Chapter 5
Understanding Culture
Understanding Culture
Culture: An established, coherent set of beliefs, attitudes, values, and practices shared by a large group of people
Influences: Nationality, ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation, physical abilities, age
Culture Defined
Culture is:
Learned
Communicated
Layered
Lived
Intercultural communication: Communicating with someone from a different culture
Co-cultures (1 of 2)
In any society, there are groups of people who have more power than others.
Co-cultural Communication Theory: People who have more power within a society determine the dominant culture.
Co-cultures: Members of a society who don’t conform to the dominant culture
Co-cultural communication: Underrepresented groups interact with people from the dominant group.
Co-cultures (2 of 2)
Members of co-cultures develop communication practices for dealing with members of the dominant culture.
Use overly polite language
Suppress reactions to offensive comments
Try to excel to counteract negative stereotypes
Conform to negative stereotypes in an exaggerated way
Try to act, look, and talk like members of the dominant culture
Openly disparage their own co-culture
Express co-cultural identity through appearance, actions, and words
Cultural Identity
Intersectionality: Notion we are the sum total of our overlapping experiences, rather than a singular category
Prejudice (1 of 2)
Prejudice: When stereotypes reflect rigid attitudes toward groups and their members
Stereotype Content Model: Prejudice centers on two judgments about others.
How warm and friendly they are
How competent they are
Prejudice (2 of 2)
Benevolent prejudice: Thinking of a particular group as inferior but also friendly and competent
Hostile prejudice: Having negative attitudes toward a group of individuals we see as unfriendly and incompetent
Cultural Influences on Communication
Seven characteristics shape our intercultural communication.
Individualism versus collectivism
Uncertainty avoidance
Power distance
High and low context
Emotion displays
Masculinity versus femininity
Views of time
Individualism versus Collectivism
Individualistic cultures: Value independence and personal achievement
Collectivistic cultures: Emphasize group identity, interpersonal harmony, and the well-being of ingroups
Uncertainty Avoidance
Uncertainty avoidance: Measure of how different cultures tolerate and accept unpredictability
High-uncertainty-avoidance: People place value on control.
Low-uncertainty-avoidance: People put more emphasis on letting the future happen without trying to control it.
Power Distance (1 of 2)
Power distance: Degree to which people in a particular culture view the unequal distribution of power as expected and acceptable
Power Distance (2 of 2)
High-power-distance: People give privileged treatment and extreme respect to those in high-status positions.
Expect individuals of lesser status t ...
A Deeper Look at Hallucinations and Thought Insertions in SchizophreniaAshenafiBordea
A Deeper Look at Hallucinations and Thought Insertions in Schizophrenia. https://medium.com/the-good-psyche/a-deeper-look-at-hallucinations-and-thought-insertions-ff386183ba62
Publications from the same creator:
https://medium.com/time-to-rethink - Time to Rethink
https://medium.com/the-good-psyche - The Good Psyche
https://medium.com/zealionaire - Zeallinaire
https://medium.com/words-worth-wows - Words Worth Wows
Channels from the same creator:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC_8wBit4XhQJc-UOcivhm0w - Time to Rethink
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC_E5S9lUtNy7NB2_zOKeosA - Words Worth Wows
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCGetSsWFM91WgICZQjyyf2w - The Good Psyche
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC6IzlbysBv-VTeMWLN0vSNA - Zeallionaire
Communication can broadly be defined as exchange of ideas, messages and information between two or more persons, through a medium, in a manner that the sender and the receiver understand the message in the common sense, that is, they develop common understanding of the message
This slide corresponds with Wrench, McCroskey, and Richmond's (2008) Human Communication in Everyday Life: Explanations and Applications published by Allyn and Bacon.
Chapter 5
Understanding Culture
Understanding Culture
Culture: An established, coherent set of beliefs, attitudes, values, and practices shared by a large group of people
Influences: Nationality, ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation, physical abilities, age
Culture Defined
Culture is:
Learned
Communicated
Layered
Lived
Intercultural communication: Communicating with someone from a different culture
Co-cultures (1 of 2)
In any society, there are groups of people who have more power than others.
Co-cultural Communication Theory: People who have more power within a society determine the dominant culture.
Co-cultures: Members of a society who don’t conform to the dominant culture
Co-cultural communication: Underrepresented groups interact with people from the dominant group.
Co-cultures (2 of 2)
Members of co-cultures develop communication practices for dealing with members of the dominant culture.
Use overly polite language
Suppress reactions to offensive comments
Try to excel to counteract negative stereotypes
Conform to negative stereotypes in an exaggerated way
Try to act, look, and talk like members of the dominant culture
Openly disparage their own co-culture
Express co-cultural identity through appearance, actions, and words
Cultural Identity
Intersectionality: Notion we are the sum total of our overlapping experiences, rather than a singular category
Prejudice (1 of 2)
Prejudice: When stereotypes reflect rigid attitudes toward groups and their members
Stereotype Content Model: Prejudice centers on two judgments about others.
How warm and friendly they are
How competent they are
Prejudice (2 of 2)
Benevolent prejudice: Thinking of a particular group as inferior but also friendly and competent
Hostile prejudice: Having negative attitudes toward a group of individuals we see as unfriendly and incompetent
Cultural Influences on Communication
Seven characteristics shape our intercultural communication.
Individualism versus collectivism
Uncertainty avoidance
Power distance
High and low context
Emotion displays
Masculinity versus femininity
Views of time
Individualism versus Collectivism
Individualistic cultures: Value independence and personal achievement
Collectivistic cultures: Emphasize group identity, interpersonal harmony, and the well-being of ingroups
Uncertainty Avoidance
Uncertainty avoidance: Measure of how different cultures tolerate and accept unpredictability
High-uncertainty-avoidance: People place value on control.
Low-uncertainty-avoidance: People put more emphasis on letting the future happen without trying to control it.
Power Distance (1 of 2)
Power distance: Degree to which people in a particular culture view the unequal distribution of power as expected and acceptable
Power Distance (2 of 2)
High-power-distance: People give privileged treatment and extreme respect to those in high-status positions.
Expect individuals of lesser status t ...
A Deeper Look at Hallucinations and Thought Insertions in SchizophreniaAshenafiBordea
A Deeper Look at Hallucinations and Thought Insertions in Schizophrenia. https://medium.com/the-good-psyche/a-deeper-look-at-hallucinations-and-thought-insertions-ff386183ba62
Publications from the same creator:
https://medium.com/time-to-rethink - Time to Rethink
https://medium.com/the-good-psyche - The Good Psyche
https://medium.com/zealionaire - Zeallinaire
https://medium.com/words-worth-wows - Words Worth Wows
Channels from the same creator:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC_8wBit4XhQJc-UOcivhm0w - Time to Rethink
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC_E5S9lUtNy7NB2_zOKeosA - Words Worth Wows
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCGetSsWFM91WgICZQjyyf2w - The Good Psyche
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC6IzlbysBv-VTeMWLN0vSNA - Zeallionaire
Communication can broadly be defined as exchange of ideas, messages and information between two or more persons, through a medium, in a manner that the sender and the receiver understand the message in the common sense, that is, they develop common understanding of the message
This slide corresponds with Wrench, McCroskey, and Richmond's (2008) Human Communication in Everyday Life: Explanations and Applications published by Allyn and Bacon.
Similar to 1-1-1-Mental State examination.pptx (20)
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
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Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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1-1-1-Mental State examination.pptx
1. This is analogous to performing a physical exam in medicine.
Is the nuts and bolts of the psychiatric exam.
The MSE assesses the following:
1. Appearance/Behavior
2. Mood/Affect
3. Speech
4. Perception
5. Thought process/Thought content
6. Sensorium/Cognition
7. Insight/Judgment
The mental status exam tells only about the mental status at the
moment; it can change every hour or every day.
Mental State Examination
3. Rate: slow, average, rapid, or pressured,
(Pressured speech is continuous, fast, and
uninterruptible.)
Volume: soft, average, or loud
Articulation: well articulated v/s lisp, stutter,
mumbling.
Tone: angry v/s pleading, etc.
4. Mood: Is the emotion that the patient tells you he feels or is conveyed
nonverbally.
Affect: Is in assessment of how the patient’s mood appears to the
examiner, including the amount and range of emotional expression. It
is described with the following dimensions:
Quality: (describes the depth and range of the feelings shown):
Flat: (none) E.g. A patient who remains expressionless even when discussing
extremely sad or happy moments in his life.
Blunted (shallow)
Constricted (limited)
Full (average)
Intense (more than normal)
Motility: (describes how quickly a person appears to shift emotional states):
Sluggish, supple or labile (patient is laughing after one second is crying)
Appropriateness to content: (describes whether the affect is congruent with the
subject of conversation):
Appropriate/ not appropriate (A patient giggles after saying he set fire to his
house and is facing criminal charges.
5. This is the patient’s form of thinking (how he or she uses the language
and puts ideas together. It describes whether the patient’s thoughts are
logical, meaningful, and goal directed. It does not comment on what the
patient thinks, only how the patient express his or her thoughts.
Disorders in the process of thought:
Loosening of associations: no logical connection from one thought
to another.
Flight of ideas: fast stream of very tangential thoughts
Neologisms: made-up words
Word salad: incoherent collection of words
Clang association: words connections due to phonetics rather than
actual meaning. “My car is red. I’ve been in bed. It hurts my head.”
Thought blocking: abrupt cessation of communication before the
idea is finished.
Tangentiality: point of conversation never reached due to lack of
goal-directed associations between ideas.
Circumstantiality: point of conversation is reached after circuitous
path.
6. It describes the types of ideas expressed by the patient.
Disorders in the content of thought:
Poverty of thought v/s overabundance: too few v/s too
many ideas expressed.
Delusions: False beliefs that are not shared by the
person’s culture and can not be changed by reasoning.
Phobias: Persistent, irrational fears.
Obsessions: repetitive, intrusive thoughts
Compulsions: repetitive behaviors (usually linked with
obsessive thought
Suicidal and homicidal thoughts: the patient feels like
harming him/herself or others.
7. Grandeur: belief that one has special powers
or is someone important (Jesus, President)
Paranoid: belief that one is being persecuted
Reference: belief that some event is uniquely
related to patient (e.g. a TV show character is
sending patient messages)
Thought broadcasting: belief that one’s
thoughts can be heard by others
Religious: conventional beliefs exaggerated
(e.g. Jesus talks to me)
8. Hallucinations: sensory perceptions not based
in reality (visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory,
olfactory)
Illusions: inaccurate perception of existing
sensory stimuli (Ex wall appears as if it’s
moving)
9. Consciousness: Patient’s level of awareness; possible range includes: (alert,
drowsy, lethargic, stuporous, coma.
Orientation: To person, place and time.
Calculation: ability to add/subtract
Memory:
1. Immediate: can repeat several digits or recall three words 5 minutes later
2. Recent: events within past few days
3. Recent past: events within past few months
4. Remote: events from childhood
Fund of knowledge: level of knowledge in the context of the patient’s culture
and education (Who is President? Who was Picasso?)
Attention/Concentration: ability to subtract serial 7s from 100 or to spell “world”
backwards
Reading/Writing: simple sentences (must make sure the patient is literate first).
Abstract concepts: ability to explain similarities between objects and understand
the meaning of simple proverbs.
10. Insight: Is the patient’s level of awareness and
understanding of his or her problems. (e.g.
complete denial of illness or blaming it on
something else.
Judgment: Is the patient’s ability to understand
the outcome of his or her actions and use this
awareness in decision making