The document discusses metabolism in snakes and trends in obesity among US adults. A snake metabolism study found that 34% of a snake's mass comes from food intake, while 11% is waste, 7% is shed skin, and 48% is unaccounted for. The rest of the document shows maps from 1985 to 2016 tracking rising obesity rates in the US according to the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, with rates increasing over time and some states having rates over 30% by 2016.

1. • Where does “stuff”, material, or matter
come from to build plants and animals?
• Where does energy come from to build
plants and animals?

2. Snake Metabolism
34%
11%
7%
48%
% snake mass
% waste mass
% shed skin mass
unaccounted

3. • What happens to the food you eat, if you
eat too much?
• What is causing rising obesity rates in
America?

4. ObesityObesity TrendsTrends Among U.S. AdultsAmong U.S. Adults
Between 1985 and 2010Between 1985 and 2010
Source of the data:
• The data shown in these maps were collected
through CDC’s Behavioral Risk Factor
Surveillance System (BRFSS). Each year,
state health departments use standard
procedures to collect data through a series of
telephone interviews with U.S. adults. Height
and weight data are self-reported.

5. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 1985
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data <10% 10%–14%

6. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 1986
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data <10% 10%–14%

7. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 1987
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4”
person)
No Data <10% 10%–14%

8. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 1988
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data <10% 10%–14%

9. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 1989
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data <10% 10%–14%

10. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 1990
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data <10% 10%–14%

11. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 1991
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19%

12. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 1992
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19%

13. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 1993
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19%

14. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 1994
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19%

15. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 1995
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19%

16. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 1996
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19%

17. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 1997
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% ≥20%

18. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 1998
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% ≥20%

19. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 1999
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% ≥20%

20. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 2000
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% ≥20%

21. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 2001
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% ≥25%

22. (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 2002
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% ≥25%

23. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 2003
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% ≥25%

24. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 2004
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% ≥25%

25. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 2005
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30%

26. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 2006
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30%

27. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 2007
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30%

28. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 2008
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30%

29. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 2009
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30%

30. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 2010
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30%

31. Prevalence¶
of Self-Reported Obesity Among U.S.
Adults by State and Territory, BRFSS, 2011
¶
Prevalence estimates reflect BRFSS methodological changes started in 2011. These estimates should not be compared to
prevalence estimates before 2011.
*Sample size <50 or the relative standard error (dividing the standard error by the prevalence) ≥ 30%.

32. Prevalence¶
of Self-Reported Obesity Among U.S.
Adults by State and Territory, BRFSS, 2012¶
Prevalence estimates reflect BRFSS methodological changes started in 2011. These estimates should not be
compared to prevalence estimates before 2011.
*Sample size <50 or the relative standard error (dividing the standard error by the prevalence) ≥ 30%.

33. Prevalence¶
of Self-Reported Obesity Among U.S.
Adults by State and Territory, BRFSS, 2013
¶
Prevalence estimates reflect BRFSS methodological changes started in 2011. These estimates should not be
compared to prevalence estimates before 2011.
*Sample size <50 or the relative standard error (dividing the standard error by the prevalence) ≥ 30%.

34. Prevalence¶
of Self-Reported Obesity Among U.S.
Adults by State and Territory, BRFSS, 2014
¶
Prevalence estimates reflect BRFSS methodological changes started in 2011. These estimates should not be
compared to prevalence estimates before 2011.
*Sample size <50 or the relative standard error (dividing the standard error by the prevalence) ≥ 30%.

35. Prevalence¶
of Self-Reported Obesity Among U.S.
Adults by State and Territory, BRFSS, 2015
¶
Prevalence estimates reflect BRFSS methodological changes started in 2011. These estimates should not be
compared to prevalence estimates before 2011.
*Sample size <50 or the relative standard error (dividing the standard error by the prevalence) ≥ 30%.

36. Prevalence¶
of Self-Reported Obesity Among U.S.
Adults by State and Territory, BRFSS, 2016
¶
Prevalence estimates reflect BRFSS methodological changes started in 2011. These estimates should not be
compared to prevalence estimates before 2011.
*Sample size <50 or the relative standard error (dividing the standard error by the prevalence) ≥ 30%.

38. What is causing America’s
obesity epidemic?

39. Issues related to America’s
obesity epidemic
• In New York City, lawmaker’s attempted to ban
sugary soft drinks larger than 16 ounces.
• School districts around the country are opposing
the federal government’s new federal healthy
lunch program, claiming that students will not eat
the “healthy” food.
• Airlines are considering charging higher prices to
overweight passengers.

40. It takes physical courage to
stand up to enemies. It takes
moral courage to stand up to
friends.
- unknown

41. How should we combat the
obesity epidemic?
• Do you think government should try to regulate
body weight?
• Should laws prevent businesses from selling
food to obese people?
• Should laws protect obese people from
discrimination?
• Who should pay for medical costs related to
obesity?
• What do you think should be done to decrease
obesity in America?

42. Understanding metabolism
helps us understand
obesity, medications, and health

43. All chemical rxns need activation
energy to start

44. Enzymes decrease activation energy

45. ATP (Adenosine TriPhosphate)

46. ADP P

47. Understanding Metabolic Pathways

50. Figure 9.6-1
Electrons
carried
via NADH
Glycolysis
Glucose Pyruvate
CYTOSOL
MITOCHONDRION
ATP
Substrate-level
phosphorylation

51. Figure 9.6-2
Electrons
carried
via NADH
Electrons carried
via NADH and
FADH2
Citric
acid
cycle
Pyruvate
oxidation
Acetyl CoA
Glycolysis
Glucose Pyruvate
CYTOSOL
MITOCHONDRION
ATP ATP
Substrate-level
phosphorylation
Substrate-level
phosphorylation

52. Figure 9.6-3
Electrons
carried
via NADH
Electrons carried
via NADH and
FADH2
Citric
acid
cycle
Pyruvate
oxidation
Acetyl CoA
Glycolysis
Glucose Pyruvate
Oxidative
phosphorylation:
electron transport
and
chemiosmosis
CYTOSOL
MITOCHONDRION
ATP ATP ATP
Substrate-level
phosphorylation
Substrate-level
phosphorylation
Oxidative
phosphorylation

53. Figure 9.11
Pyruvate
NAD+
NADH
+ H+
Acetyl CoA
CO2
CoA
CoA
CoA
2 CO2
ADP + P i
FADH2
FAD
ATP
3 NADH
3 NAD+
Citric
acid
cycle
+ 3 H+

57. Figure 10.4a
Mesophyll
Leaf cross section
Chloroplasts Vein
Stomata
Chloroplast Mesophyll
cell
CO2 O2
20 µm

59. solvent front
starting line
Rf = 106 mm/106 mm
Rf = 1
Rf = 72 mm/106 mm
Rf = 0.68
Rf = 53 mm/106 mm
Rf = 0.5
Rf = 28 mm/106 mm
Rf = 0.26

60. solvent front
xanthophyll
chlorophyll a
carotene
starting line
chlorophyll b
Rf = 1
Rf = 0.68
Rf = 0.5
Rf = 0.26

62. Imagination ismoreImagination ismore
important thanimportant than
knowledge.knowledge.
- Albert Einstein- Albert Einstein

63. Effect of temperature on cellular respiration rate
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
temperature (°C)
rate(ml/hr)
germinating
dormant

65. Effect of color (wavelength) on photosynthesis rate
color
rate of O2 change
(%/day)
rate of CO2 change
(%/day)
red 8.6747328 -8.240688
green -1.579248 -3.68568
blue -2.592 -2.5236

66. Effect of color on photosynthetic rate
-10.00
-8.00
-6.00
-4.00
-2.00
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
red green blue
color
rateofchange(%/day)
O2
CO2

67. Figure 10.6-4
Light
Light
Reactions
Calvin
Cycle
Chloroplast
[CH2O]
(sugar)
ATP
NADPH
NADP+
ADP
+ P i
H2O CO2
O2

68. Figure 10.11
Hydrocarbon tail
(H atoms not shown)
Porphyrin ring
CH3
CH3 in chlorophyll a
CHO in chlorophyll b

69. Figure 10.13a
(a) How a photosystem harvests light
Thylakoidmembrane
Photon
Photosystem STROMA
Light-
harvesting
complexes
Reaction-
center
complex
Primary
electron
acceptor
Transfer
of energy
Special pair of
chlorophyll a
molecules
Pigment
molecules
THYLAKOID SPACE
(INTERIOR OF THYLAKOID)
e−

70. Figure 10.13b
(b) Structure of photosystem II
Thylakoidmembrane
Chlorophyll STROMA
Protein
subunits THYLAKOID
SPACE

71. Figure 10.22
Light
Light
Reactions:
Photosystem II
Electron transport chain
Photosystem I
Electron transport chain
NADP+
ADP
+ P i
RuBP
ATP
NADPH
3-Phosphoglycerate
Calvin
Cycle
G3P
Starch
(storage)
Sucrose (export)
Chloroplast
H2O CO2
O2

73. Snake Metabolism
34%
11%
7%
48%
% snake mass
% waste mass
% shed skin mass
unaccounted