Mesovortex Synthesis

Mesovortex Synthesis
Potential connections exist between total lightning and mesovortex formation, which is the parent
circulation from which QLCS tornadoes are born. Many studies have found that mesovortexgenesis
is initiated at low levels by tilting, in downdrafts, of crosswise baroclinic horizontal vorticity (Trapp
and Weisman 2003 Part II, Wheatley and Trapp 2008, Atkins and St. Laurent 2009 Part II).
Additional studies have found that strong low–level updraft is critical in converging and amplifying
vertical vorticity associated with the mesovortex (Schenkman et al. 2012, Atkins and St. Laurent
2009). Trapp and Weisman (2003 Part I) also found that the amount of wind shear had large
implications on mesovortexgenesis. As wind shear increased in both magnitude and ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The total lightning information can give important insight to the updraft and downdraft processes
within the QLCS. The region with the largest lightning flash rates is related to a stronger mid–level
updraft, and a lightning jump (or multiple lightning jumps) occur in response to a rapid
intensification of updraft strength. This mid–level updraft can assist in mesovortexgenesis in two
ways. First, if a low–level mesovortex is present in the presence of strong vertical wind shear, this
strong mid–level updraft could potentially act to stretch the vertical vorticity, thereby strengthening
the mesovortex. Secondly, this strong mid–level updraft can ultimately produce more and larger
precipitation, which in turn contributes
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Alter The Shape Of A Loaded Member And Explain The Possible
alter the shape of a loaded member and explain the possible effect of excessive stress on a structural
member. Annotated sketches are essential.
Scenario:
A large derelict building is to be converted into industrial storage. The building contains an external
hoist that was used to raise loads to the top floor of the structure. The building appears structurally
secure but the local planning office requires evidence of some structural calculations before
awarding planning permission.
To the right is an image of a building with an external hoist that has a safety mesh guard around
where the cable lifts. The hoist may be used to carry materials or objects from a lower floor of a
building to a higher up floor within the building which may ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
A parallel force includes at least two forces where all lines of action are parallel.
(c) Explain the difference between point loads and uniformly distributed loads. Include annotated
pictorial diagrams
Point Load – In the field of engineering, a point load is a load applied to a single, specific point on a
structural member. It is also known as a concentrated load, and an example of it would be a hammer
hitting a single nail into a beam.
Uniformly Distributed Load – A UDL, or a uniformly distributed load, has a constant value, for
example, 1kN/m; hence the "uniform" distribution of the load. Each uniformly distributed load can
be changed to a simple point force that can be used to determine the stresses in an object. A
uniformly distributed load can be drawn by using arrows and lines. First, the vectors must be drawn
along where the load acts and must be connected with tails. A single line must connect the vectors
together and represent the force point. The line should be horizontal.
What is the difference between a Point Load and a Uniformly Distributed Load?
A point load is a load which acts over a small distance. Because of concentration over small distance
this load may be considered as acting on a point. Point load is denoted by P and symbol of point
load is arrow heading downward whereas a distributed load is one that acts over a considerable
length or you can say "over a length which is

Joplin Tornado Research Paper
"The Joplin Tornado" By: ShyAnne Larsen In 2011, an EF–5 tornado tears through Joplin, Missouri.
In 2011, it was the biggest year for tornadoes. Supercell tornadoes were spawning up to 50
tornadoes that year. They were spawning in Oklahoma, Kansas, Texas, and Missouri. It was a multi–
vortex, one mile tornado that tore through the town of Joplin, Missouri. The Tornado struck in late
afternoon of May 22, 2011, this was the days where it was memorable and people couldn't forget
that day. The EF–5 tornado was one of the most powerful tornadoes in history. The winds that the
tornado produced were over 200 miles per hour. The tornado started at the west side of the town and
ended in a different town. May 22 was the day where it changed everybody's lives. It was just a
perfect day were it was busy, everyone was at work and church and there was even a graduation at
Joplin High School. Until 5:00 pm. At 4:00 P.M. There were reports that there were funnel clouds
near the area. At 5:00, Storm Chasers, Jeff and Kathryn Piotrowski were coming from a storm
system in Kansas that was traveling towards Joplin. The storm could produce ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The Joplin tornado was the biggest tornado on the record for that year. The Joplin tornado was the
most powerful tornado that people have ever seen. After the tornado was over there was no building
without debris on or in or by them everything was destroyed. The tornado killed thirty–eight people
and over 1,000 people were injured. The cost of everything was about 2.8 billion dollars for stores,
houses and even cars. The Joplin tornado was the tornado that caused the most damage that year.
Now learning from that I have some tips for you. Some tips for you when there is a tornado in the
area: If you see a tornado then run to the lowest area in your house and protect yourself. If you don't
have a lower level then go to a room without a window. When the tornado hits keep covering
yourself till it

The Shear Results Of Bsm Alone
For comparison, the shear results of BSM alone, which are influenced by F–T cycles are presented.
Figures 3–13, 3–14 and 3–15 present shear stress–shear displacement curves of samples subjected to
different numbers of F–T cycles and sheared at 150kPa, 250kPa and 350kPa vertical loads,
respectively. If analysis the curves in Figures 3–6, 3–7 and Figures 3–13 to 3–15, it can be reveal
that the shape of BSM sample sheared alone also have similar shape of shear stress–strain curves
irrespective of the numbers of F–T cycles. Regardless the applied normal stresses, the highest
stresses are all provided by the un–thermal treated samples, and the shear strengths start to drop
when the samples were subjected to increasing number of F–T cycles.
From Figure 3–13 to 3–15, it can be observed that the total influences of F–T cycles are decreasing
with the increasing vertical load. These changes are similar to the BSM/geomembrane interface
results. For instance, under 150 kPa normal stress, the shear strength of samples subjected to 0, 1, 2,
3, 5 and 10 F–T cycles are 134 kPa, 131kPa, kPa, 125kPa, 123kPa and 113 kPa, respectively. The
total change of shear strength from un–treated BSM samples to 10 F–T cycles treated samples is
15.7%. When the samples were tested under 250kPa and 350kPa, the total differences drop to 7.3%
and 7%, respectively. In these Figures, pre–shear phenomenon can be observed in some curves. This
may be caused by the deformation and wearing of the shear boxes' screw

Earthquake Loads & Earthquake Resistant Design of Buildings
Earthquake Loads & Earthquake Resistant Design of Buildings
1. 1
2. Summary 2
3. Earthquake Design – A Conceptual Review 2
4. Earthquake Resisting Performance Expectations 3
5. Key Material Parameters for Effective Earthquake Resistant Design 3
6. Earthquake Design Level Ground Motion 4
6.1. Elastic Response Spectra 4
6.2. Relative Seismicity 5
6.3. Soil amplification 6
7. Derivation of Ductile Design Response Spectra 7
8. Analysis and Earthquake Resistant Design Principles 8
8.1. The Basic Principles of Earthquake Resistant Design 8
8.2. Controls of the Analysis Procedure 8
8.3. The ‘Conventional' Earthquake Design Procedure 11
9. The Capacity Design Philosophy for Earthquake Resistance 11
9.1. General Approach 11
9.2. The Implications ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, observations of the in–service behaviour of buildings showed that this lack of strength did
not necessarily result in building failure or even severe damage when they were subjected to severe
earthquake attack. Provided the strength could be maintained without excessive degradation as
inelastic deformations developed, buildings generally survived and could often be economically
repaired. Conversely, buildings which experienced significant strength loss frequently became
unstable and often collapsed.
With this knowledge the design emphasis moved to ensuring that the retention of post–elastic
strength was the primary parameter which enabled buildings to survive. It became apparent that
some post–elastic response mechanisms were preferable to others. Preferred mechanisms could be
easily detailed to accommodate the large inelastic deformations expected. Other mechanisms were
highly susceptible to rapid degradation with collapse a likely result. Those mechanisms needed to be
suppressed, an aim which could again be accomplished by appropriate detailing.
The key to successful modern earthquake engineering design lies therefore in the detailing of the
structural elements so that desirable post–elastic mechanisms are identified and promoted while the
formation of undesirable response modes are precluded.

Desirable mechanisms are those which are sufficiently strong to resist normal imposed actions
without damage, yet are capable of accommodating substantial

Compare And Contrast Tornadoes And Hurricanes
Tornadoes V.S. Hurricanes
OMG! Look over there! A hurricane! Hurricane and tornadoes have many, many similarities, but
they have so many differences also. Hurricanes and tornadoes are similar in the ways that they
damage and strike. Tornadoes and hurricanes are distinct in how they form, their wind speeds, and
their effects. Look at that twister! It's moving so fast! What are the differences in a hurricanes and a
tornadoes wind speed, I wander? A tornado and a hurricane have completely different wind speeds!
For example, a tornado can rotate up to 318 mph (miles per hour), if it were to be an ef–5 tornado
that is. On the alternative hand, hurricanes can only travel from 74 mph to 250+ mph at a time. Man,
that's fast compared to a

Final Study Guide Essay examples
ATMS–100: EXAM III REVIEW SHEET
The exam will be 80 questions, multiple choice. You may use a calculator, however, CELL PHONE
USE IS PROHIBITED. Please bring a #2 pencil.
Study aids: This sheet, lecture notes, textbook. Learn and be able to apply concepts; do NOT simply
memorize facts. Questions? Come to office hours, ask your TA, post to the discussion board on
Compass.
FROM BEFORE:
 _What is the difference between satellites and radar? 1. Satellites: View clouds from space a.
Radar: View precipitation from ground
 _How is wind direction defined? 1. Wind Direction: Direction FROM which the wind is blowing
a. i.e. A north wind blows from the north (toward the south) b. Stick on weather map ... Show more
 _What is a constant pressure surface? * Uniform surface temperature and pressure; parallel to
constant height surfaces
 _How are low and high heights related to temperature and weather? * High Heights * Warm air
below pressure surface * Analogous to high pressure on constant height surface * Remember: "A
high is a high" * Low Heights * Cold air below pressure surface * Analogous to low pressure on
constant pressure surface * Remember: "A low is a low"
 _How do you identify ridges and troughs? * A ridge is an area of higher heights or pressures * A
trough is an area of lower heights or pressures
 _What is the pressure gradient force? In what direction does it act? * PG = change in
pressure/distance * Tightly–packed isobars (elevation changes rapidly over small distance) – strong
pressure gradient * Widely–spaced isobars – weak pressure gradient * Longer arrows = stronger
PGF * PGF directed from higher to lower pressure (or higher heights to lower heights on constant
pressure surface) * Acts perpendicular to isobars (or heights contours) * Air wants to go from where
there is more air (high pressure) to less air (low pressure) * PGF causes wind to blow
 _How does the pressure gradient force influence the wind speed? * Stronger PGF yields stronger
winds * Tightly–packed isobars (elevation changes

What Is It Like In The Eye Of A Tornado By Charles Bryant
The Eye of a Tornado In the article "What is it like in the eye of a tornado?" by Charles Bryant, the
reader learns about the center of a tornado. According to the American Meteorological Society, a
tornado is a "violent rotating column of air, in contact with the ground, either pendant from a
cumuliform cloud or underneath a cumuliform cloud, and often (but not always) visible as a funnel
cloud." Even though a tornado is extremely dangerous, there are two people who have entered the
eye and made it out alive. The first man that made it through the tornado, Will Keller, was a farmer.
He was out checking on his crops after a hail storm when he thought a tornado might form. He took
his family to the cellar but had to get another look at the

Ethical Dilemmas Of Earthquake
There are about 10,000 earthquakes in southern California every year (USDS). I would think that it
would take a tremendous amount of time to track every earthquake. John, a prestigious seismologist,
has just discovered an earthquake that has the potential to cause a lot of damage to an area in
southern California. He has developed a technique that detects earthquakes that is 80% accurate.
This technique has told him this earthquake has a magnitude of 7.3. This technique has also told him
that this earthquake is bound to hit one of four fault lines. If the earthquake hits the san Andreas
fault line there is a chance for significant damage, if it hits one of the other three, there will not be
major damage. John has an ethical dilemma. He doesn't know if he should announce his findings.
Does he tell everyone so that they are prepared for the earthquake? Does he wait it out to see what
happens? I can see why John is having a hard time. If he announces his research and the earthquake
doesn't happen then he is labeled as a fraud. If he doesn't announce his research and there is
significant damage from this earthquake then he will feel terrible because he had the chance to warn
everyone who lives in the affected area. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of his choices is he can tell the research director about his findings so then he can decide the
best route to take in this situation. Another choice is he can tell the media so everyone is informed
and can decide what they feel the best route to take. Another choice is he can keep his research to
himself and see what happens when the earthquake hits. John may want to keep his research to
himself with the fear of having incorrect information. One more option John can is he can confide in
a friend to rationalize his thinking to see if they are thinking the same thing. I think that john is in a
sticky

Design and Analysis of a Laminated Composite Tube
COMPOSITES COURSEWORK DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF A LAMINATED COMPOSITE
TUBE ABSTRACT This report details the process for the design of a composite laminate tube, the
software package 'MathCAD' was used to determine a lamina design with a configuration that
avoids mechanical failure under loading conditions. It was also used to obtain twist angles and
maximum stresses for specific lamina wind up angles. The report will provide analysis of the
methods used to obtain these criteria. AIM Use a Mathcad script to determine the procedure used
during the manufacture of a wound laminate composite tube and to assess its validity for use in
stress and strain analyses. INTRODUCTION FIGURE 1 A DEVELOPED VIEW OF A TAPE–
WOUND CYLINDRICAL TUBE The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Love–Kirchhoff hypothesis generalises the plane section assumption in beam theory; assuming
the normal to the laminate remains normal to the deformed laminate and the normal undergoes no
extension of shortening. Leading to: Resultant displacements: Where: u0 and v0 are in plane
displacements. w is the deflection. z=0 as reference surface. Therefore: . (3) Due to the assumptions
that it demonstrates a linear distribution for plane strains throughout the laminate thickness and that
out of plane strains can therefore be ignored. {ε0} is the in plane strain and {k} is the curvature of
the reference surface. From equation (1) and appropriate coordinate transformations the following
relationship is obtained. (4) Though integration and manipulation of the elasticity equations with
respect to the "z" the membrane forces can be found as: (5) Thus the bending moments are as
follows: (6) {N} and {M} are the generalised stresses can can be expressed as membrane strains and
curvatures by using the laminar stress–strain relationship and Love Kirchhoff hypothesis. , (7) As
{κ} = 0 Also as there is no bending, this can be assumed to be equal to {ε}. Where [A], [B] and [D]
are integrated over the layer thickness of the laminate, Figure 5: Loading conditions Axial loading
case Load acts over outer circumference of on end of the cylinder, while the other end remains
against a

Essay on Labs combined
Question 1 of 9
10.0 Points
Please identify the wind direction in the image below.
A.Northwest
B.Southwest
C.Northeast
D.North
E.South
Feedback: Good job!
Question 2 of 9
10.0 Points
Please identify the wind speed in the image below.
A.15 knots
B.20 knots
C.15 MPH
D.20 MPH
Feedback: Good job!
Question 3 of 9
10.0 Points
Please identify the wind direction in the image below.
A.West

B.North
C.East
D.South
Feedback: Good job!
Question 4 of 9
10.0 Points
Please identify the wind speed in the image below.
A.10 MPH
B.20 MPH
C.15 MPH
D.20 knots
E.15 knots
F.10 knots
Feedback: Good job!
Question 5 of 9
10.0 Points
Convert the temperature 86 F to degrees Celsius.
A.32 C
B.40 C
C.31
D.28 C
E.30 C ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
B.6 C colder than at the surface
C.10 C warmer than at the surface
D.10 C colder than at the surface

Answer Key: D
Feedback: Good job!
Week 4
Question 1 of 8
20.0/ 20.0 Points
Using the air temperature, dewpoint and wind field in the images below, how many different
airmasses are located in Oklahoma?
A.1
B.4
C.3
D.0
E.2
Answer Key: E
Feedback: Good job!
Question 2 of 8
0.0/ 20.0 Points
What are the airmasses present within the images below?
A. cT
B. mT
C. mP
D. cP
Answer Key: B, D
Feedback: The method to determine airmasses are based on where they are from and moisture
content.
Question 3 of 8
10.0/ 10.0 Points
Which air mass forms over North America only in summer?

A.cT
B.mP
C.mT
D.cP
Answer Key: A
Question 4 of 8
10.0/ 10.0 Points
A good source region for an air mass would be
A.generally flat areas of uniform composition with light surface winds.
B.mountains with deep valleys and strong surface winds.
C.hilly with deep valleys and light winds.
D.generally flat area of uniform composition with strong surface winds.
Answer Key: A
Question 5 of 8
10.0/ 10.0 Points
Which air mass would show the most dramatic change in both temperature and moisture content as
it moves over a large body of very warm water?
A.cP in winter
B.mT in summer
C.cT in summer
D.mP in winter
Answer Key: A
Question 6 of 8
10.0/ 10.0 Points
Record breaking low temperatures are

Microburst and Wind-Shear Avoidance Essay
Microburst and wind shear avoidance
As we all know, safety is fundamental to the aviation industry. There are many factors will cause
dangerous to flights, such as human factors, problem of aircraft structures and so on. Flight safety
has many challenges. Due to the climate variability and suddenness, meteorology has become a
severe problem in aviation. Many air crashes are in the result of bad weather. In generally speaking,
there are several weather phenomenon have much influence on flights, like turbulence, including
clear air turbulence, thunderstorms, icing, volcanic ash. People have spent a lot of energy in
predicting and avoiding these weather problems. According to the NASA Langley Research Center,
in the 1970s and 1980s, multiple ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The life span of a microburst is around 5–15 minutes. Microbursts are quick–hitting events and are
extremely dangerous to aviation. When the cool air approaches the ground, it spreads out in all
directions and this divergence of the wind is the signature of the microburst.
Microbursts are classified as wet or dry microbursts, depending on how much rain accompanies the
microburst when it reaches the ground. During a wet microburst, the atmosphere is warm and humid
in the lower levels and dry aloft. As a result, thunderstorms there produce much rain, some of which
evaporates in and cools the drier air aloft, which therefore falls and spreads, potentially causing
strong winds and heavy rain. Wet downbursts can be visually identified by such features as a shelf
cloud; on radar they sometimes produce bow echoes. During a dry microburst, the atmosphere is
warm and dry in the lower levels and moist aloft. When showers and thunderstorms develop, most
of the rain evaporates before reaching the ground. [Quoted from CHARLES A. DOSWELL III.
Extreme Convective Windstorms: Current Understanding and Research]
Wind shear is the change in speed or direction of wind over a relatively short distance or time
period. It can be divided into horizontal and vertical shears. Both components can affect an aircraft
simultaneously. Horizontal shear occurs when the flight path of an airplane passes through a wind
shift plane. Vertical wind shear is the

What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Joints
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. GENERAL
A beam–column joint is a very significant zone in reinforced concrete framed structure where the
elements are interconnect in all three directions. Joints ensure stability of a structure and transmit
forces that are present at the ends of the members. In reinforced concrete structures, failure in a
beam often occurs at the beam–column joint, making the joint one of the most important sections of
the structure. Abrupt change in geometry and intricacy of stress distribution at joint are the reasons
for their decisive behaviour. In early days, the design of joints in reinforced concrete structures was
generally limited to satisfying anchorage requirements. In succeeding years, the behaviour of joints
was found to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This quantity relates loads or forces to the ensuing structural deformations. Familiar relationships
are readily established from first principles of structural mechanics, using geometric properties of
members and the modulus of elasticity for the material. In reinforced concrete and masonry
structures these relationships are, however, not quite as simple as an introductory text on the subject
may suggest. If serviceability criteria are to be satisfied with a reasonable degree of confidence, the
extent and influence of cracking in members and the contribution of concrete or masonry in tension
must be considered, in conjunction with the traditionally considered aspects of section and element
geometry, and material properties (ACI 318,

A Study On Sandwich Panels
1. Introduction
Sandwich panels has been widely used in different kinds of constructions nowadays, though
sandwich technology was confined almost entirely in aerospace applications before 1960s. From
that time, their characteristics such as high strength to weight ratio and energy efficient started to
attract engineers' attention, and many research and studies enables them to be used safely in modern
constructions. While sandwich panels can be made by the combination of a variety of materials, the
structure of them always shares a same pattern. Two relatively thin and strong facings on both side,
and a relatively light and thick core materials in the middle. It is also worth to notice that the shape
of facings can be flat or profiled to satisfy different situations.
Commonly used facing materials can be stainless steel, aluminum, wood, plastic and concrete, and
their core materials may be made of rubber, different kinds of polymers and mineral wool. Another
special way to make core is to produce a honeycomb core, and it can be even made by paper. The
range of choices of facing and core materials gives a flexibility in use of sandwich panels. This
means that designers can choose a specific combination to optimal its behavior for a special
application.
Fig.1 Flat facing sandwich panel Fig.2 Profiled facing sandwich panel
Fig.3 Sandwich panel with honeycomb core
The application of sandwich panels is still expending in engineering field. These panels are mainly
used

Personal Narrative: How To Out-Run A Tornado
How to Out–Run a Tornado
I have never been in a tornado. Not one in the literal sense, but everyone has some kind of tornado
in their life, something that comes and shakes everything up. It just so happens that mine came as,
what I thought at the time, was an actual tornado. As it turns out, my eleven year old brain just
decided to exaggerate the true circumstances.
My tornado came in the Summer of 2009, on a humid day in June, at Camp Constantin, the Boy
Scout summer camp I had been attending. As a timid eleven year old, to whom life still seemed
perfectly choreographed, adversity was not quite an often used word in my vocabulary. I came from
a comfortably middle class family in the well–off area of Dallas, so my childhood was never a
struggle. Entering my first Boy Scout troop was really the first part of my life where I seemed to
struggle the tiniest bit. As it turned out to my eleven year old self, other children might not always
like me, a problem which I had dealt with before, but handily ignored, as I was a child. My first
encounters with true conflict came on this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For some, its the approaching anguish of Alcohol Dependence, characterized by late nights at bars.
For others, its a lack of feeling approaching, a sense of dark clouds shadowing the mind. Mine came
as actual dark clouds covering the sky, signaling a storm. No one around me seemed fazed by the
weather, not my father, not my peers. All seemed to ignore it. Being the shadow marcher in life's
Marching Band, I just followed along in their steps. I didn't feel any fear until it dropped nearly 20
degrees in a matter of minutes. Like reaching the pinnacle of a high roller coaster, the only way from
there was down. People started worrying. The children around me started panicking, and as a
follower, I panicked as well. However, what came after will be forever emblazoned in my mind,
however exaggerated my eleven year old brain decided to make

Environmental Factors Affect The Daintree Rainforest
Introduction– Information
The Daintree rainforest is one of the oldest, surviving "tropical" rainforests in Queensland, with it
being about 165 million years old. The Daintree forest had its name formed by photographer,
Richard Daintree. Tropical rainforests will always receive substantial amounts of rain.
How big is the Daintree rainforest? With it on the northeast coast of Queensland, it surprisingly
measures at around 1200 square kilometres.
Environmental Factors:
Many environmental factors that affect the Daintree Lowland rainforest include fragmentation,
climate change, weeds, and dead animals. Climate change can have huge impacts on the rainforest
because most species of animals live in the cooler upland of the rainforest, which is a concern for
both the rainforest and the organisms. This is because scientists plan to remove the animal's habitats
(where they live). Weeds in the Daintree rainforest have increased dramatically. It has effected the
animal's food, due to some or most animals having reduced food portions. Another effect would be
that dead weeds create soil erosion near the upper inlands of the rainforest, which alternatively
decreases the animal's chances of survival. Dead animals such as; snakes and hawks that are within
the forest are a great initiative because larger species of animals like crocodiles that live in the
Cooper Creek can decompose (eat) the remains of these smaller animals, and it creates food barriers
so that other species can decompose

Tropical Storm Bret And The Tropical Storm Of Bermuda
On July 17, an area of showers and thunderstorms, associated with the same frontal system that
spawned Tropical Storm Bret, consolidated around a developing area of low pressure about 345 mi
(555 km) west–southwest of Bermuda. Tracking east–northeastward, the system gradually organized
and became better defined. The disturbance produced moderate rains while passing south of the
territory, peaking at 1.16 in (29 mm); gusty winds were also observed. At 06:00 UTC on July 20, the
low developed into a tropical depression east of Bermuda. Embedded within the mid–latitude
westerlies, the depression moved northeast and maintained this general direction for the remainder
of its existence.[38]
Six hours after formation, the system strengthened into ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Despite low shear, Don was met with a significantly more stable environment as it emerged into the
Gulf of Mexico.[39]
Convection around the center of the storm gradually diminished as a result of a lack of vertical
instability, and a decrease in sustained winds was observed accordingly. Don weakened to a tropical
depression as it moved ashore in Texas, along the Padre Island National Seashore, and continued
west–northwestward thereafter; the system degenerated into a remnant area of low pressure by
06:00 UTC on July 30. As a tropical cyclone, Don prompted tropical cyclone advisories for the
southern Texas coastline. Due to its abrupt weakening prior to landfall, rainfall totals and wind
observations along the warned areas were scarce; a maximum precipitation total of 2.56 in (65 mm)
was documented near Bay City, Texas, and a peak wind gust of 41 mph (66 km/h) was recorded at
Waldron Field. The storm produced storm surge values lower than 2 ft (0.61 m) as well. Damage, if
any, was minimal.
A tropical wave emerged off the west coast of Africa on July 25. Tracking westward, the disturbance
gradually consolidated as multiple centers of circulation eventually dissipated and a new one
formed. A marginally favorable atmospheric environment allowed for convection to develop, and a
reconnaissance aircraft flight into the system

Measuring Tornado
Measuring tornadoes
We use Fujita–Pearson to measure the strength or force of a tornado. There are 6 F scale numbers.
F6 is the highest category with wind speed 319–379 mph. Next, F5 is incredible tornado with wind
speed 261–318 mph. Next, F4 is devastating tornado with wind speed 207–260 mph. It is
completely capable of flattening cars and hurling cattle, and F1 can push a mobile home off its
foundation.
Naming tornadoes
The term comes from the Spanish word "tornado". It is the past participle of the Spanish verb tornar,
which means to turn. It also stems from the word tornada, meaning thunderstorm.
The seasons of tornado
In the United States, the tornado season, the period in which, most tornado strike, is March through
June, tornadoes have

Narrows Bridge Failure
Executive Summary
The report debates the Tacoma narrows bridge failure and the different theories of how it came
about, using information about what type of bridge it is and the forces acting on it before and during
the collapse. It also discusses ways in which the failure could have been avoided, from changes in
the design to modifications to the bridge after its construction.
(Blaschke 2015)
Introduction
Tacoma Narrows Bridge was opened to the public on July 1st 1940 after being in construction for 2
years. The structure was built 5,939–foot–long with a span of 2800 feet in order to bridge the gap
between Tacoma and Gig Harbour in the state of Washington, USA. It became known as "Galloping
Gertie" due to the fact that the bridge ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The tension in the suspenders transfers to the cables which run horizontally between the two far–
flung anchorages, through which the tensional forces pass in to the ground and are dissipated.
(Bagga 2014).
Compression is the force pressing a material and compacting it and acts on the towers of a
suspension bridge, this force is created from the weight of the towers and the load on the bridge.
Compression forces will also act on the surface of the bridge deck as when a load is applied it will
have some flexibility and bend, it will then travel up the cables, ropes or chains to transfer the
compression forces to the towers. The towers then dissipate the compression directly into the earth.
(Bagga 2014).
Suspension bridges usually experience torsional forces during very windy conditions where there
are high wind speeds, this can create a twisting force causing the deck to rotate resulting in the
bridge experiencing shear stress. (Bagga

DTPA Case Study
7. DTPA Charges
a. The words, "Master Planned Community" are designed to woo buyers. Was the Developer
negligent by not thoroughly inspecting the property prior to developing?
b. Does being a "Master Planned Community" lead to higher profits?
c. "Great Schools, Great Community, Access to Shopping & Entertainment" can and generally does
accurately describe a Master Planned Community.
8. Damages
a. If a house is on a fault –line, it would be difficult to find a buyer for such a house.
b. Are there similar damages to homes further from the fault–line? If so, perhaps damage is normal
and not related to the fault.
9. Relevant Miscellaneous Subject Responses
a. Developer did not allow enough green space for the faults.
b. Visual inspection by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Defense jurors responded that it was incumbent on the Builder to communicate with Homeowner,
not the Developer to communicate with the Homeowner.
E) Knowing that Oak Ranch did not publish the fault studies so the general public had access to
them.
Damages % Not Important (1–3) % Important (8–10) Notes
None 51% 16%
Yes 9% 67% 21 (10's) 38%
Extremely important to know if Developer published or made available the fault studies to the
Builders, and in what format.
Defense jurors assume Developer informed the Builder. o Emphasize the technology of the time,
how it was different. o Did the city have that data prior to development approval? o Hindsight is
20/20!
F) Knowing that there is an active fault more than one mile away.
Damages % Not Important (1–3) % Important
(8–10) Notes

None 27% 20%
Yes 7% 69% 16 (10's) 29%
An important issue for adverse jurors.
Defense jurors did not see this as significant, as most are aware of foundation damage due to natural
occurring conditions.
G) Knowing one of the experts used to teach at a local university.
Damages % Not

The North Anatolian Fault ( Naf ) ( Fig )
The North Anatolian Fault (NAF) (Fig. 1) in northern Turkey is a significant, seismically active
structure (e.g. Barka 1992; Sengor et al. 2005). The NAF is a 1200 km–long dextral strike–slip fault
which extends from the town of Karliova in eastern Turkey, paralleling the southern coast of the
Black sea, across the Northern Aegean Sea, central and mainland Greece, eventually linking with
the Hellenic subduction zone (e.g. Barka 1992; Barka et al. 2000; Sengor et al. 2005). The NAF is
part of a larger zone of deformation called the North Anatolian Shear Zone (NASZ), but currently
seismic activity is largely confined to the narrow, mostly through–going NAF (Sengor et al. 1985;
Sengor et al. 2005). The NAF lies along the boundary between ... Show more content on
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By contrast, much of the central part of Anatolia shows little difference in rotation vectors away
from the NAF, suggesting movement as a coherent block (McClusky et al. 2000). As such, the
movement of the Anatolian block is best approximated as anticlockwise rotation about two poles,
one near Damascus for eastern Anatolia and one north of the Nile Delta for the western/central block
(Fig 1.) (Barka et al. 2000; McClusky et al. 2000). The NAF is located at the boundary between
Tethyan accretionary complexes to the south and rigid basement to the north, forming along a zone
of weakness in the E/W trending Tethyan sutures (Sengor et al. 1985; Sengor et al 2005). Though
highly irregular, Tethyan accretionary complexes in northern Turkey generally widen from east to
west (Sengor et al. 2005). Deformation associated with the eastern half part the NAF, near Erzincan
and ~150–200km westward, is concentrated to a narrow zone along the fault, roughly 10km or less
in width (Sengor et al. 2005). The zone of deformation from the NAF and NASZ widens as the fault
continues westward, and splits into a northern and southern strand near the Sea of Marmara (Fig. 1)
(Barka et al. 1992, Sengor et al. 2005). The western widening of the accretionary complexes through
which the fault runs is a possible explanation the widening of the fault zone in these areas. Sense of
motion is almost purely strike slip in many parts of the fault (especially in the straight

Hurricane Impact On Tropical And Subtropical Waters
A hurricane is referred to a storm that forms over tropical and subtropical waters. Hurricanes have
the power to destroy life and property. Hurricanes are referred to as "Typhoons" in the Western
Pacific and "Cyclones" in Southeast Asia. On average, the "Hurricane Season" begins on June 1 and
ends on November 30. A Hurricane's intensity is measured on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Wind
Scale. A storm is classified as a hurricane when its wind speed goes above 74 mph (NOAA 2014). A
hurricane is classified on a 1 to 5 category, based on its maximum wind speed. The higher the
category, the greater the hurricane is potential for damage.
A hurricane forms over warm waters near the equator. A hurricane goes through four stages of
development from a disturbance to a hurricane. The first stage is known as Tropical Disturbance.
Tropical Disturbance is a weak storm over tropical waters, containing mild winds, clouds, and
precipitation. The second stage is known as a Tropical Depression. A Tropical Depression is formed
when a group of thunderstorms comes together to produce circular wind flow. A Tropical
Depression flows with maximum sustained winds below 39 mph (NASA 2015). The third stage in
hurricane formation is known as a Tropical Storm. A Tropical Storm forms when a tropical
depression's cyclonic circulation becomes more organized and produces winds up to 73 mph. The
fourth and final step of hurricane formation is the hurricane itself. A tropical storm becomes a
hurricane as

Are Tornadoes Good Or Bad
What are tornadoes? How do they form? Many people, including scientists, meteorologists, and
people affected by tornadoes are looking to answer these very important questions. Areas of research
on tornadoes focus often on how tornadoes form, how they are monitored, and what kind of scale is
used to rate the damage they can create.
Next, tornadoes are very unpredictable because they can form any time. Meteorologists try their best
to keep them monitored. Meteorologists use the Doppler Radar to keep an eye out in case of a
rotating updraft (Danielson1). Tornadoes can strike at anytime especially the mid western areas such
as Texas, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, and Missouri (McCann125). Picture it, you live
in Texas. The tornado watch siren goes off. You try not to go into a panic mode. You gather all the
family into the cellar. You hear raging winds whipping, the roaring of the rampaging tornado, and
you had just gotten into the cellar with a few seconds to spare. After the storm is over, your family
and you open the cellar door. You look around. You're surrounded by the remains of your house. In
real life when you hear the warning siren go off, you only have ... Show more content on
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There are six ratings for a tornado. F0, F1, F2, F3, F4, and F5. The scale is known as the Fujita scale
or the f–scale for short F0 is a light damage with about 73 mph winds. F1 is moderate damage and
with 73–112 mph winds. F2 is considerable damage with 113–157 mph winds. F3 is severe damage
and has wind speeds from 158 to 206 mph. F4 is devastating damage with wind speeds of 207 to
260 mph. Last but not least, the F5 rating. Its incredible damage which is the worst rating ever. It's
about 261–316 mph winds. The creator of this scale is T. Theodore Fujita. He created this scale to
help scientists or meteorologists to determine what the power of a tornado is or how much damage it
will

Describe And Evaluate The Causes And Effects Of Hurricanes
A tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa on October 9. After reaching
the southwestern Caribbean, convection intensified near the center and organized into a broad low
on October 21, possibly due to a cold front that moved into the region. After a marked increase in
convection near and west of the center, a tropical depression developed early on October 23 about
60 mi (97 km) north of Isla de Providencia. The depression moved northward into a weakness in a
ridge near Florida, caused by a broad mid–level trough over the Southeastern United States.
Initially, the depression intensified gradually, becoming Tropical Storm Rina early on October 24.
After a decrease in easterly wind shear, however, Rina rapidly deepened while crossing warm
waters, reaching hurricane status at 18:00 UTC on October 24 and becoming a major hurricane ...
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While moving west–northwest and northward along the western periphery of the ridge, the cyclone
weakened to a tropical storm on October 27. Later that day, Rina curved northward. Around 02:00
UTC on October 28, Rina struck Quintana Roo about 12 mi (19 km) southwest of Playa del Carmen
with winds of 60 mph (95 km/h). The storm left little impact in the Yucatán Peninsula due to its
weakened state. Rina degenerated into a remnant low late on October 28, upon emerging into the
Yucatán Channel. The remnant low dissipated near the western tip of Cuba on October 29.[96] A
cold front, combined with moisture from Rina, resulted in 5–7 in (130–180 mm) of rainfall across
parts of South Florida in less than six hours, causing street flooding and leaving water damage in at
least 160 homes and buildings in Broward County alone.[97] Farther north, two tornadoes touched
down in the vicinity of Hobe Sound, one of which damaged 42 mobile homes, 2 vehicles, and a
number of

What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Bridge
This report aims to examine the advantages and shortcomings of four different types of bridge,
namely the truss, suspension, beam, and cantilever bridges. Secondly, it evaluates three forces that
act upon these bridges ㅡ compression, tension, and shear ㅡ and how each kind of bridge handles
the forces. Lastly, it includes a explanation of the Tacoma Bridge incident and a description of the
author's bridge.
Since tension, compression, and shear are to be discussed for each kind of bridge, here are
definitions for those forces. Tension acts to expand or lengthen the thing upon which it is acting
(Basics). Compression, the opposite of tension, is a force that attempts to compress or shorten
whatever it is acting upon (Basics). Another force, shear, occurs when two forces move in opposite
directions on the bridge (Discovery). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the middle parts of these bridges, there is only one side support, making it weaker than other
sections of the bridge (NYLN). On this type of bridge, tension and compression are the main forces.
When there is a load, the bridge experiences tension in the upper part of the cantilever span and
compression in the span under the deck (Hagler). As long as these forces remain balanced, the
bridge functions well, but, for example, if the compression force becomes more than the tension
force, then the lower supports of the bridge could collapse (Hagler). Though not as prominent a
force, shear still acts upon cantilever bridges when a load passes along the "suspended deck;" since
the deck is not supported by a beam underneath and has only one side support, it is the weakest
point of the bridge (Hagler). The load, in addition to gravity, pushes downward while the beams on
either side of it push back upwards; the cantilever of the bridge distributes this force on the deck so
that it does not collapse

Spot Weld Analysis Of An Automobile Rim
SPOT WELD ANALYSIS OF AN AUTOMOBILE RIM
Susheel S.Pote1, Prof.R.A.Kathar2, R.B.Patil3, Nilesh Phalke4
1P.G. Student, 2 Associate Professor – J.N.E.C, Aurangabad,
3,4, Klassic Wheels Pvt. Ltd.Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India
Abstract
In this thesis the Optimization of Number of Spot welds on Automobile Wheel Rim using Finite
Element Analysis is studied. Spot welded rim must pass certain tests like Weld Strength Test (WST),
Dynamic Cornering Fatigue Test (DCFT) and Radial Fatigue Test (RFT). In Weld Strength test a
shear force is applied on the spot weld using Universal Testing Machine. In dynamic cornering
fatigue Test a moment is applied on the rim as specified by the company standards. In Radial
Fatigue Test Influence of Tire pressure and vehicle load are studied. We choose three parameters for
optimization namely, Number of spots on rim, spot diameter and thickness of rim.
Keywords: Rim, Weld Strength Test, Dynamic Cornering Fatigue Test, Radial Fatigue Test, FEA
1. Introduction
Automotive wheel, as a critical component in the vehicle, has to meet the strict requirements of
driving safety. Traditionally, the new designed wheel is tested in the laboratory for its life through an
accelerated fatigue test before the actual production starts. However, a physical prototype test time
lasts at least 7 days and an average design period is 6 months or more depending on the requirement,
so the time to test and inspect wheel during development is very consuming. At the same time,

Structural Suitability and Modelling of Glass Fiber...
Introduction and Literature Review Context Freeform surfaces prevail in contemporary architecture.
Over the past two decades there has been a surge in the use of smooth, curved surfaces, which can
be attributed to improvements in 3D modelling techniques and advances in finite element analysis.
The complex geometries, examples of which can be seen in the Figure ? below, pose challenges in
developing a feasible building envelope using conventional building materials such as steel and
concrete. This has therefore created a need to investigate the suitability of alternative building
materials such as glass fibre reinforced polymers (GFRP) to structural design. In construction,
geometrically complex free form shapes are realised by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Being a composite material, the properties of the GFRP are determined by: the choice of resin and
glass type, the volume fractions of the fibres and the matrix, the manufacturing techniques employed
and the material properties of its constituent parts. Much of the current literature describes and
highlights the variability in GFRP properties owing to the above [3][4][5]. The most commonly used
resins in the production of GFRP are polyester and epoxy resins, which are both thermosetting
polymers. This means that high temperature and pressure are not required in the manufacturing
process, making GFRP a versatile material, albeit a relatively expensive one. Both of these resins
were investigated here, with the focus eventually shifting towards polyester resin. The two most
common reinforcement layouts used in the manufacturing of GFRP are woven rovings and chopped
strand mat. Woven rovings are made up of long glass fibres aligned in the resin matrix and
interwoven in two perpendicular directions, resulting in an in–plane orthotropic material of
increased specific stiffness in the directions of the glass fibres. Chopped strand mats are made up of
randomly distributed discontinuous short fibres which form a quasi–isotropic layup of

Difference Between Shallow And Deep Complexity
Abstract In order to understand fault structure, there is a need to first understand fault complexity.
Images of faults at depth and near surface reveal complexities that characterize properties such as
geometry, composition and stress states of that fault's structure. While this is true for both passive
and induced imaging, a true passive source image is without the changes in fault structure due to any
induced mechanism. This is something to consider when discussing fault complexity at near surface
versus depth, as it is already difficult to distinguish the direction of complexity within a fault
already. Current seismic research has been unable to understand if fault complexity is derived from a
point at depth, or expands from surface complexity into depth. It is critical to understand the
relationship between shallow and deep complexity in order to predict where that origin may have
been and what caused its expansion. Passive source imaging has been able to help describe the
factors that attribute to this complexity by providing a way to visually see subsurface data, but has
not yet fully answered the complexity question.
Introduction
Fault structure is the aftermath of a slipping event in the lithosphere that produces high velocity
compression waves that can be imaged as they travel through and across the surface of the
lithosphere. These waves affect and change, or in other words add complexity to the structure of the
lithosphere within the fault zone. This

Aircraft Accidents Caused by Weath
Abstract
Accidents in the aviation industry can occur due to many factors. An aviation accident is the worst
nightmare of every pilot or passenger that has ever ridden in an aircraft. Although air travel is one of
the safest forms of transportation, accidents do happen with dramatic and terrifying results. The
causes of these aviation accidents vary greatly depending on specific circumstances and problems
that may develop during the flight process. Weather is one of the factors that can influence an
aircraft accident in a number of ways. There are several weather factors that cause and contributed
to aircraft accidents. An aircraft can become directly impacted by weather when they are struck by
lightning in storms, blown off course, incur ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Turbulence
Turbulence is the movement of unstable air and can be used by many factors. Accidents caused by
turbulence are contributed due to turbulence is 75% of all weather related accidents and incident
(PBS). Turbulence is a major aviation hazard, and all aircrafts are vulnerable to turbulent motions. It
can be present at any altitude and in a wide range of weather conditions, often occurring in relatively
clear skies as clear–air turbulence. Any aircraft entering turbulent conditions is vulnerable to
damages. The effects of turbulence can range from a bumping of the aircraft that can be
discomforting for passengers and crew. It can also cause sudden accelerations that can result in
serious injury or temporary loss of aircraft control. Clear–air turbulence is not only dangerous, it
also has a major impact on the efficiency of flight operations due to rerouting and delays of aircraft.
According to the FAA, "From 1980 through 2008 U.S. air carriers had 234 turbulence accidents,
resulting in 298 serious injuries and three fatalities" (Turbulence: Staying Safe). In 1997, a Japanese
passenger on a United Airlines flight from Tokyo to Honolulu was jolted out of her seat when the
plane encountered turbulence. She suffered fatal injuries when she hit the armrest on the way back
down. The passenger was not wearing a seatbelt; according to the NTSB accident brief (Brief of
Accident).
Wind Shear Wind shear is a sudden drastic change in wind speed and direction that generally

Compare And Contrast Tornados And Hurricanes
This is an essay on Tornados and Hurricanes. This essay will explain the similarities and differences
between Tornados and Hurricanes. The 2nd paragraph will talk about Tornados just Tornados. The
3rd paragraph will talk about Hurricanes the 4th will compare them. The 5th paragraph will talk
about differences between them. Then the 6th paragraph will be the conclusion to the essay.
This paragraph will talk about Tornados did you know Tornados don´t cause many fatalities.
Because they are often visible from far away but if there is clouds or heavy rain it´s much harder to
see them. Even though Tornados cause a lot of damage they actually on destroy things in their path.
By that I mean things that things within a tornados range will be destroyed. Tornados can also only
form during thunderstorms and they form around late afternoon and early evening. ... Show more
The Hurricanes themselves don´t kill very many people it´s the flood water. The flood waters are
called storm surges it's basically when the Hurricane causes the tide to rise by at least a few feet.
Hurricanes also form around or over the equator the hottest spot on the planet Hurricanes feed on
the warm ocean water as well. So without ocean water the Hurricanes have nothing to feed on so
they slowly lose power and basically they die.
This paragraph will compare Hurricanes and Tornados so they are both really windy and also
Tornados can go inside of Hurricanes. Another similarity is that they both cause thousands of dollars
in damage especially Hurricanes. Hurricanes and Tornados both can be detected by radars so that
people get a heads up before they hit. Tornado and Hurricanes have also touched almost about every
continent in the almost. Both Hurricanes and Tornados haven't touched Antarctica at all Hurricanes
would lose power because of no evaporation and Tornadoes need Heat and Cold to

The Effect Of Velocity On A Flat Plate Boundary Layer
Introduction: The purpose of this experiment was to measure the magnitude of velocity in a flat
plate boundary layer in which the pressure was constant. A pitot tube located at the top of the test
section that was used to determine the total pressure across the boundary layer. The Pitot tube
needed to be able to more along both horizontal and vertical directions for accurate measurements.
Five different tubes, aligned along the x–axis, were placed under the wind tunnel test section to
measure the static pressure. The result of both the static and total pressures is the dynamic pressure.
Theory:
The boundary layer is defined as a thin layer of any fluid adjacent to the solid surface it surrounds.
The characteristics of a boundary layer are basically what define the effects of viscosity. The
velocity of the boundary layer starts from a value of zero at the solid surface and increases until it
reaches a maximum which happens to be the free stream velocity. In other words, theoretically
speaking the boundary layer is infinite, but for measurement purposes the boundary layers ends
where the velocity gradient is 99% of the free stream velocity. The Reynolds number, a unit less
ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces, is used to identify the several inner layers of the boundary
layer. Furthermore, as previously mentioned when a body parallel to the flow, such as a flat plate, is
placed in the parallel direction of a free stream flow, a boundary layer is formed. At the

Standing Waves Lab
This lab demonstrated qualities of standing waves with great help from a mechanical vibrator, a sine
wave generator, and a piece of string. Through this lab we were able to understand how to calculate
the speed of a wave on a string. A standing wave is defined as a wave that travels forward, then is
reflected creating nodes (regions with minimal to zero energy).
If the frequency of a standing wave is increased then more loops will be created, and because of that
the wavelengths will be decreased. Throughout this experiment, transverse waves are generated. We
know this because of the perpendicular movement of the string that creates crests and troughs.
In this experiment we began by measuring the length and finding the mass of our string. Then, we
tied the string to the wave driver and the pulled it over the pulley and attached a weight with a mass
of 0.070 kg the then end of the string. Once we did that, we calculated our predictions for the
frequencies of the various harmonics. After that we connected the wave driver to the sine wave
generator and set the amplitude knob to the midway point. Then we searched for the correct
frequency to find the first, second, and third harmonic. After we completed this, we tried the
experiment two more times with 0.100 kg and 0.120 kg.
One of the main points of this experiment was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After finding the speed we can predict what the smallest frequency is to create a standing wave. This
is known as the first harmonic which is also known as the fundamental frequency. Throughout this
experiment we place different weights on the end of the string, because of this different tensions are
created and the speed is calculated differently. We do this in order to examine how the different
tensions of the string can create different frequencies for

Temperature And Humidity Effects On Composite Material...
TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY EFFECTS ON COMPOSITE MATERIAL PROPERTIES
ANSHUL and RAHUL
ABSTRACT
This paper discusses the different properties of composite materials under static testing condition to
determine the effect of aging due to change in temperature and moisture content. Effects on tensile,
shear, impact, stiffness and fatigue parameters are studied. For each property, application specific
composite materials are taken into consideration with different stacking sequence and number of
plies. Different samples of these are then introduced to different hygrothermal environments for
example: temperatures ranging from –50 degree Celsius to +50 degree Celsius or kept in wet
conditions for 24 hours at different temperatures of 21, 37 and 50 degree Celsius etc. Different tests
are performed based on the material property to observe a change from the initial unaged specimen.
To study every property a different test method is discussed. A final comparison for each property
between the unaged and aged specimen is shown in order to see the property's dependence on
temperature and moisture. This comparison highlights the temperature and moisture dependent
properties and showcase a trend. Properties like tensile modulus, shear modulus, shear strength,
flexural stiffness and fatigue life show a decrease with increase in temperature and moisture content
while Poisson's ratio and impact strength increase with increase in temperature and moisture
content.
KEYWORDS
Temperature,

The Layer Of Thin Walled Structures
Thin walled structures are an important part of engineering construction with territories of use
becoming diverse continuously ranging from girder bridges, oil vessels to industrial warehouses ,
framed structures. Thin walled sections have various stresses and failure modes which can be
difficult to predict. Thus structural engineers need help of computers for analysis of these structures.
This has been done by using software called THIN–WALL which estimates the cross–sectional
properties of the section according to the Vlasov theory. The method of input data for thin walled
structure has been explained in this paper. Also the buckling analysis of the thin walled sections has
been done using CUFSM which is based on the finite strip method. This method has been explained
in the paper and the results the analysis have been compared with the hand calculations according to
the Canadian code s–16. The results have been discussed and on basis of this review conclusions
have been presented. Cross–sectional Geometry The data is input to the software is similar to the
input of a structural frame work software. The thin walled structure is divided into a number
elements which intersect at nodes . Each node and element is assigned an number. The coordinates
of each node of the cross–section of the member are entered according to any coordinate system
chosen . The material properties of the thin walled member such as modulus

Outline On Tornadoes
Cause and effect of Tornadoes
By: Jazzmin Aldrich
Specific Purpose: To inform the audience more about tornadoes
Thesis Statement: Understanding what causes tornadoes, knowing when and where they are going to
occur, and remembering safety rules can make their life much easier.
Introduction:
I. (Attention Getter) A very common description by people who have seen it is that it resembles the
trunk of a huge elephant as it weaves back and forth across its path. It sucks up anything that is in its
way and tosses it elsewhere.
II. (Credibility Statement) When I was nine years old, I survived a tornado and since then, I have
always wanted to warn people of what to look for and how to prepare ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
II. A Tornado can happen at anytime and anywhere so just be ready.
A. Tornadoes can take place anywhere at anytime. You just never know.
1. Tornadoes in the United States are most common in the spring and early summer. They can
happen anytime of the year.
2. The most violent tornadoes occur in April and the weaker tornadoes occur in May. Due to the
warmer ground in May.
B. Tornadoes usually hit the Midwestern and Southern States.
1. Parts of Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Missouri these states are located in Tornado Alley because
of where they are located.
2. According to National Geographic a tornado is more likely to hit the the Midwest to Southern
states because of where they are located and the land is uneven and hilly cause a Alley.
(internal summary: Tornadoes occur at certain times and places of the year.)
(transition: Third, since Oklahoma is at high risk for a tornado, you should know certain safety
rules.)
III. It is important to listen to the news, and follow a few rules in the case of a

Long Point Fault Essay
Area of the Long Point Fault The Long Point Fault is located in Harris County, which covers 83,450
square miles located with in Houston, Teaxas City Limits. Research specifies that there are three
sections of the Long Point fault that appear to be active; some sections of the Long Point fault have
averaged more than 2 cm per year of vertical offset over the last 20 years. Evidence of the faults
concludes it is a natural fault. The reason for activity is not caused by man, even though man's
activities are not helping the issues, but clearly humans are not the initial cause, biological activity
can be in fact an adiitional cause for its movement. A brief description of the type of fault and its
relationship with the strata and the faults ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Brief Geology of the Area
Geology of the subsurface rocks and surface sediments along the Long Point Fault its geological
make up in Houston was originally developed from stream deposits from the erosion of the Rocky
Mountains and now is a combinations of unconsolidated clays, clay shale's, and poorly–cemented
sands encompassed through great depths and goes on for several miles. The sedimentary component
consist of a series of sands and clays that have been deposited on decaying organic matter which
over time will be transformed into oil and natural gas thought the processes of biochemical activity.
Even deeper and beneath these tiers is a water deposited layer of halite, known as rock salt when
compressed over time and forced upward, the salt drew surrounding sediments into dome shapes,
often trapping more oil and gas from it neighboring soils.
"Houston's topography is largely in the northern portion of the Gulf coastal plain, a 40– to 50 mile
wide swath along the Texas Gulf Coast and its elevation rises approximately one foot per mile
inland. Northern and eastern portions of the area are largely forested; and we can find the southern
and western sections are in fault zone areas. ". The Long Point Fault consist of Scarps due to
prehistoric movement on the Long Point and Eureka Heights faults, for example, they are readily
visible on topographic maps based on surveys completed in 1915–16" (Bonnett)
Extent and

The National Transportation Safety Board
The National Transportation Safety Board. 2001. Runway Overrun During Landing, American
Airlines Flight 1420, McDonnell Douglas MD–82, N215AA, Little Rock, Arkansas, June 1, 1999.
Aircraft Accident Report NTSB/AAR–01/02. Washington, DC.
Abstract: This report is an overview of the accident that occurred on American Airlines flight 1420
that occurred on a McDonnell Douglas MD–82 aircraft in Little Rock, Arkansas on June 1, 1999.
The plane overran the runway during adverse weather that took place at the airport. The plane
veered off the runway into some tubes, through a chain–linked fence and off into an embankment.
This report will address weather information that took place that evening; the pilot and co–pilot
decision making, and the structure of the airplane. It also addresses the controller actions during this
period. It looks at the causes and findings in this report. It will also discuss recommendations for
safety from the FAA, National Transportation Safety Board and the National Weather Service.
Introduction American Airlines flight 1420 was bound for Arkansas on June 1, 1999. It was the last
flight of a three leg route. The plane touched down the runway and struck several tubes, passed
through a chain link security fence and went over an embankment. There were several key factors
that played a role in the accident that left the captain and 10 passengers' dead and injured over 105
other passengers. The impact alone caused a fire and destroyed

Summary Of Tournemire Exhale
The first thing that you need to know about the article "Elastic wave velocity evolution of shales
deformed under uppermost crustal conditions" is that the tests that were ran were triaxial tests on a
series of sample Tournemire shale. A triaxial test is tests the strength of a rock, and that is was the
goal of the experiment, to find the strength of the Tournemire shales. This is so important to see the
way erosion has effect these shales when they are all in the same area, but they have different
orientation bedding. The orientation bedding is anywhere from 0 degrees to 90 degrees, think of 0
degrees as shale that is lying parallel with the ground, while 90 degrees is the other extreme when
the shale is perpendicular to the group, both are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Anisotropy is the idea that the rocks properties vary with direction, so it is very important in which
way that the rock was oriented compared to the load, or the compression, that is applied to the rock.
This means that orientation of the bedding that varied between 0 degrees and 90 degrees was very
important. The scientists used Thomsen's parameters to quantify the elastic anisotropy. A few ways
that the scientist recognized this was that when brittle shale was preceded by a change in the P wave
anisotropy. This was because of the crack growth and mineral reorientation that was discussed
earlier. Next, anisotropy variations were the largest for the shale that was deformed perpendicular to
the bedding, so when the bedding angle was closer to 90 degrees. When the confining pressures
were at the highest, the anisotropy variations were the largest, which makes a lot of sense when we
know that the anisotropy is the idea that the properties of rocks vary with different orientation and it
created anisotropy reversal at high confining pressures. The last information the scientists found was
that the P wave anisotropy change was weak when the shale deformed parallel to the bedding, and
this is because it could not take a lot of pressure because of the way it was

Examples Of Oklahoma Tornadoes And Their Destructive Ways
Oklahoma Tornadoes and Their Destructive Ways What makes tornadoes and their destruction
interesting to people? Is it the variety in formations, the miles one can travel, the random paths it
takes, the changes tornadoes can make on climate and the formation of the land or is it because
tornadoes often leave behind a path of destruction and deaths? In this paper, I will discuss what
tornadoes are and how they form, what different forms of tornadoes there are, what tornado watches
and warning are and give examples of tornadoes in Oklahoma and what destruction they caused,
also while providing information about the Doppler radar. The questions often asked is; what are
tornadoes and how do they form? Tornadoes are "violent windstorms that ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
When tornadoes do form; such places as the National Weather Service (2014) classify tornadoes into
three categories. These categories are weak, strong, and violent. "
Gave the knowledge of what to look for, this can help save lives and keep loved ones safe but what
if someone is unsure of what to look for; well the news channels do provide tornado watches and
warnings.
A tornado watch when issued is just a reminder that the weather does have the potential to produce a
tornado and that caution should be used when traveling and doing outdoor activities. However,
when a tornado warning is issued this is a warning to take cover in a cellar, basement or other safe
places; away from windows and other places where one may be harmed. With the basic knowledge
of what watches and warning are; what helped to even start all of this? For the residents are of
Oklahoma, it was our very own Gary England from Seiling, Oklahoma that helped keep the lives of
Oklahomans safe for decades. Sam Anderson (2013) wrote "early in his career Gary England was
notorious for issuing tornado warnings before the national weather service did so, with new
technology formed; England persuaded News 9 to invest in a Doppler radar" but what is the Doppler
radar? The Doppler radar is a machine that emits energy and if this energy comes into contact with
an object, it will cause the energy to scatter. The reflected signal then is picked up by the radar
during the listening period.

Mesovortex Synthesis

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