pharmaceutical industry for five years from 2017 to 2021. First the factors influencing ownership pattern was identified and later its impact on corporate performance was analysed. Multiple Regression, ANOVA and Correlation was used in SPSS 28. Percentage of independent directors on the board and size of the company has significant impact on Indian Promotor holding and non-institutional ownership has significant impact on corporate performance.
An Analytical Study on Ratios Influencing Profitability of Selected Indian Au...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Every country with a well-developed transportation network has a well-developed economy. The automobile industry is a critical engine of the nation's economic development. The automobile industry has significant backward and forward links with every area of the economy, as well as a strong and progressive multiplier impact. The automotive industry and the auto component industry are both included in the vehicle industry. It includes passenger waggons, light, medium, and heavy commercial vehicles, as well as multi-utility vehicles such as jeeps, three-wheelers, military vehicles, motorcycles, tractors, and auto-components such as engine parts, batteries, drive transmission parts, electrical, suspension and chassis parts, and body and other parts. In the last several years, India's automobile sector has seen incredible growth in sales, production, innovation, and exports. India's car industry has emerged as one of the best in the world, and the auto-ancillary sector is poised to assist the vehicle sector's expansion. Vehicle manufacturers and auto-parts manufacturers account for a significant component of global motorised manufacturing. Vehicle manufacturers from across the world are keeping a close eye on the Indian auto sector in order to assess future demand and establish India as a global manufacturing base. The current research focuses on three automotive behemoths: TATA Motors, MRF, and Mahindra & Mahindra.
A Study on Factors Influencing the Financial Performance Analysis Selected Pr...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The growth of a country's banking sector has a significant impact on its economic development. The banking sector plays a critical role in determining a country's economic future. A well-planned, structured, efficient, and viable banking system is an essential component of an economy's economic and social infrastructure. In modern society, a strong banking system is required because it meets the financial needs of the modern society. In a country's economy, the banking system plays a crucial role. Because it connects surplus and deficit economic agents, the bank is the most important financial intermediary in the economy. The banking system is regarded as the economy's lifeline. It meets the financial needs of commerce, industry, and agriculture. As a result, the country's development and the banking system are intertwined. They are critical in the mobilisation of savings and the distribution of credit to various sectors of the economy. India's private sector banks play a critical role in the country's economic development. So The financial performance of private sector banks must be evaluated carefully.
An Empirical Analysis of Financial Performance of Selected Oil Exploration an...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
After the United States, China, and Japan, India was the world's fourth biggest consumer of oil and petroleum products. The nation is significantly reliant on crude oil imports, the majority of which come from the Middle East. The Indian oil and gas business is one of the country's six main sectors, with important forward links to the rest of the economy. More than two-thirds of the country's overall primary energy demands are met by the oil and gas industry. The industry has played a key role in placing India on the global map. India is now the world's sixth biggest crude oil user and ninth largest crude oil importer. In addition, the country's portion of the worldwide refining market is growing. India's refining industry is now the world's sixth biggest. With plans for Reliance Petroleum Limited to commission another refinery with a capacity of 29 MTPA next 16 to its 33 MTPA refinery in Jamnagar, Gujarat, this position is projected to be enhanced. As a consequence, the Reliance refinery would be the biggest single-site refinery in the world. Based on secondary data gathered from CMIE, the current research examines the ratios influencing the profitability of selected oil exploration and production businesses in India during a 10-year period.
Since 1991, thanks to economic policy liberalization, the Indian economy has entered an era in which Indian businesses can no longer disregard global markets. Prior to the 1990s, the prices of a variety of commodities, metals, and other assets were carefully regulated. Others, which were not rolled, were primarily dependant on regulated input costs. As a result, there was no uncertainty and, as a result, no price fluctuations. However, in 1991, when the process of deregulation began, the prices of most items were deregulated. It has also resulted in the exchange being partially deregulated, easing trade restrictions, lowering interest rates, and making significant advancements in foreign institutional investors' access to the capital markets, as well as establishing market-based government securities pricing, among other things. Furthermore, portfolio and securities price volatility and instability were influenced by market-determined exchange rates and interest rates. As a result, hedging strategies employing a variety of derivatives were exposed to a variety of risks. The Indian capital market will be examined in this study, with a focus on derivatives.
Theoretical Estimation of CO2 Compression and Transport Costs for an hypothet...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
SEI S.p.a. presented a project to build a 1320 MW coal-fired power plant in Saline Joniche, on the Southern tip of Calabria Region, Italy, in 2008. A gross early evaluation about the possibility to add CCS (CO2 Capture & Storage) was performed too. The project generated widespread opposition among environmental associations, citizens and local institutions in that period, against the coal use to produce energy, as a consequence of its GHG clima-alterating impact. Moreover the CCS (also named Carbon Capture & Storage or more recently CCUS: Carbon Capture-Usage-Storage) technology was at that time still an unknown and “mysterious” solution for the GHG avoiding to the atmosphere. The present study concerns the sizing of the compression and transportation system of the CCS section, included in the project presented at the time by SEI Spa; the sizing of the compression station and the pipeline connecting the plant to the possible Fosca01 offshore injection site previously studied as a possible storage solution, as part of a coarse screening of CO2 storage sites in the Calabria Region. This study takes into account the costs of construction, operation and maintenance (O&M) of both the compression plant and the sound pipeline, considering the gross static storage capacity of the Fosca01 reservoir as a whole as previously evaluated.
Analytical Mechanics of Magnetic Particles Suspended in Magnetorheological FluidDr. Amarjeet Singh
In this paper, the behavior of MR particles has been systematically investigated within the scope of analytical mechanics. . A magnetorheological fluid belongs to a class of smart materials. In magnetorheological fluids, the motion of magnetic particles is controlled by the action of internal and external forces. This paper presents analytical mechanics for the interaction of system of particles in MR fluid. In this paper, basic principles of Analytical Mechanics are utilized for the construction of equations.
Techno-Economic Aspects of Solid Food Wastes into Bio-ManureDr. Amarjeet Singh
Solid waste is health hazard and cause damage to the environment due to improper handling. Solid waste comprises of Industrial Waste (IW), Hazardous Waste (HW), Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), Electronic waste (E-waste), Bio-Medical Waste (BMW) which depend on their supply & characteristics. Food waste or Bio-waste composting and its role in sustainable development is explained in food waste is a growing area of concern with many costs to our community in terms of waste collection, disposal and greenhouse gases. When rotting food ends up in landfill it turns into methane, a greenhouse gas that is particularly damaging to the environment. Composting is biochemical process in which organic materials are biologically degraded, resulting in the production of organic by products and energy in the form of heat. Heat is trapped within the composting mass, leading to the phenomenon of self-heating. This overall process provide us Bio-Manure.
Crypto-Currencies: Can Investors Rely on them as Investment Avenue?Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The purpose of this study is to examine investors’ perceptions about investing in crypto-currencies. We think that investors trust in crypto-currencies is largely driven by crypto-currency comprehension, trust in government, and transaction speed. This is the first study to examine crypto-currencies from the investor’s perspective. Following that, we discover important antecedents of crypto-currency confidence. Second, we look at the government's role in crypto-currencies. The importance of this study is: first, crypto-currencies have the potential to disrupt the current economic system as the debate is all about impact of decentralization of transactions; thus, further research into how it affects investors trust is essential; and second, access to crypto-currencies. Finally, if Fin-Tech companies or banks want to enter the bitcoin industry may not attract huge advertising costs as well as marketing to soothe clients' concerns about investing in various digital currencies The research sheds light on indecisiveness in the context of marketing aspects adopted by demonstrating investors are aware about the crypto.
Awareness of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) among Student of the Catanduanes S...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The Island Province of Catanduanes is prone to all types of natural hazards that includes torrential and heavy rains, strong winds and surge, flooding and landslide or slope failures as a result of its geographical location and topography. RA 10121 mandates local DRRM bodies to “encourage community, specifically the youth, participation in disaster risk reduction and management activities, such as organizing quick response groups, particularly in identified disaster-prone areas, as well as the inclusion of disaster risk reduction and management programs as part of youth programs and projects. The study aims to determine the awareness to disaster of the student of the Catanduanes State University. The disaster-based questionnaire was prepared and distributed among 636 students selected randomly from different Colleges and Laboratory Schools in the University
The Catanduanes State University students understood some disaster-related concepts and ideas, but uncertain on issues on preparedness, adaptation, and awareness on the risks inflicted by these natural hazards. Low perception on disaster risks are evidently observed among students. The responses of the students could be based on the efficiency and impact of the integration of DRR education in the senior high school curriculum. Specifically, integration of the concepts about the hazards, hazard maps, disaster preparedness, awareness, mitigation, prevention, adaptation, and resiliency in the science curriculum possibly affect the knowledge and understanding of students on DRR. Preparedness drills and other forms of capacity building must be done to improve awareness of the student towards DRRM.
The study further recommends that teachers and instructor must also be capacitated in handling disaster as they are the prime movers in the implementation of the DRRM in education. Preparedness drills and other forms of capacity building must be done to improve awareness of the student towards DRRM. Core subjects in Earth Sciences must be reinforced with geologic hazards. Learning competencies must also be focused on hazard identification and mapping, and coping with different geologic disaster.
The 1857 war was a watershed moment in the history of the Indian subcontinent. The battle has sparked academic debate among historians and sociologists all around the world. Despite the fact that it has been more than 150 years, this battle continues to pique the interest of historians. The war's causes and events that occurred throughout the conflict, persons who backed the British and anti-British fighters, and the results and ramifications, are all aspects of this conflict. In terms of outcomes, many academics believe that the war was a failure for those who started it. It is often assumed that the Indians who battled the British in this conflict were unable to achieve their goals. Many gains accrued to Indians as a result of the conflict, but these achievements are overshadowed by the dispute over the war's failure. This research effort focuses on the war's achievements for India, and the significance of those achievements.
Haryana's Honour Killings: A Social and Legal Point of ViewDr. Amarjeet Singh
Life is unpredictably unpredictable. Nobody knows what will happen in the next minute of their lives. In this circumstance, every human being has the right and desire to conduct their lives according to their own desires. No one should be forced to live a life solely for the benefit and reputation of others. Honour killing is defined as the assassination of a person, whether male or female, who refuses to accept the family's arranged marriage or decides to move her or his marital life according to her or his wishes solely because it jeopardizes the family's honour. The family's supreme authority looks after the family's name but neglects to consider the love and affection shared among family members. I have discussed honour killing in India in my research work. This sort of murder occurs as a result of particular triggers, which are also examined in relation to the role of the law in honour killing. No one can be released free if they break the law, and in this case, it is a felony that violates various regulations designed to safeguard citizens. This crime is similar to many others, but it is distinct enough to be differentiated in the report. When the husband is of low social standing, it lowers the position and caste of the female family, prompting the male family members to murder the girl. But they forget that the girl is their kid and that while rank may be attained, a girl's life can never be replaced, and that caste is less valuable than the girl's life and love spent with them.
Optimization of Digital-Based MSME E-Commerce: Challenges and Opportunities i...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The impact caused by the Covid-19 Pandemic on Micro and Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) was so severe and fatal
that not a few went out of business. The heavy burden is borne by MSME actors due to social restrictions imposed by the
government, the declining purchasing power of the people, a product that continues to decline until capital runs out. Plus
inadequate knowledge in carrying out marketing strategies and product innovations are the main trigger for the lack of
enthusiasm for MSME actors as well as bankruptcy. MSME digitalization-based e-commerce is an opportunity and the right
solution in dealing with the obstacles caused by the impact of Covid-19, as well as a challenge for MSME actors to design old
ways in new ways through digital business.
Modal Space Controller for Hydraulically Driven Six Degree of Freedom Paralle...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This paper presents the Modal space decoupled control for a hydraulically driven parallel mechanism has been presented. The approach is based on singular values decomposition to the properties of joint-space inverse mass matrix, and mapping of the control and feedback variables from the joint space to the decoupling modal space. The method transformed highly coupled six-input six-output dynamics into six independent single-input single-output (SISO) 1 DOF hydraulically driven mechanical systems. The novelty in this method is that the signals including control errors, control outputs and pressure feedbacks are transformed into decoupled modal space and also the proportional gains and dynamic pressure feedback are tuned in modal space. The results indicate that the conventional controller can only attenuate the resonance peaks of the lower eigenfrequencies of six rigid modes properly, and the peaking points of other relative higher eigenfrequencies are over damped, The further results show that it is very effective to design and tune the system in modal space and that the bandwidth increased substantially except surge (x) and sway (y) motions, each degree of freedom can be almost tuned independently and their bandwidths can be increased near to the undamped eigenfrequencies.
It is a known fact that a large number of Steel Industry Expansion projects in India have been delayed due to regulatory clearances, environmental issues and problems pertaining to land acquisition. Also, there are challenges in the tendering phase that affect viability of projects thus delaying implementation, construction phase is beset with over-runs and disputes and last but not the least; provider skills are weak all across the value chain. Given the critical role of Steel Sector in ensuring a sustained growth trajectory for India, it is imperative that we identify the core issues affecting completion of infrastructure projects in India and chalk out initiatives that need to be acted upon in short term as well as long term.
A blockchain is a decentralised database that is shared across computer network nodes. A blockchain acts as a database, storing information in a digital format. The study primarily aims to explore how in the future, block chain technology will alter several areas of the Indian economy. The current study aims to obtain a deeper understanding of blockchain technology's idea and implementation in India, as well as the technology's potential as a disruptive financial technological innovation.
Secondary sources such as reports, journals, papers, and websites were used to compile all the data. Current and relevant information were utilised to help understand the research goals. All the information is rationally organised to fulfil the objectives. The current research focuses on recommendations for enhancing India's Blockchain ecosystem so that it may become one of the best in the world at utilising this new technology.
Even tho Pi network is not listed on any exchange yet.
Buying/Selling or investing in pi network coins is highly possible through the help of vendors. You can buy from vendors[ buy directly from the pi network miners and resell it]. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
BYD SWOT Analysis and In-Depth Insights 2024.pptxmikemetalprod
Indepth analysis of the BYD 2024
BYD (Build Your Dreams) is a Chinese automaker and battery manufacturer that has snowballed over the past two decades to become a significant player in electric vehicles and global clean energy technology.
This SWOT analysis examines BYD's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats as it competes in the fast-changing automotive and energy storage industries.
Founded in 1995 and headquartered in Shenzhen, BYD started as a battery company before expanding into automobiles in the early 2000s.
Initially manufacturing gasoline-powered vehicles, BYD focused on plug-in hybrid and fully electric vehicles, leveraging its expertise in battery technology.
Today, BYD is the world’s largest electric vehicle manufacturer, delivering over 1.2 million electric cars globally. The company also produces electric buses, trucks, forklifts, and rail transit.
On the energy side, BYD is a major supplier of rechargeable batteries for cell phones, laptops, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems.
how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
If you are looking for a pi coin investor. Then look no further because I have the right one he is a pi vendor (he buy and resell to whales in China). I met him on a crypto conference and ever since I and my friends have sold more than 10k pi coins to him And he bought all and still want more. I will drop his telegram handle below just send him a message.
@Pi_vendor_247
what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
Lecture slide titled Fraud Risk Mitigation, Webinar Lecture Delivered at the Society for West African Internal Audit Practitioners (SWAIAP) on Wednesday, November 8, 2023.
The Evolution of Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) in India: Challenges...beulahfernandes8
Role in Financial System
NBFCs are critical in bridging the financial inclusion gap.
They provide specialized financial services that cater to segments often neglected by traditional banks.
Economic Impact
NBFCs contribute significantly to India's GDP.
They support sectors like micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), housing finance, and personal loans.
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor
@Pi_vendor_247
Micro, Small, and Medium Sized Enterprises’ (MSMEs) Participation in Peacebuilding: Motivators and Barriers
1. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
Volume- 9, Issue- 1, (February 2019)
www.ijemr.net https://doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.9.1.12
127 This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Micro, Small, and Medium Sized Enterprises’ (MSMEs) Participation in
Peacebuilding: Motivators and Barriers
Dr. Mark P. Doblas1
, Dr. Laurence P.Bazan2
and Tiburcio P.Ybanez3
1
Assistant Professor, College of Financial and Administrative Sciences, AMA International University, KINGDOM OF
BAHRAIN
2
Dean, Criminology Department, Father Saturnino Urios University, PHILIPPINES
3
Student, Criminology Department, Father Saturnino Urios University, PHILIPPINES
1
Correspondence Author: mpdoblas@amaiu.edu.bh
ABSTRACT
The academic literature has provided substantial
amount of suggestions on broad concepts of business fostering
peace in the community just by doing its operations properly.
However, many could contend if these businesses could be
urged to perform larger roles as agents for peace.
Consequently, the desire to have businesses, particularly the
Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise (MSME), to act as key
players in peacebuilding largely depends on the understanding
of what could motivate them in acting such key role and what
could possibly hinder them in doing the same. Thus, this study
is an exploration of the motivators and challenges of MSMEs
in acting as main agents for peacebuilding. The study utilized
a descriptive research design involving thirty conveniently
sampled MSMEs in Butuan City, Philippines. A researcher-
made questionnaire was used as data gathering tool. A
multivariate analysis was done to analyse the effect of
participation and perceived risk in the identified motivators
and barriers. The results of the study revealed thatinternal
motivators are the greatest motivators in acting for peace.In
addition, financial and political reasons are strong barriers for
MSMEs to participate in peacebuilding. Finally, the study
found that Level of Perceived Risk and Participation
significantly affects the type of motivators and barriers
MSMEs face in peacebuilding movements.
Keywords-- Business for Peace, Micro, Small, and Medium
Enterprises, Perceived Risk, Peacebuilding Participation
I. INTRODUCTION
The aim for peace and order is widely considered
as universal among all economies. In fact, countries all over
the world have invested heavily on military and policing to
prevent violence and instability. The amount of resources
incurred and the realization of the current practices‟
shortcomings has led to deliberate explorations for new
alternatives. As Van Tulder and Van der Zwart(2014)
observed, the globalized world has increased
interconnectedness and interdependence requiring different
issues to be addressed in a more integrated approach.
Nevertheless, one very underutilized and unexplored asset
in the community for peace building is the private business
sector (United Sate Institute of Peace, 2012). In fact, Nelson
(2000) noted that there is relatively little scientific study
conducted to explore how specifically the private sector,
particularly local businesses and Micro, Small, and Medium
Enterprises, could directly participate in peace building.
While peacebuilding is an often a vague term,
peacebuilding as perceived by this study is grounded on the
works of Boutros-Ghali (1992) who defined peace-building
as “the construct of tangible cooperative projects that link
two or more parties to a mutually beneficial undertaking
that not only contributes to economic and social
development but also increases the trust that is so essential
to peace”. Thus, business peacebuilding properly
conceived, should require that businesses play as main
actors for peace and not just loosely participate in the
initiative. Concrete efforts to maintain and promote peace,
therefore, should be laid down by businesses themselves for
the community where they operate.
Nevertheless, the academic literature has provided
substantial amount of suggestions on broad concepts of
business fostering peace in the community just by doing its
operations properly. To cite some examples, business firms
provide job opportunities thus allow economic growth that
is material for creating peaceful communities. In addition,
businesses acting as good corporate citizens also allow an
espousing mechanism for community members to follow.
As argued by Jackson and Coolican (2003), a sound way in
doing business within the confines of the organizations will
often result to facilitating a positive change outside and thus
will allow a move towards a “peaceful world”. However,
the preceding practices of businesses in peace building are,
in general, only incidental and are more often coping
strategies to lessen the adverse impacts of conflicts among
the private businesses. In other words, the participation is
merely in passing as it is simply seen as a side effect of
doing-no-harm to the community. While these activities are
desirable, many have thought if these businesses could be
urged to perform larger roles as agents for peace (UNGC,
2013). In other words, can businesses engage in activities
that actively contribute to prevent conflict or conflict
2. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
Volume- 9, Issue- 1, (February 2019)
www.ijemr.net https://doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.9.1.12
128 This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
settlement or even in conflict transformation or
peacebuilding?
While various authors have argued that businesses
has a natural desire for a peaceful world since it usually
elicits an expanding market and greater profit (Barbara,
2006), it is usually contrasted by the surprisingly few
examples of businesses actively contributing to conflict
transformation and peace building (Joras, 2009). This
inconsistency has probed researchers in exploring different
themes of business working actively for peace. Needless to
say, the complexity of the matter may be attributed to the
fact that business in peace building and its literature are
fairly young and limited and that it is an issue that is
touched by broader disciplines like economics, political
science, and sociology. However, as noted by Evers (2010),
careful review of these literatures would reveal that there
are six characteristics that summarize most of the findings
inthe area of business for peacebuilding. First, most works
in business for peacebuilding only flourished around five
years back. Second, anecdotes tend to dominate most of the
studies showing the significance of business-based
peacebuilding thus exhibiting the lack of systematic studies.
Third, most of those that contribute in contemporary
researchers are based on Non-government Organizations
(NGOs) and Inter-government Organizations (IGOs).
Fourth, most of the explored areas are based on the
experiences of Multinational Companies (MNCs). Fifth,
much of the researchers are normative. Finally, many of the
aspects in the area are still unexplored especially those that
look into the perspectives of local businesses or Micro,
Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs).
Considering the instrumental role of local
businesses and MSMEs in peacebuilding, it is imperative
that this area should be explored. As Lederach(1997) argues
that, “by definition, local businesses form part of the
existing conflict context. In a sense, this relationship with
the conflict is essential for local businesses to play an
important role in building peace.” The role therefore of
local and small medium enterprises in peacebuilding greatly
lies in its linkages to different social and political actors.
The participation of the local businesses and MSEs,
however, could not be fully defined if policy makers do not
have the knowledge of what motivates and impedes them in
participating in peacebuilding. As Kilic and others (2005)
noted, the participation of local business and MSEs should
start with the identification and analysis of their
competencies, interest, motivators, and impediments for
participation in peace building. Thus, this study aims to
look at the last two variables of concern. This research will
assess the motivators and barriers for peacebuilding among
local MSMEs in the City of Butuan, Philippines. The
findings of the study will serve as baseline for further
activities and policy identification and implementation
pertaining to business in peacebuilding initiatives.
II. FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY
This study is anchored onthe three-tier
understanding of the peacebuilding potential of societies
developed by Lederach‟s (1997).In addition, the works of
Nelson (2000)and Joras (2009) on incentives for business-
based peacebuilding and barriers, respectively, was utilized
as guiding principles to which the assessment and analysis
of this inquiry was based.
The Lederach‟s (1997) model shows the wide
„networked‟ position held by the private sectors in society.
The model also compares the participants of the actors from
the civic group and the private firms. As what can be seen
in Figure 1, SMEs and local business, including informal
grassroots enterprises, have a deep-seated influence on
conflict settlement. The acknowledgement of the Local
Businesses and SMEs influence in terms of local political
leverage through variety of linkages with different actors
and strands using business relations with staff and business
partners is greatly highlighted by the said model.
Considering also those MSMEs are operating directly with
the public, the model also provides a framework that
stresses how MSMEs can influence societies through
cultural, ethnic, and religious channels.
3. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
Volume- 9, Issue- 1, (February 2019)
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129 This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Figure 1 Three-tier understanding of the peacebuilding potential of societies by Lederach‟s (1997)
Motivations for Participation in Peacebuilding
In terms of motivation, Nelson (2006) noted that
external factors especially the progresses in humanitarian
and human rights law and the growth undertakings of non-
government pressure groups, social media and internet, has
amplified the desire of private firms in complicity in
situations leading to conflict. These external factors have
forced private companies to be more mindful of their
participation in peacebuilding. Examples of these external
factors include Privatisation and Liberalisation. Increased
emerging markets and the lessening of the ownership of
governments has both increased the power of private
sectors and the consumers who demands better behaviours
from businesses. Also, technology has increased
transparency allowing the consumers to easily view the
activities of corporations and businesses. Increased
competitiveness and expectations has also led to changes in
corporate governance structures that influenced how
business should behave in a more socially conscious way.
In addition, several company specific interests
were also found to have a convoluting force in providing
motivations for participation in peacebuilding. This internal
factor has provided businesses additional incentives to
participate in peacebuilding. Rotenberg (2004) found that
the private sector‟s costs of conflict are important motivator
for business to participate in peace building. Deitelhoff and
Wolf (2010) also found that a company‟s development of
internal moral standards and values serves as motivator to
contribute in peace and security. Private company‟s need
for material information to hedge against risk was also
found by Switzer and Barbara (2006) as a specific incentive
for firms to participate activities pertaining to security and
order. Finally, building brand image as motivator was also
observed in countries as revealed by the works of Haufler
(2006). Participation in peacebuilding is therefore a tool for
brand image building.
Barriers of Participation in Peacebuilding
Although non-government organizations (NGOs)
as well as governmental actors‟ barriers in peace keeping
are well documented, very few research has looked into the
private sectors‟ constraints in participating in such program.
Joras (2009) provided a theoretical underpinning for the
empirical analysis on various factors that inhibit private
sectors in directly participating in the peacebuilding
process. The factors can be categorized in three typologies;
Financial, Political, and Awareness and Capacity Barriers.
The works of Feil and others (2008) has
highlighted that financial reasons or cost is frequently
suggested as the main reason why private sectors should
heavily invest in taking on peace promoting initiatives.
However, it is also often the case that financial constraints
hinder the organization is purposeful engagement in
peacebuilding. As Berman (2000) noticed, the geographic
spread, in the effect of conflicts may differ depending on
several factors. The individual costs of conflict may either
be too low compared to the expense of hiring individual
company security or too high to act upon as a primary actor.
Whichever the case, financial balancing tends to play a role
in deciding to engage actively in peacebuilding.
4. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
Volume- 9, Issue- 1, (February 2019)
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130 This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
In addition, political factors tend to also hinder the
businesses to participate in peacebuilding processes. As
Banfield and others (2006) explained, companies often feel
that they should stay neutral and thus should shy away from
national politics to avoid being accused of using their
economic power to manipulate political decisions.
Moreover, private firms may realize that their business is
highly dependent in the general services of the government
and that they avoid alienating in something that they
believe as a government concern.
Finally, the novelty of the concept of business for
peacebuilding may be a reason for the lack of awareness
and capacity of the private firms to move as a whole for
peace building. Companies may even consider it too
complex that the lack of information, best practices or bases
for business supporting peacebuilding may hinder the
motivation to participate. The study of Collaborative
Learning Projects (2003) has revealed that in the
circumstance of aintense conflict, the absence of the
capacity of the organization or lack thereof may in fact be a
result of the conflict itself as the presence of disorder has
made the business groups non-functional anymore.
Factors Affecting Motivators and Barriers in
Peacebuilding Participation
Businesses do not directly contribute to peace and
security thru maintaining order. Instead, they spend their
resources on indirect assistances like fighting corruption
and other social programs thru its Corporate Social
Responsibility (Deitelhoff and Wolf, 2010). However, the
likehood of such participation on such is affected by several
factors such as proximity and perceived exposure to conflict
and company characteristics which include level of
engagement to peacebuilding in society.
III. OBJECTIVES
The study is aimed at identifying the motivators
and barriers for local MSMEs in Butuan City, Philippines in
peacebuilding activities/initiatives. Specifically, it was
conducted to achieve the following objectives;
1. Identify the profile of the MSMEs in Butuan City,
Philippines in terms of type of business, longevity
of operation, highest educational attainment of
owner, and average monthly income, perceived
distance and exposure from conflict area, and the
frequency and level of participation in
peacebuilding activities.
2. Identify the motivators and barriers for
peacebuilding of the local MSMEs in Butuan City,
Philippines.
3. Assess if perceived riskand participation in
peacebuilding has a significant effect of in
motivators and barriers in peacebuilding
participation.
IV. METHODOLOGY
The study employed a descriptive research
design.The study used a researcher-made questionnaire of
three parts. The first part determined the profile of the
respondents in terms of type of business, longevity of
operation, highest educational attainment of owner, and
average monthly income. Peacebuilding characteristics
were also taken in part one which includes perceived
distance and exposure from conflict area and the level of
participation in peacebuilding activities.
The second part of the instrument is in a 4 point
Liker Scale consisting of10 items with the first 5 covering
the internal motivators and the next 5 inclusive of the
external motivators for peacebuilding as identified by
Nelson (2006). Finally, the third parts consist of 9 items,
also in 4 point Likert Scale, covering 3 items each for
Financial, Political, and Awareness and Capacity barriers
respectively. These indicators, as discussed in the previous
section, were based on the works of Joras (2009). Prior to
the distribution of the questionnaire, a pilot test was
conducted to 15 non-participating local businesses and the
consequent data yielded a Cronbach‟s alpha value of 0.88
indicating high internal consistency.
The questionnaire was administered to the local
Micro, Small, Medium Entrepreneurs in the City of Butuan,
Philippines during the period covering September 26, 2018
to October 3 of the same year. Convenience sampling was
utilized considering the availability of the respondents. A
total of 30 respondents were part of the final sample for the
study.
The profile of the respondents was treated using
descriptive statistics. In addition, the motivators and
barriers assessed were treated using weighted mean.
Finally, Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA)
was used to test the differences in the identified motivators
and barriers considering perceived risk and level of
involvement in peacebuilding activity.
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
5. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
Volume- 9, Issue- 1, (February 2019)
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131 This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Profile of the Respondents
Table 1
Profile of Respondents
F %
Type of Business
Retail/Merchandising 14 44.67
Service 10 33.33
Manufacturing 6 20.00
Number of Years in Operation
Less than 5 Years 13 43.33
5-10 years 10 33.33
More than 10 Years 7 23.33
Owner’s Highest Educational Attainment
Elementray/Highschool Graduate 2 6.67
College Level/Graduate 8 26.67
Some Post Graduate 20 66.67
Average Monthly Income
₱10,000 and below 5 16.67
₱10,001-₱25,000 9 30.00
₱25,001-₱35,000 7 23.33
₱35,001-₱45,000 7 23.33
Above ₱45,000 2 6.67
Perceived Proximity to Conflict Area
Extremely Near 2 6.67
Near 24 80.00
Far 2 6.67
Extremely Far 2 6.67
Perceived likelihood of affected by conflicts/war
Very Likely 5 16.67
Likely 13 43.33
Unlikely 7 23.33
Very Unlikely 5 16.67
Degree of direct Participation in Peace Building
Very Active 8 26.67
Active 5 16.67
Moderately Active 17 56.67
Table 1 shows the profile of the respondents in
terms of type of business, number of years in operations,
Owner‟s Highest Educational Attainment, Average
Monthly Income, Perceived Proximity to Conflict Area,
Perceived likelihood of affected by conflicts/war, and
Degree of direct Participation in Peace Building. As what
can be gleaned from the table, are engaged in
Retail/Merchandising and Service related operation with
44.67% (n=14) and 33.33% (n=10), respectively. This is
not surprising since majority (23.21%) of the MSMEs in the
Philippines are engaged in Wholesale and Retail (Aldaba,
2012).
In terms of number of years in operation, majority
of the respondents have only been operation for less than 5
years (n=13, 43.33%) while only 23.33 (n=7) have been
operations for more than 10 years suggesting that most of
the SMEs in research locale are relatively new. In addition,
majority of the business owners have are highly educated
with 66.67% (n=20) having some form of post graduate
education while only 2 (6.67%) are either elementary or at
high school level.
As to average monthly income, majority of the
respondents are P 10,001-P 25,000 a month (n=9, 30%)
while only 6.67% (n=2) are earning above P 45,000 per
month. Moreover, the same table also shows the
distribution of respondents in terms of other Peace related
information. As what can be gleaned from the table,
majority at 80% (n=24) of the respondents believe that they
are near conflict areas and perceives that they are likely
(n=13, 43.33%) to be affected by conflicts/war.
Finally, as to level of participation in
peacebuilding activity, more than half of the respondents
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(n=17, 56.67%) consider themselves moderately active,
while only 26.67% (n=8) consider their level of
participation as “active”. This reinforces the observation of
Joras (2009) showing that there are very little documented
cases of businesses actively participating in peacebuilding.
Motivators for Participating in Peacebuilding
Table 2
MSMEs External Motivators for Participating in Peacebuilding
Indicators Mean Stdev Description
External Motivators
1. Privatization increases my desire to exercise my
influence towards peace building.
1.27 0.45 Very Low Motivator
2. New markets/customers demand our participation in
peace building.
1.77 0.43 Low Motivator
3. Transparency, as caused by technology, encourages
my business to be more actively engaged in peace
building
2.10 0.31 Low Motivator
4. Increased societal expectations, NGOs and the public
in general increasingly demand that businesses be
held accountable for peace building
2.17 0.38 Low Motivator
5. New trends in business governance convinced me to
participate in peace building
2.27 0.45 Low Motivator
Over-all 1.91 0.40 Low Motivator
Table 2 shows the external motivators of MSMEs
in directly participating in peacebuilding processes. As the
table shows, the over-all influence of external motivators to
motivate MSMEs is low with a mean of 1.91 and a standard
deviation of 0.40. This would suggest that MSMEs are not
that motivated by external factors in participating in
peacebuilding.
In fact, privatization has not increased their desire
to exercise their influence towards peace building
(Statement No.1) and that even market demands has not
motivated them in participating in peacebuilding activities
(Statement No.2). Moreover, even the transparency,
brought about by technology, does not encourage them to
be more actively engaged in peace building(Statement
No.3). Even business trends and the demand from the
society have not moved them to be directly involved in
peacebuilding.
The findings suggest a different observation from
the works of Haufler(2006) showing that external factors
especially the change in the landscape of politics has
allowed businesses to be main actors, if not enforcers of
new norms in peacebuilding. These findings may suggest
that MSMEs find external factors, like privatization,
technology, and the like, to be irrelevant in their decision to
participate in peacebuilding.
Table 3
MSMEs Internal Motivators for Participating in Peacebuilding
Indicators Mean Stdev Description
Internal Motivators
1. The need for security motivates me to participate in
peace building.
3.77 0.50 Very High Motivator
2. The possible financial loss caused by conflict and
war is a good motivator to participate in peace
building
3.63 0.49 Very High Motivator
3. The need for material information regarding possible
conflicts that may disrupt my business is a good
reason to join in peace building initiatives.
2.20 1.16 Low Motivator
4. It is part of my business value that I should
participate in peace building.
3.30 0.88 Very High Motivator
5. Peace building participation is influenced by my
business‟ need for good brand image.
3.43 0.82 Very High Motivator
Over-all 3.27 0.77 Very High Motivator
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On the other hand, internal motivators tend to
provide a different observation as shown in table 3. The
over-all mean resulted to 3.27 (SD=0.77) indicating that
internal factors such as cost savings and other business
based factors being very high motivators in participating in
peacebuilding.
Indeed, the need for security (Statement No. 1) and
the fear of potential loss caused by conflict and war
(Statement No.2) serve as the major motivators for the
respondents to initiate peacebuilding activities. In addition,
peacebuilding participation tends to be influenced by the
business‟ need for good brand image (Statement No.5).
However, among the internal motivators identified,
acquisition of material information (Statement No.3) tends
to be low in motivating MSMEs in peacebuilding
participation.
The findings support the study of Feil and
others(2008) stating that cost motivations tend to be the
central reason for participating in peacebuilding initiatives.
The need to create an environment that would allow
businesses to gain economically is central to all peace
initiatives. Internal or business based factors tend to
motivate MSMEs more than outside factors. The need to
self-sustain the business operation and to survive
economically is much more viable reason to engage in
peacebuilding than markets, regulations and socio-political
motives.
Barriers in Participating in Peacebuilding
Table 4
Financial Barriers
Indicators Mean Stdev Description
1. Participations in peace building is very costly 3.77 0.43 Very Strong
2. It requires substantial amount of resources to
participate in peace building activity
3.87 0.35 Very Strong
3. My business does not possess the necessary financial
ability to be involved in peace building programs.
3.90 0.31 Very Strong
Over-all 3.84 0.36 Very Strong
In terms of the barriers to participate, table 4
shows the financial factors that impede the respondents in
engaging into peacebuilding. As what can be gleaned from
the table, the over-all result showed that financial factors
tend to be a very strong barrier in hindering MSMEs in to
actively participate in the peacebuilding process (x=3.84,
SD=0.36). The small standard deviation value also suggests
that the respondents tend to agree on this matter.
In fact, the respondents agree that participation in
peacebuilding tend to be very costly (Statement No.1) and
that their business does not possess the necessary financial
capability to be involved in peace building programs
(Statement No.3). The respondents feel that actively
participating in the peacebuilding process requires
substantial amount of resources (Statement No.2).
This would support the findings of Berman (2000)
stating that the cost of participation in peacebuilding
requires balancing as private sectors tend to see it as a
costly activity despite the fact that the cost of the effect of
non-participation is also high. Considering the
characteristics of MSMEs to be economically small, the
impact of such participation in their financial standing tends
to outweigh the benefits of participating in peacebuilding.
Table 5
Political Barriers
Indicators Mean Stdev Description
1. It is the job of government, not businesses, to
maintain peace and order.
3.83 0.38 Very Strong
2. Involving my business in peace related issues might
result to conflict with government policies.
3.87 0.35 Very Strong
3. Business participation in peace policies and activities
might cause allegations of political bias.
3.50 0.51 Very Strong
Over-all 3.73 0.41 Very Strong
In terms of political barriers, table 5 shows the
political factors that may impede them to actively
participating in peacebuilding. As what can be gleaned
from the table, political barriers tend to be a very strong
barrier (x=3.73, SD=0.41) in participating in peacebuilding.
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As a matter of fact, the respondents believe that
involving their business in peace related issues might result
to conflict with government policies (Statement No.2) and
that it is not the responsibility of business to start programs
that maintain peace and order (Statement No.1).
Consequently, the respondents believe that business
participation in peace policies and activities might cause
allegations of political bias (statement No.3).
Similarly, Banfield and others (2006) explained
how companies often feel that they should stay neutral so as
to avoid being unduly accused of using their economic
influence to affect issues of the state. The findings show
how hesitations may arise due to often unfortunate social
view of the excessive isolation of private firms from the
activities viewed as exclusively for the state like peace and
order.
Table 6
Barriers in terms of Awareness and Capacity
Indicators Mean Stdev Description
1. I am not certain how my business can participate in
peace building.
1.83 0.70 Weak
2. I am not aware of the practices that could help in
peace building.
1.97 0.72 Weak
3. My business does not possess the ability to organize
a peace building initiatives.
1.63 0.85 Very Weak
Over-all 1.81 0.76 Weak
Table 6 shows the respondents barriers in terms of
Awareness and Capacity. As what the table shows, the
over-all result resulted to a mean of 1.81 (SD=0.76)
indicating that awareness and capacity are weak barriers of
participation of MSMEs in peacebuilding process.
The results showed that the MSMEs in Butuan are
in capable of organizing itself to create peace building
activities (Statement No.3) and that they are certain on how
they could participate in the peace building process
(Statement No.1). Finally, they are aware of the practices
that could help in peacebuilding (Statement No.2). The
results in each of the indicator greatly suggest that current
awareness and capacity to organize are not impediments for
MSMEs in initiating peace building efforts in the
community.
The findings goes in direct opposite of the
observation documented by Rettberge (2004) suggesting
that the over-all weakness of the organizational structures
of the private sector contributes to their inability to organize
and thus making it difficult to act in unison to combat
conflict as a group. The novelty of business for peace has
also made it difficult for businesses to initiate drives against
conflict and violence as added by the report of
Collaborative Learning Projects (2003). The MSMEs in
Butuan showed that they are in fact organized to initiate
peace projects and that they are aware of their respective
roles in such activity.
Effect of Perceived Risk and Level of Participation to Motivators in Peacebuilding Participation
Table 7
Multivariate Analysis for Perceived Risk vis a vis Motivators
Effect Value F Sig.
Partial Eta
Squared
Intercept Pillai's Trace .998 7071.941b
.000 .998
Wilks' Lambda .002 7071.941b
.000 .998
Hotelling's Trace 565.755 7071.941b
.000 .998
Roy's Largest Root 565.755 7071.941b
.000 .998
Perceived
Risk
Pillai's Trace 1.296 15.969 .000 .648
Wilks' Lambda .077 21.751b
.000 .723
Hotelling's Trace 7.170 28.680 .000 .782
Roy's Largest Root 6.411 55.566c
.000 .865
a. Design: Intercept + Perceived Risk
b. Exact statistic
c. The statistic is an upper bound on F that yields a lower bound on the significance level.
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Table 7 shows the Multivariate Analysis for
Perceived Risk vis a vis Motivators. The one-way
MANOVA revealed a significant multivariate main effect
for Perceived Risk, Wilks‟ λ = 0.077, F = 21.751, p <. 001,
partial eta squared = 0.723. Thus Perceived Risk has an
effect to the MSMEs motivators in engaging into activities
in peacebuilding. Level of perceived risk explains around
72% of the variation in Motivators.
Table 8
Significant Univariate Effect for Perceived Riskvis a vis Motivators
Dependent
Variable Perceived Risk Perceived Risk
Mean
Difference Std. Error Sig.
95% Confidence Interval
Lower BoundUpper Bound
External
Motivator
Likely Unlikely -.2352*
.06846 .002 -.3759 -.0945
Very Likely -.0923 .07684 .240 -.2503 .0656
Very Unlikely -.8123*
.07684 .000 -.9703 -.6544
Unlikely Likely .2352*
.06846 .002 .0945 .3759
Very Likely .1429 .08550 .107 -.0329 .3186
Very Unlikely -.5771*
.08550 .000 -.7529 -.4014
Very Likely Likely .0923 .07684 .240 -.0656 .2503
Unlikely -.1429 .08550 .107 -.3186 .0329
Very Unlikely -.7200*
.09235 .000 -.9098 -.5302
Very Unlikely Likely .8123*
.07684 .000 .6544 .9703
Unlikely .5771*
.08550 .000 .4014 .7529
Very Likely .7200*
.09235 .000 .5302 .9098
Internal
Motivator
Likely Unlikely .5824*
.11210 .000 .3520 .8128
Very Likely .7538*
.12583 .000 .4952 1.0125
Very Unlikely 1.3538*
.12583 .000 1.0952 1.6125
Unlikely Likely -.5824*
.11210 .000 -.8128 -.3520
Very Likely .1714 .14001 .232 -.1164 .4592
Very Unlikely .7714*
.14001 .000 .4836 1.0592
Very Likely Likely -.7538*
.12583 .000 -1.0125 -.4952
Unlikely -.1714 .14001 .232 -.4592 .1164
Very Unlikely .6000*
.15123 .001 .2891 .9109
Very Unlikely Likely -1.3538*
.12583 .000 -1.6125 -1.0952
Unlikely -.7714*
.14001 .000 -1.0592 -.4836
Very Likely -.6000*
.15123 .001 -.9109 -.2891
Based on observed means.
The error term is Mean Square(Error) = .057.
*. The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.
Given the significance of the overall test, a
pairwise analysis was done to the motivators after
considering perceived risk. As table 8 shows, there is a
significant difference in motivators with those having
higher perceived risk being more motivated by external
motivators while those who have lower level of perceived
risk finds internal factors more motivating.
This would suggest that those MSMEs who do
not feel that they are likely to be affected by conflict are
only driven by business based reasons such as lowering
down cost and business image. On the other hand, MSMEs
who feel that they are susceptible to conflict tend to being
moved by market factors, social influence and the like.
Table 9
Multivariate Analysis for Level of Participationvis a vis Motivators
Effect Value F Sig.
Partial Eta
Squared
Intercept Pillai's Trace .997 4741.941b
.000 .997
Wilks' Lambda .003 4741.941b
.000 .997
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Hotelling's Trace 364.765 4741.941b
.000 .997
Roy's Largest Root 364.765 4741.941b
.000 .997
LevelofParticipation Pillai's Trace .746 8.032 .000 .373
Wilks' Lambda .262 12.395b
.000 .488
Hotelling's Trace 2.785 17.406 .000 .582
Roy's Largest Root 2.774 37.446c
.000 .735
a. Design: Intercept + LevelofParticipation
b. Exact statistic
c. The statistic is an upper bound on F that yields a lower bound on the significance level.
Table 9 shows the one-way MANOVA statistics
for the effect of level of participation to Motivators. As
what can be gleaned from the table, there is a significant
multivariate main effect for Level of Participation to
Motivating factors in peacebuilding, Wilks‟ λ = 0.262, F =
12.395, p <. 001, partial eta squared = 0. 488. Participation
explains48.8% of the variation in Motivators.
Table 10
Significant Multivariate Effect for Level of Participationvis a visMotivators
Dependent
Variable Level of Participation
Level of
Participation Mean Difference Std. Error Sig.
95% Confidence
Interval
Lower Bound
Upper
Bound
External
Motivator
Active Not Active .7200*
.09848 .000 .5179 .9221
Very Active .7318*
.08788 .000 .5514 .9121
Not Active Active -.7200*
.09848 .000 -.9221 -.5179
Very Active .0118 .07406 .875 -.1402 .1637
Very Active Active -.7318*
.08788 .000 -.9121 -.5514
Not Active -.0118 .07406 .875 -.1637 .1402
Internal
Motivator
Active Not Active -.9750*
.22459 .000 -1.4358 -.5142
Very Active -1.0706*
.20042 .000 -1.4818 -.6594
Not Active Active .9750*
.22459 .000 .5142 1.4358
Very Active -.0956 .16890 .576 -.4422 .2510
Very Active Active 1.0706*
.20042 .000 .6594 1.4818
Not Active .0956 .16890 .576 -.2510 .4422
Based on observed means.
The error term is Mean Square(Error) = .155.
*. The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.
The pairwise analysis results are shown in Table
10. As the table indicates, MSMEs who consider
themselves active has a significantly higher internal and
external motivators relative to the non-active MSMEs with
differences having p values lesser than 0.05 for both
motivators. This would suggest that active MSMEs are
most likely be convinced to participate in peacebuilding if
proper business based and socio-political reasons are met or
present.
Effect of Perceived Risk and Level of Participation to Barriers in Peacebuilding Participation
Table 11
Multivariate Analysis for Perceived Riskvis a vis Barriers
Effect Value F Sig.
Partial Eta
Squared
Intercept Pillai's Trace .999 6136.719b
.000 .999
Wilks' Lambda .001 6136.719b
.000 .999
Hotelling's Trace 767.090 6136.719b
.000 .999
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Roy's Largest Root 767.090 6136.719b
.000 .999
Perceived Risk Pillai's Trace 1.472 8.354 .000 .491
Wilks' Lambda .071 12.782 .000 .586
Hotelling's Trace 5.571 14.031 .000 .650
Roy's Largest Root 3.446 29.869c
.000 .775
a. Design: Intercept + Perceived Risk
b. Exact statistic
c. The statistic is an upper bound on F that yields a lower bound on the significance level.
Table 11 shows the Multivariate Analysis for
Perceived Risk vis a vis Barriers to Participation in
Peacebuilding. The one-way MANOVA revealed a
significant multivariate main effect for Perceived Risk,
Wilks‟ λ = 0.071, F = 12.782, p <. 001, partial eta squared =
0.586. Thus Perceived Risk has an effect to the barriers of
MSMEs to participate in peacebuilding. Level of perceived
risk explains around 58% of the variation in Barriers in
Participation.
Table 12
Significant Multivariate Effect for Perceived Riskvis a vis Barriers
Dependent
Variable Perceived Risk Perceived Risk
Mean
Difference Std. Error Sig.
95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound Upper Bound
Financial
Barrier
Likely Unlikely .2381*
.07649 .004 .0809 .3953
Very Likely .0000 .08586 1.000 -.1765 .1765
Very Unlikely .6000*
.08586 .000 .4235 .7765
Unlikely Likely -.2381*
.07649 .004 -.3953 -.0809
Very Likely -.2381*
.09553 .019 -.4345 -.0417
Very Unlikely .3619*
.09553 .001 .1655 .5583
Very Likely Likely .0000 .08586 1.000 -.1765 .1765
Unlikely .2381*
.09553 .019 .0417 .4345
Very Unlikely .6000*
.10318 .000 .3879 .8121
Very Unlikely Likely -.6000*
.08586 .000 -.7765 -.4235
Unlikely -.3619*
.09553 .001 -.5583 -.1655
Very Likely -.6000*
.10318 .000 -.8121 -.3879
Political
Barrier
Likely Unlikely -.0037 .14809 .980 -.3081 .3007
Very Likely -.3846*
.16623 .029 -.7263 -.0429
Very Unlikely -.3179 .16623 .067 -.6596 .0237
Unlikely Likely .0037 .14809 .980 -.3007 .3081
Very Likely -.3810*
.18496 .050 -.7612 -.0008
Very Unlikely -.3143 .18496 .101 -.6945 .0659
Very Likely Likely .3846*
.16623 .029 .0429 .7263
Unlikely .3810*
.18496 .050 .0008 .7612
Very Unlikely .0667 .19978 .741 -.3440 .4773
Very Unlikely Likely .3179 .16623 .067 -.0237 .6596
Unlikely .3143 .18496 .101 -.0659 .6945
Very Likely -.0667 .19978 .741 -.4773 .3440
Awareness and
Capacity
Likely Unlikely .0403 .14532 .784 -.2584 .3390
Very Likely -1.4359*
.16312 .000 -1.7712 -1.1006
Very Unlikely -.1026 .16312 .535 -.4379 .2327
Unlikely Likely -.0403 .14532 .784 -.3390 .2584
Very Likely -1.4762*
.18150 .000 -1.8493 -1.1031
Very Unlikely -.1429 .18150 .438 -.5159 .2302
Very Likely Likely 1.4359*
.16312 .000 1.1006 1.7712
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Unlikely 1.4762*
.18150 .000 1.1031 1.8493
Very Unlikely 1.3333*
.19604 .000 .9304 1.7363
Very Unlikely Likely .1026 .16312 .535 -.2327 .4379
Unlikely .1429 .18150 .438 -.2302 .5159
Very Likely -1.3333*
.19604 .000 -1.7363 -.9304
Based on observed means.
The error term is Mean Square(Error) = .096.
*. The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.
Given the significance of the overall test, a
pairwise analysis was done to the identified barriers after
considering perceived risk. As table 12 shows, there is a
significant difference in barriers with those MSMEs having
higher perceived risk seeing political barrier as more
impeding than financial constraint and awareness and
capacity.
Table 13
Multivariate Analysis for Level of Participationvis a vis Barriers
Effect Value F Sig.
Partial Eta
Squared
Intercept Pillai's Trace .999 5662.982b
.000 .999
Wilks' Lambda .001 5662.982b
.000 .999
Hotelling's Trace 679.558 5662.982b
.000 .999
Roy's Largest Root 679.558 5662.982b
.000 .999
LevelofParticipation Pillai's Trace 1.350 17.985 .000 .675
Wilks' Lambda .092 19.123b
.000 .696
Hotelling's Trace 5.060 20.240 .000 .717
Roy's Largest Root 3.797 32.907c
.000 .792
a. Design: Intercept + Level of Participation
b. Exact statistic
c. The statistic is an upper bound on F that yields a lower bound on the significance level.
Table 13 shows the one-way MANOVA statistics
for the effect of level of participation to Barriers. As what
can be gleaned from the table, there is a significant
multivariate main effect for Level of Participation to
Barriers in peacebuilding participation, Wilks‟ λ = 0.092, F
= 19.123, p<. 001, partial eta squared = 0. 696.
Participation explains 69.6% of the variation in Barriers for
peacebuilding participation.
Table 14
Significant Multivariate Effect for Level of Participation vis a vis Barriers
Dependent
Variable Level of Participation
Level of
Participation
Mean
Difference Std. Error Sig.
95% Confidence
Interval
Lower
Bound
Upper
Bound
Financial Barrier Active Not Active -.6000*
.10555 .000 -.8166 -.3834
Very Active -.5020*
.09419 .000 -.6952 -.3087
Not Active Active .6000*
.10555 .000 .3834 .8166
Very Active .0980 .07938 .227 -.0648 .2609
Very Active Active .5020*
.09419 .000 .3087 .6952
Not Active -.0980 .07938 .227 -.2609 .0648
Political Barrier Active Not Active -.0667 .15807 .677 -.3910 .2577
Very Active .3843*
.14106 .011 .0949 .6738
Not Active Active .0667 .15807 .677 -.2577 .3910
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Very Active .4510*
.11888 .001 .2071 .6949
Very Active Active -.3843*
.14106 .011 -.6738 -.0949
Not Active -.4510*
.11888 .001 -.6949 -.2071
Awareness and
Capacity
Active Not Active -1.0000*
.18605 .000 -1.3818 -.6182
Very Active .2157 .16604 .205 -.1250 .5564
Not Active Active 1.0000*
.18605 .000 .6182 1.3818
Very Active 1.2157*
.13993 .000 .9286 1.5028
Very Active Active -.2157 .16604 .205 -.5564 .1250
Not Active -1.2157*
.13993 .000 -1.5028 -.9286
Based on observed means.
The error term is Mean Square(Error) = .107.
*. The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.
The pairwise analysis was carried on as the
difference was found to be significant in which results are
shown in Table 14. As the table indicates, MSMEs who
consider themselves active has significantly found
themselves hindered by all identified barriers relative to
non-active MSMEs having p values lesser than 0.05 for
both motivators. This would suggest that active MSMEs are
see the peacebuilding as a financially, politically, and
structurally difficult endeavour.
VI. CONCLUSION
Based on the findings of the study, it can be
derived that MSMEs in Butuan City Philippines are mostly
engaged in Retail and Merchandisingand are relatively new
in the business. In addition, MSMEs in the study locale
believe that they are near to areas of conflict and that they
are susceptible to the impacts of such conflict. Moreover, a
great proportion MSMEs are generally active in
participating in peacebuilding activities.
The study also found that internal motivators such
as cost (due to conflict) avoidance, brand/business image
and other business based motivators are greater than socio-
political motivators. This suggests that MSMEs in Butuan
City will most likely participate in peacebuilding due to
business related results. Moreover, financial and political
reasons will most likely impede MSMEs to participate in
peacebuilding. Awareness and Capacity to organize is not
an issue for peacebuilding initiatives among MSMEs in
Butuan City.
Finally, the study found that Level of Perceived
Risk and Participation significantly affects the type of
motivators and barriers an MSMEs faces in peacebuilding
movements. The study also concludes that MSMEs that are
vastly aware of the perils of conflict tends to consider
peacebuilding as a social responsibility and not just a
business agenda. In addition, participation in peace related
activities stimulates MSMEs motivation in creating
initiatives against conflict. Moreover, political impediments
tend to exacerbate the perceived risk that MSMEs face in
peacebuilding initiation. Finally, it was found that while
increased participation in peace related activities can
stimulate noble motivations, it also increases the perceived
difficulties of MSMEs in creating businesses for
peacebuilding.
With this, the results suggest that policies and
programs to encourage the private sector, especially the
MSMEs should not only be inclusive but more importantly
should reinforce or establish two very important points.
First, political cooperation and liberalization. MSMEs
should feel that business for peacebuilding is not invasive
to the government‟s agenda and that actively initiating it
will not tarnish their relationship with the government.
Secondly, policies and programs should not only make
MSMEs aware of the perils and negative effects of conflict
to their business but reassures them that they will be
supported both in the financial and technical aspects of
things and that they can do such in an environment that
does not wrongfully accuse them of political bias.
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