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Sentence, Utterence and Proposition
A sentence conveys a complete meaning through words arranged grammatically, can be written or spoken, and includes at least a subject and verb. An utterance is part of spoken language between pauses that can be a single word, group of words, or clause, and includes paralinguistic features. While both convey meaning, a sentence comprises clauses and an utterance may not. A proposition is an element of thought that can be inferred from a statement.
1. introduction to semantics
This document discusses the history and development of semantics, the scientific study of meaning in language. It outlines the main approaches to semantics such as formal and functional approaches. Key topics in semantics are discussed including word meaning, meaning in vocabulary organization, meaning in syntax, and historical semantics. The document also explores the relationship between semantics and other fields such as philosophy, anthropology, psychology, and communication theory.
SEMANTIC = LEXICAL RELATIONS
This document discusses various lexical semantic relations including homonymy, polysemy, synonymy, hyponymy, antonymy, and markedness. It provides definitions and examples for each relation. Homonymy refers to unrelated senses of the same word, while polysemy involves related senses. Synonyms have similar meanings, hyponyms have a more specific meaning, and antonyms have opposite meanings. Markedness describes when one word of a pair is marked by a prefix to indicate its status as the opposite. The document also discusses types of antonyms like reversives and directional opposites.
Discourse analysis
Discourse analysis is the study of language in use and context. It examines both spoken and written language beyond the sentence level to understand how language functions in real world situations. Discourse analysis focuses on elements like the relationship between participants, speech acts, discourse structures, and how language varies based on context and the social activity. Both spoken and written discourse have conventions like openings, closings, turn-taking, and cohesive devices that link ideas together to aid interpretation. Analyzing these elements can provide insights into how language constructs meaning based on its form and the context in which it is used.
What is pragmatics ppt final
Pragmatics is the study of meaning as communicated by speakers and interpreted by listeners. It considers how context, including social and cultural factors, affect meaning. A key aspect is speaker meaning - what the speaker intends to communicate through their utterance. Speech acts theory analyzes utterances as actions like statements, requests, promises. Pragmatics also examines implicature or implied meaning, presuppositions, and how context helps determine reference. It bridges semantics and real-world language use.
Morphology 2018
Morphology is the study of words and their meaningful parts, called morphemes. Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning that cannot be broken down further while retaining meaning. There are two types of morphemes: free morphemes, which can stand alone as words, and bound morphemes, which must be attached to other morphemes. Bound morphemes are classified as either derivational or inflectional based on how they change the word. Derivational morphemes can change the part of speech or meaning of the word, while inflectional morphemes change grammatical properties like number, tense or case without altering the core meaning. Together, morphemes form words and convey meaning
Semantics
The document discusses the study of semantics, which is the study of meaning in language. It examines topics such as symbol and referent, conceptions of meaning, denotation and connotation, ambiguity, metaphor and more. Semantics includes the study of how meaning is constructed and interpreted through language.
Deixis
Deixis refers to linguistic expressions that can only be interpreted based on contextual information like who is speaking, their location, or the time. There are several types of deixis:
1. Person deixis refers to pronouns like I, you, he, she that indicate speakers and addressees.
2. Place or spatial deixis uses words like here, there, this, that to indicate locations relative to the speaker.
3. Time or temporal deixis includes words like now, then, tomorrow to reference times in relation to the moment of speaking.
4. Other types include discourse deixis which references elements within a conversation or text, and social deixis which reflects social relationships
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Sentence, Utterence and Proposition
A sentence conveys a complete meaning through words arranged grammatically, can be written or spoken, and includes at least a subject and verb. An utterance is part of spoken language between pauses that can be a single word, group of words, or clause, and includes paralinguistic features. While both convey meaning, a sentence comprises clauses and an utterance may not. A proposition is an element of thought that can be inferred from a statement.
1. introduction to semantics
This document discusses the history and development of semantics, the scientific study of meaning in language. It outlines the main approaches to semantics such as formal and functional approaches. Key topics in semantics are discussed including word meaning, meaning in vocabulary organization, meaning in syntax, and historical semantics. The document also explores the relationship between semantics and other fields such as philosophy, anthropology, psychology, and communication theory.
SEMANTIC = LEXICAL RELATIONS
This document discusses various lexical semantic relations including homonymy, polysemy, synonymy, hyponymy, antonymy, and markedness. It provides definitions and examples for each relation. Homonymy refers to unrelated senses of the same word, while polysemy involves related senses. Synonyms have similar meanings, hyponyms have a more specific meaning, and antonyms have opposite meanings. Markedness describes when one word of a pair is marked by a prefix to indicate its status as the opposite. The document also discusses types of antonyms like reversives and directional opposites.
Discourse analysis
Discourse analysis is the study of language in use and context. It examines both spoken and written language beyond the sentence level to understand how language functions in real world situations. Discourse analysis focuses on elements like the relationship between participants, speech acts, discourse structures, and how language varies based on context and the social activity. Both spoken and written discourse have conventions like openings, closings, turn-taking, and cohesive devices that link ideas together to aid interpretation. Analyzing these elements can provide insights into how language constructs meaning based on its form and the context in which it is used.
What is pragmatics ppt final
Pragmatics is the study of meaning as communicated by speakers and interpreted by listeners. It considers how context, including social and cultural factors, affect meaning. A key aspect is speaker meaning - what the speaker intends to communicate through their utterance. Speech acts theory analyzes utterances as actions like statements, requests, promises. Pragmatics also examines implicature or implied meaning, presuppositions, and how context helps determine reference. It bridges semantics and real-world language use.
Morphology 2018
Morphology is the study of words and their meaningful parts, called morphemes. Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning that cannot be broken down further while retaining meaning. There are two types of morphemes: free morphemes, which can stand alone as words, and bound morphemes, which must be attached to other morphemes. Bound morphemes are classified as either derivational or inflectional based on how they change the word. Derivational morphemes can change the part of speech or meaning of the word, while inflectional morphemes change grammatical properties like number, tense or case without altering the core meaning. Together, morphemes form words and convey meaning
Semantics
The document discusses the study of semantics, which is the study of meaning in language. It examines topics such as symbol and referent, conceptions of meaning, denotation and connotation, ambiguity, metaphor and more. Semantics includes the study of how meaning is constructed and interpreted through language.
Deixis
Deixis refers to linguistic expressions that can only be interpreted based on contextual information like who is speaking, their location, or the time. There are several types of deixis:
1. Person deixis refers to pronouns like I, you, he, she that indicate speakers and addressees.
2. Place or spatial deixis uses words like here, there, this, that to indicate locations relative to the speaker.
3. Time or temporal deixis includes words like now, then, tomorrow to reference times in relation to the moment of speaking.
4. Other types include discourse deixis which references elements within a conversation or text, and social deixis which reflects social relationships
51285452 seven-types-of-meaning
This document discusses the seven types of meaning in semantics, focusing on conceptual and connotative meaning. Conceptual meaning is based on principles of contrastiveness and constituent structure, examining features of words. Connotative meaning involves individual associations with words, including social, affective, reflected, collocative, and thematic meanings. Social meaning varies by factors like age, sex, and culture. Affective meaning conveys attitude. Reflected meaning arises from multiple senses of a word. Collocative meaning involves words that commonly occur together. Thematic meaning considers how word order impacts entailment.
Causes of language change
This document discusses various theories about the causes of language change. It begins by noting that while early theories proposed fanciful causes, modern theories focus on imperfect transmission between generations and the role of social factors. The document then examines theories regarding the origin of innovations, including both unconscious sources like phonetic variation as well as possible conscious sources. It also analyzes theories of how innovations diffuse and become accepted changes, highlighting the importance of social prestige and network ties found in sociolinguistic research. The document ultimately argues that sociolinguistic studies of language variation provide the most empirically supported explanation of how and why languages change over time.
Katharina reiss
Katharina Reiss is a German linguist known for her defense of skopos theory and text typology in translation studies. She argues that the translation unit is the text rather than individual words or sentences. Her text typology includes informative texts that communicate facts, expressive creative works, operative texts meant to persuade actions, and audio medial texts combining words with visual/audio elements. Skopos theory focuses on translation having an intended purpose for a target audience in a given context.
Semantics and meaning
This document discusses semantics and meaning in language. It begins by defining semantics as the study of meaning in language. It then provides historical background on the origins of the terms "semantics" and discusses different related terms that have been used. The document also discusses different understandings and uses of the concept of "meaning." It positions semantics as a component of linguistics and examines how language uses signs and symbols to communicate messages and meanings. Finally, it notes that semantics involves the study of how meaning is constructed and negotiated in language.
Discourse analysis new
The document discusses the key concepts of discourse analysis including:
- Language has both transactional and interactional functions
- Spoken and written language differ in their production and use
- Utterances refer to spoken language while sentences refer to written language
- Discourse analysts study natural language use in context to describe regularities rather than rules
- The focus is on language as a dynamic process rather than just the static products of language
Semantics
The document discusses semantics and semantic roles. It defines semantics as the study of meaning in language. Semantic roles describe the possible relationships between predicates and their arguments. The document then applies semantic role analysis to examples from Kafka's Metamorphosis. It identifies examples that fit roles like agent, action, theme, and more. The analysis shows how semantic roles help convey the full meaning of sentences and contribute to the overall text.
Hedging maxims
This document outlines the Cooperative Principle and how speakers can hedge maxims in conversations. It discusses Grice's four maxims of quantity, quality, relation, and manner. Hedging occurs when speakers implicitly state something to demonstrate they may not be fully adhering to the maxims. For second language teachers, hedging is relevant to provide better language examples and understand implied meanings. For learners, it is important to recognize when hedging is necessary to avoid being misunderstood and improve receptive skills.
05 cooperation and implicature for students
This document discusses conversational implicature and related concepts. It defines implicature as implied meanings communicated through conversation beyond the literal meaning of the words. Conversational implicatures arise through adherence to the Cooperative Principle and its maxims of Quantity, Quality, Relation, and Manner. Generalized implicatures can be calculated without specific context, while particularized implicatures depend on contextual assumptions. Scalar implicatures occur through terms on scales like "some but not all." Conversational implicatures are cancelable and reinforceable, unlike conventional implicatures associated with words like "but."
Equivalencein translation
This document discusses concepts of equivalence and similarity in translation. It begins by defining equivalence and similarity, noting that similarity is not necessarily symmetrical, reversible, or transitive. It then examines approaches to equivalence in translation theory, including the equative view, taxonomic view, and relativist view which rejects equivalence as an identity assumption. Models of equivalence proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet, Jakobson, and Nida are outlined, noting tensions between formal correspondence and dynamic equivalence. The document emphasizes that equivalence is a complex concept that depends on context and perspective.
Discourse Analysis by Christopher J. Hall et al
This guide for students and practitioners is introduced by Christopher J. Hall, Patrick H. Smith, and Rachel Wicaksono. This presentation talks about discourse analysis and its several definitions including the pervasive relevance of discourse (analysis), linguistic approaches to discourse analysis, social approaches to discourse analysis, and themes in contemporary discourse analysis. This will discuss the nature of discourse analysis in context significant to all PhD Language Studies students around the globe.
Linguistics and language
The document discusses the Universal Grammar approach to linguistics and language learning. Some key points:
- Universal Grammar was developed by Noam Chomsky and posits that humans have an innate, biologically determined language acquisition device.
- Linguistic theory aims to describe the mental representations of language and determine what properties are universal across languages versus how they can differ.
- Universal Grammar proposes that all languages are constrained by a set of universal principles and parameters. Parameters allow for cross-language variation.
- Applying this to second language acquisition, some researchers believe learners are constrained by Universal Grammar in developing their second language grammar, while others believe Universal Grammar may be impaired or limited for second language learners.
Meaning of language 4
This document provides an overview of semantics, the study of linguistic meaning. It discusses several subfields of semantics including lexical semantics, which examines word meanings, and sentential semantics, which analyzes the meanings of larger syntactic units. The document also explores topics such as what speakers know about language meaning, ambiguity, compositional semantics, lexical relations between words, and thematic roles. Overall, the document outlines key concepts in semantics and how meaning is constructed in language.
Language change )
Languages change for various social, political, and environmental reasons. Large-scale language changes are often driven by invasions, colonization, and migration which bring languages into contact. Language change also occurs through natural processes like how children learn language from previous generations and introduce variations. There are different types of language change including changes to sounds, vocabulary, and word meanings. Sound changes alter the phonological system over time through processes like the Great Vowel Shift in English. Vocabulary adapts with new terms for inventions and concepts being borrowed from other languages. The meanings of words can broaden or narrow in scope through semantic shifts.
Pragmatc approach - discourse analysis
The document discusses integrating discourse analysis and pragmatics into teaching grammar. It begins by defining pragmatics and outlining some key pragmatic concepts like implicature, presupposition, and conversational maxims. It then analyzes an episode of an English language TV show to identify violations of the maxims. Finally, it argues that teaching grammar should develop both grammatical competence and discourse/pragmatic competence. Teachers should focus on how sentences are combined into coherent and pragmatically appropriate discourse. This approach helps students understand and produce language in context.
Traditional grammar
Traditional grammar provides a framework for analyzing the structure of language based on Latin concepts. It describes parts of speech like nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, subjects, predicates, objects, clauses, sentences, and conjunctions. While traditional grammar is prescriptive and based on written language rather than contemporary usage, it remains an important basic framework for understanding English grammar.
Translation Strategies, by Dr. Shadia Y. Banjar
The document discusses translation strategies and methods. It begins by explaining the analytical and transfer phases of translation. The goal of translation is to achieve equivalent effect, where the target text has the same impact on its readers as the source text had on its readers. Global translation strategies refer to the overall approach taken, focusing more on retaining source text features or adapting for the target language/audience. Local strategies are applied to individual expressions and include direct translation techniques as well as indirect techniques involving shifts, equivalents, and other procedures.
2 l2 spoken&written-discourse
This document discusses the differences between written and spoken discourse. It notes that written discourse can be referred back to, while spoken discourse must be understood immediately. Spoken discourse involves variations in speed, loudness, gestures, intonation, pauses and rhythm. Grammatically, spoken discourse contains fewer subordinate clauses and more active verbs. Lexically, spoken discourse uses more pronouns, repetitions, first person references and active verbs. Structurally, spoken discourse is more fragmented with simple sentences and coordination. Functionally, written discourse allows storage of information over time and space while spoken discourse is used primarily for interaction and relationships.
semantics the study of meaning
The document discusses semantics, which is defined as the systematic study of meaning. It provides several definitions of semantics from different linguistic sources that emphasize its focus on the study of meaning in language. It also presents examples to demonstrate speakers' semantic knowledge, such as distinguishing anomalies from paraphrases, identifying synonyms and antonyms, recognizing contradictions, and understanding entailments and presuppositions.
Applied Linguistics "Grammar"
This document provides an overview of grammar and different approaches to analyzing grammar. It discusses traditional grammar and how it differs from modern linguistic theories. It also covers parts of speech, grammatical gender, prescriptive grammar rules, descriptive analysis, and methods for structurally analyzing sentences such as constituent analysis and bracketing. The document is intended to teach grammar concepts to students.
co text and context
we shall be dealing with both text (and discourse) and context (and co-text). As we shall see, text and context are complementary: each presupposes the other. Texts are constituents of the contexts in which they are produced; and contexts are created, and continually transformed and refashioned, by the texts that speakers and writers produce in particular situations. It is clear that even sentence-sized utterances, of the kind we considered in the preceding chapter, are interpreted on the basis of a good deal of contextual information, most of which is implicit.
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What's hot
51285452 seven-types-of-meaning
This document discusses the seven types of meaning in semantics, focusing on conceptual and connotative meaning. Conceptual meaning is based on principles of contrastiveness and constituent structure, examining features of words. Connotative meaning involves individual associations with words, including social, affective, reflected, collocative, and thematic meanings. Social meaning varies by factors like age, sex, and culture. Affective meaning conveys attitude. Reflected meaning arises from multiple senses of a word. Collocative meaning involves words that commonly occur together. Thematic meaning considers how word order impacts entailment.
Causes of language change
This document discusses various theories about the causes of language change. It begins by noting that while early theories proposed fanciful causes, modern theories focus on imperfect transmission between generations and the role of social factors. The document then examines theories regarding the origin of innovations, including both unconscious sources like phonetic variation as well as possible conscious sources. It also analyzes theories of how innovations diffuse and become accepted changes, highlighting the importance of social prestige and network ties found in sociolinguistic research. The document ultimately argues that sociolinguistic studies of language variation provide the most empirically supported explanation of how and why languages change over time.
Katharina reiss
Katharina Reiss is a German linguist known for her defense of skopos theory and text typology in translation studies. She argues that the translation unit is the text rather than individual words or sentences. Her text typology includes informative texts that communicate facts, expressive creative works, operative texts meant to persuade actions, and audio medial texts combining words with visual/audio elements. Skopos theory focuses on translation having an intended purpose for a target audience in a given context.
Semantics and meaning
This document discusses semantics and meaning in language. It begins by defining semantics as the study of meaning in language. It then provides historical background on the origins of the terms "semantics" and discusses different related terms that have been used. The document also discusses different understandings and uses of the concept of "meaning." It positions semantics as a component of linguistics and examines how language uses signs and symbols to communicate messages and meanings. Finally, it notes that semantics involves the study of how meaning is constructed and negotiated in language.
Discourse analysis new
The document discusses the key concepts of discourse analysis including:
- Language has both transactional and interactional functions
- Spoken and written language differ in their production and use
- Utterances refer to spoken language while sentences refer to written language
- Discourse analysts study natural language use in context to describe regularities rather than rules
- The focus is on language as a dynamic process rather than just the static products of language
Semantics
The document discusses semantics and semantic roles. It defines semantics as the study of meaning in language. Semantic roles describe the possible relationships between predicates and their arguments. The document then applies semantic role analysis to examples from Kafka's Metamorphosis. It identifies examples that fit roles like agent, action, theme, and more. The analysis shows how semantic roles help convey the full meaning of sentences and contribute to the overall text.
Hedging maxims
This document outlines the Cooperative Principle and how speakers can hedge maxims in conversations. It discusses Grice's four maxims of quantity, quality, relation, and manner. Hedging occurs when speakers implicitly state something to demonstrate they may not be fully adhering to the maxims. For second language teachers, hedging is relevant to provide better language examples and understand implied meanings. For learners, it is important to recognize when hedging is necessary to avoid being misunderstood and improve receptive skills.
05 cooperation and implicature for students
This document discusses conversational implicature and related concepts. It defines implicature as implied meanings communicated through conversation beyond the literal meaning of the words. Conversational implicatures arise through adherence to the Cooperative Principle and its maxims of Quantity, Quality, Relation, and Manner. Generalized implicatures can be calculated without specific context, while particularized implicatures depend on contextual assumptions. Scalar implicatures occur through terms on scales like "some but not all." Conversational implicatures are cancelable and reinforceable, unlike conventional implicatures associated with words like "but."
Equivalencein translation
This document discusses concepts of equivalence and similarity in translation. It begins by defining equivalence and similarity, noting that similarity is not necessarily symmetrical, reversible, or transitive. It then examines approaches to equivalence in translation theory, including the equative view, taxonomic view, and relativist view which rejects equivalence as an identity assumption. Models of equivalence proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet, Jakobson, and Nida are outlined, noting tensions between formal correspondence and dynamic equivalence. The document emphasizes that equivalence is a complex concept that depends on context and perspective.
Discourse Analysis by Christopher J. Hall et al
This guide for students and practitioners is introduced by Christopher J. Hall, Patrick H. Smith, and Rachel Wicaksono. This presentation talks about discourse analysis and its several definitions including the pervasive relevance of discourse (analysis), linguistic approaches to discourse analysis, social approaches to discourse analysis, and themes in contemporary discourse analysis. This will discuss the nature of discourse analysis in context significant to all PhD Language Studies students around the globe.
Linguistics and language
The document discusses the Universal Grammar approach to linguistics and language learning. Some key points:
- Universal Grammar was developed by Noam Chomsky and posits that humans have an innate, biologically determined language acquisition device.
- Linguistic theory aims to describe the mental representations of language and determine what properties are universal across languages versus how they can differ.
- Universal Grammar proposes that all languages are constrained by a set of universal principles and parameters. Parameters allow for cross-language variation.
- Applying this to second language acquisition, some researchers believe learners are constrained by Universal Grammar in developing their second language grammar, while others believe Universal Grammar may be impaired or limited for second language learners.
Meaning of language 4
This document provides an overview of semantics, the study of linguistic meaning. It discusses several subfields of semantics including lexical semantics, which examines word meanings, and sentential semantics, which analyzes the meanings of larger syntactic units. The document also explores topics such as what speakers know about language meaning, ambiguity, compositional semantics, lexical relations between words, and thematic roles. Overall, the document outlines key concepts in semantics and how meaning is constructed in language.
Language change )
Languages change for various social, political, and environmental reasons. Large-scale language changes are often driven by invasions, colonization, and migration which bring languages into contact. Language change also occurs through natural processes like how children learn language from previous generations and introduce variations. There are different types of language change including changes to sounds, vocabulary, and word meanings. Sound changes alter the phonological system over time through processes like the Great Vowel Shift in English. Vocabulary adapts with new terms for inventions and concepts being borrowed from other languages. The meanings of words can broaden or narrow in scope through semantic shifts.
Pragmatc approach - discourse analysis
The document discusses integrating discourse analysis and pragmatics into teaching grammar. It begins by defining pragmatics and outlining some key pragmatic concepts like implicature, presupposition, and conversational maxims. It then analyzes an episode of an English language TV show to identify violations of the maxims. Finally, it argues that teaching grammar should develop both grammatical competence and discourse/pragmatic competence. Teachers should focus on how sentences are combined into coherent and pragmatically appropriate discourse. This approach helps students understand and produce language in context.
Traditional grammar
Traditional grammar provides a framework for analyzing the structure of language based on Latin concepts. It describes parts of speech like nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, subjects, predicates, objects, clauses, sentences, and conjunctions. While traditional grammar is prescriptive and based on written language rather than contemporary usage, it remains an important basic framework for understanding English grammar.
Translation Strategies, by Dr. Shadia Y. Banjar
The document discusses translation strategies and methods. It begins by explaining the analytical and transfer phases of translation. The goal of translation is to achieve equivalent effect, where the target text has the same impact on its readers as the source text had on its readers. Global translation strategies refer to the overall approach taken, focusing more on retaining source text features or adapting for the target language/audience. Local strategies are applied to individual expressions and include direct translation techniques as well as indirect techniques involving shifts, equivalents, and other procedures.
2 l2 spoken&written-discourse
This document discusses the differences between written and spoken discourse. It notes that written discourse can be referred back to, while spoken discourse must be understood immediately. Spoken discourse involves variations in speed, loudness, gestures, intonation, pauses and rhythm. Grammatically, spoken discourse contains fewer subordinate clauses and more active verbs. Lexically, spoken discourse uses more pronouns, repetitions, first person references and active verbs. Structurally, spoken discourse is more fragmented with simple sentences and coordination. Functionally, written discourse allows storage of information over time and space while spoken discourse is used primarily for interaction and relationships.
semantics the study of meaning
The document discusses semantics, which is defined as the systematic study of meaning. It provides several definitions of semantics from different linguistic sources that emphasize its focus on the study of meaning in language. It also presents examples to demonstrate speakers' semantic knowledge, such as distinguishing anomalies from paraphrases, identifying synonyms and antonyms, recognizing contradictions, and understanding entailments and presuppositions.
Applied Linguistics "Grammar"
This document provides an overview of grammar and different approaches to analyzing grammar. It discusses traditional grammar and how it differs from modern linguistic theories. It also covers parts of speech, grammatical gender, prescriptive grammar rules, descriptive analysis, and methods for structurally analyzing sentences such as constituent analysis and bracketing. The document is intended to teach grammar concepts to students.
co text and context
we shall be dealing with both text (and discourse) and context (and co-text). As we shall see, text and context are complementary: each presupposes the other. Texts are constituents of the contexts in which they are produced; and contexts are created, and continually transformed and refashioned, by the texts that speakers and writers produce in particular situations. It is clear that even sentence-sized utterances, of the kind we considered in the preceding chapter, are interpreted on the basis of a good deal of contextual information, most of which is implicit.
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Metin türleri
- 2. İŞLEVSELLİK (FUNKTIONALITÄT) • İŞLEVSEL YAKLAŞIMLAR Çeviribilim de işlevsel yaklaşımların ortak noktası çeviriyi dilbilimsel bir işlem olarak gören kuramlardan ayrılarak, çeviriyi bir eylem, özellikle de iletişimsel ve toplumsal bir eylem olarak gören bir bakış açısı sunmalarıdır. İşlevsel yaklaşımlar arasında en fazla öne çıkan Alman çeviribilimci Hans Vermeer’in Skopos kuramı, Holz- Mänttäri’nin Çeviri Eylemi Kuramı ve Katharina Reiss’ın Metin Türleri ve İşlevleri üzerine yaptığı çalışmalar üzerine olmuştur. Reiss, metin türü konusunda geliştirdiği yaklaşımla, işlevsel çeviribilimin öncülerinden sayılmaktadır. • Cicero Hieronymus W.Benjamin Martin Luther W.V.Humbold E.Schleiermacher Holz-Mänttäri Hans Vermeer Katharina Reiß
- 3. METİN ÇEŞİTLERİ (TEXTORTEN) • 1. Bilgilendirici Metinler (Informative Texte) • 2. İşlevsel Metinler (Operative Texte) • 3. Anlatımcı Metinler (Expressive Texte) • 4. Çok araçlı Metinler (Audio-Mediale Texte)
- 4. BİLGİLENDİRİCİ METİNLER (INFORMATIVE TEXTE) İçerik ve bilgilendirme ağırlıklı metinler, bir olayı ya da bir olgunun anlatımını kapsar. Genellikle düz yazı şeklinde oluşturulmuş metinlerdir. Bu tür metinler, politik bir olayı yorumlarken okuru belli bir noktaya çekmeyi amaçlar. Bu durumda bilgilendirme özelliği olan bilgilendirici metin, etkileyici işlev yüklenmesiyle operatif metin yapısını da kazanır (Reiss; 1993:18). Bu gruba giren metinler, genellikle medya haberleri, yorumlar, röportajlar, ticaret haberleri, kullanma kılavuzları, belgeler, ders kitaplar, araştırma yazıları, teknik ve sosyal bilimlere özgü metinlerdir.
- 6. İŞLEVSEL METİNLER (OPERATIVE TEXTE) Alıcıya yönelik olan bu metinler alıcı adresi veya kişiyi eyleme, bir reaksiyona yöneltmek amacını taşırlar. Bir eyleme yönlendirme özelliği taşıdıklarından, söylem, tarz ve biçim açısından etkilidirler. Dilin en etkili şekilde kullanımı bu metinlerde gerçekleşir. İkna, tatmin edicilik bu türlerde kendini gösterir. Bu grup metinler bir amacın, bir planın, bir söylemin gerçekleştirilmesi için yazılır.. Bu metinlere, reklamlar, propagandalar, yorumlar v.b. Yazılar örnek verilebilir.
- 8. ANLATIMCI METİNLER (EXPRESSIVE TEXTE) Bu tür metinlerde metnin şekli kadar yazarın metin içeriğini nasıl ifade ettiği de ön plandadır. Bunun yanında; söz dizimi, şekil, vurgulu bu tip metinlerin karakteristik özelliklerindendir. Stil, uyaklar/kafiyeler, karşılaştırmalı ve betimleyici/tasvirli konuşma tarzları, atasözleri, özdeyişler bu metinlerin içeriklerini oluştururlar. Ses uyumları sadece şiirler için geçerli değildir, düz yazılar içinde ses uyumu söz konusudur. Bu grup metinler, şekil ağırlıklı yazın metinlerin tüm özelliklerini taşırlar. Kısa öyküler, hikayeler, fıkralar, sahne oyunları, romanlar ve tüm şiir çeşitleri vurgulu metinleri oluşturur.
- 9. ÇOK ARAÇLI METİNLER (AUDIO-MEDIALE TEXTE) Daha önce açıklamaya çalıştığımız bilgi vurgulu, içerik ve şekil vurgulu metinlerin her türlü medya araçlarıyla iletilmesi ve eyleme konulmasıdır. İletişim amaçlı olduğu sürece metnin genel işlevini yürüttüğü her ortamda, dil dışı ‘yayın’ araçlarından faydalanılabilir. Dolayısıyla her türlü metin bu alanda işlenebilir. Bir radyo yayınında verilen oyunda sadece ses ve dil ön plandadır ancak bu oyunun televizyonda veya sahnede ortaya konulmasında diğer faktörlerde (Mimik, görüntü, hareketler ve renkler) devreye girer.