Mesopotamia 1a
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Mesopotamia was located between two rivers from 6000BC to 605BC. It consisted of city-states with ziggurats (temples), markets, and houses. Farmers, fishermen, traders, and agricultors made up the economy, with kings, military commanders, and priests comprising the privileged class. Society was organized hierarchically, with kings having absolute power over military commanders, priests, farmers, craftsmen, and slaves. Gods like Adapa, Anat, Anshar, and Anu were part of their polytheistic religion, and the cuneiform writing system was developed.
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Mesopotamian Civilizations 6.2
Mesopotamian civilization developed between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern-day Iraq. The Sumerians established the first cities and organized into independent city-states with their own governments. They had an advanced culture with writing, science, and math. Later, the Akkadians and Assyrians formed large empires that ruled the region for hundreds of years, unifying the people but also demanding heavy taxes. The last great Mesopotamian empire was formed by the Chaldeans based in the great city of Babylon.
Mesopotamia 1b
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Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia was located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern-day Iraq. Several ancient civilizations flourished there between 5000 BCE and 600 BCE, including the Sumerians, Babylonians, and Assyrians. The region had a desert climate but the rivers provided fertile land for agriculture. City-states dominated the political structures, each ruled by a king, and empires like Babylon and Assyria later united the region through conquest. The Mesopotamian economy was based on agriculture and trade of crops and resources. Religion, science, and the arts also developed significantly.
Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia was the first civilization in history located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern Iraq, Syria, and surrounding areas. It began as independent Sumerian city-states like Ur and Uruk before being unified under empires like the Akkadian, Babylonian, Assyrian, and Neo-Babylonian. Mesopotamian society was hierarchical with kings and priests at the top. Their economy was based on irrigated agriculture and they developed writing, mathematics, astronomy, law codes, and architectural achievements like ziggurats and arches. Their polytheistic religion influenced later civilizations.
Mesopotamian civilization
The document summarizes the early Mesopotamian civilization that developed between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. It emerged around 3000 BC and was composed of independent city-states like Ur, Uruk, and Kish that each had their own government and patron god. Sargon of Akkad later created the world's first empire in 2350 BC by conquering the region. The Babylonian Empire then took control around 2000 BC, with King Hammurabi establishing one of the first legal codes. Mesopotamian culture developed writing, the Epic of Gilgamesh, and made advances in religion, society, and government.
Module 7, lesson 1 notes presentation audio
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Mesopotamian civilization developed between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern-day Iraq. The Sumerians established the first cities and organized into independent city-states with their own governments. They had an advanced culture with writing, science, and math. Later, the Akkadians and Assyrians formed large empires that ruled the region for hundreds of years, unifying the people but also demanding heavy taxes. The last great Mesopotamian empire was formed by the Chaldeans based in the great city of Babylon.
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Mesopotamia
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Mesopotamian civilization
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2) Political institutions like the papacy, Holy Roman Empire, and monarchies vied for power. Monarchs granted cities privileges to gain their support against the nobility.
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- Political institutions like the papacy, Holy Roman Empire, and monarchies vied for power. Kings granted cities privileges to gain their support against the nobility.
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Feudalism and manorialism lesson 7.33
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2. The fragmentation of al-Andalus into competing Taifa kingdoms from the 11th-13th centuries as Christian kingdoms advanced, until temporary political unifications by the Almoravids and Almohads.
3. The eventual fall of Muslim rule to the Catholic Monarchs with the conquest of Granada in 1492, ending over 700 years of Arab presence on the Iberian Peninsula
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The document summarizes key developments in medieval towns and society during the late Middle Ages:
1. Towns experienced a revival beginning in the 12th century, spurred by improved farming techniques that reduced the need for peasant labor and increased commerce. This led to population growth and a rise of the bourgeoisie class.
2. Trade flourished with the development of markets, fairs, banking, and new payment methods. Guilds organized artisan work and international trade routes developed.
3. Within towns, the bourgeoisie gained power and independence from feudal control. Royal authority also increased as kings established parliaments and gained support from towns against the nobility in exchange for legal privileges.
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Feudalism developed in Medieval Europe as a result of the lack of strong central governments after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. Kings granted land to vassals in exchange for their loyalty and military service. These vassals then granted land to their own vassals, creating a hierarchy with the king at the top. Peasants lived and worked on the land but were bound to the lord, either as freemen who paid taxes or serfs owned by the lord. The feudal system organized Medieval society into estates with different rights and roles. Nobles and clergy were privileged while peasants and workers formed the non-privileged estates. Towns and trade grew, leading to the rise of craft
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After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Europe lacked central governments and faced constant warfare between kingdoms. As kings had no professional armies, peasants turned to local nobles for protection in exchange for their labor and submission. This led to the development of feudalism, a social system where peasants were bound to manors and obliged to work for lords, who in turn provided military service to the king. Society was divided into estates of clergy, nobles, and workers. Feudalism dominated the political and economic organization of medieval Europe.
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1. This document summarizes Medieval Europe from the 11th to 15th centuries. It focuses on political, economic, and social developments.
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3. Political institutions at this time included the papacy, Holy Roman Empire, and the growth of royal power as monarchs sought alliances with cities to limit the power of feudal nobles.
Middle ages
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Feudalism reading only
The basic government and society in medieval Europe was organized around the feudal system. At the top was the king, who granted land to barons in exchange for soldiers and taxes. Barons then divided the land among lords, who ruled local manors. Manors were centered around a lord's castle and included farms worked by peasants. Peasants received land from lords in exchange for service and lived a difficult life with little rights or possessions. This pyramid-like system bound people together through oaths of loyalty and military service in exchange for protection and the use of land.
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The document summarizes the history of Spain from the arrival of Germanic tribes in the 5th century AD to the Christian kingdoms that emerged after the Moorish conquest in the 8th century. It discusses the establishment of the Visigoth Kingdom in Toledo and its later conquest by Umayyad Moors from Africa in 711 AD. The Moors established control over the Iberian Peninsula and called the territory Al-Andalus, with its capital in Córdoba. As Al-Andalus flourished, the Christian kingdoms in the north resisted and eventually reestablished control over the rest of the Iberian Peninsula through the Reconquista over eight centuries.
Unit 3. Medieval Europe
The document summarizes the political, social, and economic developments in medieval Europe, particularly the Iberian Peninsula, between the 11th-15th centuries. Specifically:
1) Cities regained commercial importance as the rural population grew and agricultural productivity increased, providing surpluses to urban areas. Urban society developed new social classes like the bourgeoisie and guilds.
2) Political institutions like the papacy, Holy Roman Empire, and monarchies vied for power. Monarchs granted cities privileges to gain their support against the nobility.
3) The Iberian Peninsula saw the formation of Christian kingdoms like Aragon, Navarre, and Leon-Castille by the 11th century, which recon
Unit 3. Medieval Europe
The document summarizes the political, social, and economic developments in medieval Europe from the 11th to 15th centuries. Specifically:
- Cities regained commercial importance as the rural population grew and agricultural productivity increased, providing surpluses to urban areas. Urban society developed new social classes like the bourgeoisie and guilds.
- Political institutions like the papacy, Holy Roman Empire, and monarchies vied for power. Kings granted cities privileges to gain their support against the nobility.
- The late medieval period saw the resurgence of cities, development of urban society, and political changes as monarchies consolidated power. However, the 14th century brought a crisis due to religious schisms, war, plague
Unit 3. Medieval Europe
The document summarizes Medieval Europe from the 11th to 15th centuries, focusing on the Iberian Peninsula. It describes the political situation and divisions of power between kingdoms like Castile, Aragon, Navarre and Portugal. It discusses the Reconquista against the Moors, including major victories like the conquest of Toledo in 1085 and the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212. Socially, it outlines the systems of repopulation used to claim lands from the Moors and the establishment of representative bodies like the Cortes. Economically, it notes the demographic and economic crises of the 14th century from plague, war and conflict between social groups.
Feudalism and manorialism lesson 7.33
A peasant family lives on the land of a noble in medieval times. They work hard but much of the food they grow goes to the noble and his family. Their house is small with a dirt floor. The peasant's parents are tired and weak, and the peasant wishes they could improve their lives.
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The document provides an overview of life in the colonial America, describing the different regions. It explains that the New England colonies of Massachusetts and Rhode Island had rocky soil, harsh winters, and democratic governments. Farming, fishing, and lumber industries supported their economies. The Middle Colonies of New York and Pennsylvania had longer growing seasons and a variety of jobs. The Southern colonies of Maryland, Georgia focused on farming and experienced diseases from mosquitoes. Overall, the document outlines the challenges and opportunities colonial life presented across different regions of early America.
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- 1. Mesopotamia * María García Conde * Ramón Máiquez Pérez * Sergio Fagundez Manso * Daniel Cerezo García From 6000BC to 605BC
- 2. Landscape -Between two rivers -City-States ❖ Ziggurat (temple) ❖ Markets ❖ Houses(where they work) ❖ Crops
- 3. Economy Privileged class: ❏ King:richest. ❏ Militry Comanders:could work in the harvest. ❏ Priest:gather the taxes of the peasans.
- 4. Economy Principaly: ❏ Farmers ❏ Fishermen ❏ Trader ❏ Agricultor Farmers:They work in field with animals.
- 6. Traders:Travel in boats,carriage or foot to change products. Economy
- 7. Economy Agricultors:They work in field with the crops.
- 9. - KINGS - Kings: They have absolute power and they governed the city.
- 10. - MILITARY COMMANDERS AND PRIESTS - Military Commanders: They took control of the cities and they becomes monarchs. - Priests: They lived in temples and they controlled the harvest, and gather the taxes.
- 11. - FARMERS AND CRAFTSMEN AND SLAVES - Farmers and craftsmen: They sold their products in markets. -Slaves: They were the lowest social class.
- 12. Political organization ➢ The king had absolute power. ➢ It was like this: AKKAD SUMER ASSYRIA
- 13. Arch and vault Arch Vault
- 14. Gods Adapa: first king Anat: goddess of fertility and war Anshar: sky father Anu: highest god heaven god Marduk: national god of babylonians
- 15. Religion ● They were polytheistic. ● They most important god were Adapa.
Editor's Notes
- And I want that you learn about it.
- The first Mesopotamian civilizations appeared in the 4th millennium BC. The inhabitants of these independent cities used the water of both rivers for agriculture. Mesopotamia was and it remains between two important rivers.(Tigris and Euphrates)
- The Economy had privileged classes that are: -The King:The king was the richest person that had absolut power and governed the city. -The Military Comanders:The military comander was the person that go to the battles for fight but when he hasn´t got a battle worked in the harvest. -Priest:The priest was a person that enter in contact the gods,also,he gather the taxes of the peasans.
- In the economy there were a lot of works that are: -Farmers:They had animals to take products an example wool,leather, meat…,to travel and work in the field. There a lot of types of animals an example sheeps,goats,horses,donkeys...
- -The Fishermen:The fisherman was a person that worked traveling to the rivers,seas… for fishing fishes,moluscs,crustaceans… and take food.
- -Traders:The trader was a person that change his products with other people for contact with other people he travelled in boats carriage or foot.Am example pottery,food...
- -Agricultors:The agricultor was a person that work in field with the crops,also,he could use tools and animals.
- The king was the first priest. The army chief and supreme authority of the administrative power.