DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL VERSION -IV TEXT VERSIONritikajaiswal31
discussion about their history , definition of mental disorder , four criticism , how many categories in the DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL -IV-TR and also discuss about their axes, psychological disorders , describe why it is use as diagnostic and statistical manual.The purpose of this presentation was my assignment ACADEMIC WRITING.
Examining the history, classification, causes and treatment of psychological ...Pubrica
What do we think? What do we feel? How do we react to a particular situation?
How do we define it?
How To Examine Whether Someone Is A Patient Of Mental Illness Or Not?
How To Do A Patient’s History Examined Systematically?
The main classes of mental illness :
Cause and Treatment of psychological disorder:
Detailed Information: https://bit.ly/2VGGP1Q
Reference: https://pubrica.com/services/physician-writing-services/
Why pubrica?
When you order our services, we promise you the following – Plagiarism free, always on Time, outstanding customer support, written to Standard, Unlimited Revisions support and High-quality Subject Matter Experts.
Contact us :
Web: https://pubrica.com/
Blog: https://pubrica.com/academy/
Email: sales@pubrica.com
WhatsApp : +91 9884350006
United Kingdom: +44-74248 10299
Related Topics:
Literature gap and future research
Meta-Analysis in evidence-based research
Biostatistics in clinical research
Scientific Communication in healthcare
Mental health is defined as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not just the absence of disease. Around 20% of the world's children and adolescents have a mental disorder. Mental health involves realizing one's abilities and coping with stress while contributing productively to the community. Historically, the mentally ill were mistreated but psychiatry has advanced scientifically. Common mental illnesses include depression, schizophrenia, substance use disorders, and neuroses. Genetics, environment, life stressors, and lack of needs fulfillment can all contribute to poor mental health. Community mental health services aim to prevent and treat illness through education, early intervention, and rehabilitation.
The document discusses influences on mental health and illness. It defines mental health as optimal functioning and mental illness as functional impairment. Cultural factors can impact how individuals view and experience mental illness. Prolonged stress can lead to physical and psychological responses like anxiety, defense mechanisms, and potentially psychosis. Diagnosis of mental illness involves using the DSM system across five axes. Treating mental illness faces challenges like stigma, access to care, and cost issues.
Running head WHY IS THERE A STIGMA OF MENTAL HEALTH IN THE AF.docxjeffsrosalyn
This document discusses mental health stigma in the African American community. It provides historical context on how African Americans have been mistreated and misdiagnosed by the medical system regarding mental illness. Barriers like lack of resources, racism, and distrust of the healthcare system have contributed to disparities in mental health outcomes for African Americans. The stigma around mental illness in the African American community prevents many from seeking help. More awareness and work by social workers is needed to address this issue.
IntroductionMental health conditions have effects regardless of .docxvrickens
Introduction
Mental health conditions have effects regardless of race, color, gender, or identity. Anyone can experience the challenges of mental illness regardless of their background. Although we are similar, your experiences and how you understand and deal with these conditions may be different. Anyone can develop a mental health problem, but African Americans sometimes experience more severe forms of mental health conditions because of limited resources and other barriers. African Americans are twenty percent more likely to have severe psychological distress than Whites are. Also, African Americans and other minority communities are more likely to have similar experiences, such as barriers from health, educational, social, and economic resources because of cultural and societal factors. These may contribute to worse mental health outcomes. More than half of the people in the United States are being recognized with a mental illness in their lifetime; however, now not everybody will acquire the assistance they need. Even though mental illness is common and might affect everyone, there is still a stigma attached. This stigma creates shame in seeking help, especially in the African American community. The understanding of mental illnesses has come a far way from where it used to be, but improvements have to make. Mental illnesses should not be viewed any differently from physical diseases. I believe the two are very similar. When the mind is ill, it is not just the brain, but it has effects on the whole body and health overall. Substance abuse, self-damage, and suicide are widespread and dangerous in people with mental illness. The stigma connected to mental illness stops people from getting the assistance they need and causes them to cover their pain. Clinically trained social workers are the nation’s largest group of mental health service providers. (Staff, 2016). This is important to social work because social workers push the conversation of mental health forward. Many social workers in the field are first responders to most mental health claims. Also, the stigma of mental illness in the african american community has to change and social workers can be the driving force of a new outlook of mental health. To navigate towards a better views on mental health it is important to understand how we got to this point. Though this text it will discuss the following, what is mental illness, historical information of mental health in the African American community, barriers to mental health in the African American community, also the perspective African Americas have on mental health.
Literature Review
WHAT IS MENTAL ILLNESS
Mental illness is a general term referring to all mental health conditions that involve changes in emotions, thinking, interaction with other people, and behavior in a person. The changes can be caused by different factors, such as genetics, daily habits, environment, biology, and life experiences (McNally, (2011).). Mental i ...
The document discusses psychopathology and psychological disorders. It defines psychopathology as patterns of emotions, behaviors, or thoughts that are inappropriate for a situation and cause distress or prevent important goals. Over 15% of Americans suffer from diagnosable mental health issues in a given year. Psychological disorders exist on a continuum from mild to severe, with more extreme cases exhibiting hallucinations, delusions, or abnormal emotions. While the medical model views disorders as diseases, psychologists see them as involving biological, psychological, social, and behavioral factors. The DSM-IV provides standardized criteria for diagnosing disorders. Mood disorders like major depression and bipolar disorder involve abnormal emotions or moods.
DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL VERSION -IV TEXT VERSIONritikajaiswal31
discussion about their history , definition of mental disorder , four criticism , how many categories in the DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL -IV-TR and also discuss about their axes, psychological disorders , describe why it is use as diagnostic and statistical manual.The purpose of this presentation was my assignment ACADEMIC WRITING.
Examining the history, classification, causes and treatment of psychological ...Pubrica
What do we think? What do we feel? How do we react to a particular situation?
How do we define it?
How To Examine Whether Someone Is A Patient Of Mental Illness Or Not?
How To Do A Patient’s History Examined Systematically?
The main classes of mental illness :
Cause and Treatment of psychological disorder:
Detailed Information: https://bit.ly/2VGGP1Q
Reference: https://pubrica.com/services/physician-writing-services/
Why pubrica?
When you order our services, we promise you the following – Plagiarism free, always on Time, outstanding customer support, written to Standard, Unlimited Revisions support and High-quality Subject Matter Experts.
Contact us :
Web: https://pubrica.com/
Blog: https://pubrica.com/academy/
Email: sales@pubrica.com
WhatsApp : +91 9884350006
United Kingdom: +44-74248 10299
Related Topics:
Literature gap and future research
Meta-Analysis in evidence-based research
Biostatistics in clinical research
Scientific Communication in healthcare
Mental health is defined as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not just the absence of disease. Around 20% of the world's children and adolescents have a mental disorder. Mental health involves realizing one's abilities and coping with stress while contributing productively to the community. Historically, the mentally ill were mistreated but psychiatry has advanced scientifically. Common mental illnesses include depression, schizophrenia, substance use disorders, and neuroses. Genetics, environment, life stressors, and lack of needs fulfillment can all contribute to poor mental health. Community mental health services aim to prevent and treat illness through education, early intervention, and rehabilitation.
The document discusses influences on mental health and illness. It defines mental health as optimal functioning and mental illness as functional impairment. Cultural factors can impact how individuals view and experience mental illness. Prolonged stress can lead to physical and psychological responses like anxiety, defense mechanisms, and potentially psychosis. Diagnosis of mental illness involves using the DSM system across five axes. Treating mental illness faces challenges like stigma, access to care, and cost issues.
Running head WHY IS THERE A STIGMA OF MENTAL HEALTH IN THE AF.docxjeffsrosalyn
This document discusses mental health stigma in the African American community. It provides historical context on how African Americans have been mistreated and misdiagnosed by the medical system regarding mental illness. Barriers like lack of resources, racism, and distrust of the healthcare system have contributed to disparities in mental health outcomes for African Americans. The stigma around mental illness in the African American community prevents many from seeking help. More awareness and work by social workers is needed to address this issue.
IntroductionMental health conditions have effects regardless of .docxvrickens
Introduction
Mental health conditions have effects regardless of race, color, gender, or identity. Anyone can experience the challenges of mental illness regardless of their background. Although we are similar, your experiences and how you understand and deal with these conditions may be different. Anyone can develop a mental health problem, but African Americans sometimes experience more severe forms of mental health conditions because of limited resources and other barriers. African Americans are twenty percent more likely to have severe psychological distress than Whites are. Also, African Americans and other minority communities are more likely to have similar experiences, such as barriers from health, educational, social, and economic resources because of cultural and societal factors. These may contribute to worse mental health outcomes. More than half of the people in the United States are being recognized with a mental illness in their lifetime; however, now not everybody will acquire the assistance they need. Even though mental illness is common and might affect everyone, there is still a stigma attached. This stigma creates shame in seeking help, especially in the African American community. The understanding of mental illnesses has come a far way from where it used to be, but improvements have to make. Mental illnesses should not be viewed any differently from physical diseases. I believe the two are very similar. When the mind is ill, it is not just the brain, but it has effects on the whole body and health overall. Substance abuse, self-damage, and suicide are widespread and dangerous in people with mental illness. The stigma connected to mental illness stops people from getting the assistance they need and causes them to cover their pain. Clinically trained social workers are the nation’s largest group of mental health service providers. (Staff, 2016). This is important to social work because social workers push the conversation of mental health forward. Many social workers in the field are first responders to most mental health claims. Also, the stigma of mental illness in the african american community has to change and social workers can be the driving force of a new outlook of mental health. To navigate towards a better views on mental health it is important to understand how we got to this point. Though this text it will discuss the following, what is mental illness, historical information of mental health in the African American community, barriers to mental health in the African American community, also the perspective African Americas have on mental health.
Literature Review
WHAT IS MENTAL ILLNESS
Mental illness is a general term referring to all mental health conditions that involve changes in emotions, thinking, interaction with other people, and behavior in a person. The changes can be caused by different factors, such as genetics, daily habits, environment, biology, and life experiences (McNally, (2011).). Mental i ...
The document discusses psychopathology and psychological disorders. It defines psychopathology as patterns of emotions, behaviors, or thoughts that are inappropriate for a situation and cause distress or prevent important goals. Over 15% of Americans suffer from diagnosable mental health issues in a given year. Psychological disorders exist on a continuum from mild to severe, with more extreme cases exhibiting hallucinations, delusions, or abnormal emotions. While the medical model views disorders as diseases, psychologists see them as involving biological, psychological, social, and behavioral factors. The DSM-IV provides standardized criteria for diagnosing disorders. Mood disorders like major depression and bipolar disorder involve abnormal emotions or moods.
This document discusses the field of psychiatry. It begins by defining psychiatry as the study of the causes, mechanisms, symptoms, prognosis, diagnosis and treatment of mental illnesses. It then discusses the broad scope of conditions studied in psychiatry, from severe psychoses to neuroses and personality disorders. The document also outlines various branches and classifications of psychiatry, diagnostic criteria for mental disorders, and the biological, psychological and social factors that can contribute to psychiatric illnesses.
Mental health is defined as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. The WHO emphasizes the positive dimension of mental health. Depression is a leading cause of disability worldwide, and about half of all mental disorders begin before age 14. Mental health involves realizing one's own potential and being able to cope with stress and contribute productively to the community. Historically, the mentally ill were seen as possessed, but psychiatry has advanced scientifically. Factors like heredity, social environment, life events, and physical health can all impact mental health. Community programs aim to prevent issues through education, early diagnosis, and treatment.
Mental health is defined as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. The WHO emphasizes the positive dimension of mental health. Depression is a leading cause of disability worldwide, and about half of all mental disorders begin before age 14. Mental health involves realizing one's own potential and being able to cope with stress and contribute productively to the community. Historically, the mentally ill were seen as possessed, but psychiatry has advanced scientifically. Factors like heredity, social environment, life events, and physical health can all impact mental health. Community programs aim to prevent issues through education, early diagnosis, and treatment.
This document summarizes key aspects of bipolar disorder, including:
1) Bipolar disorder is characterized by recurring manic or hypomanic episodes that alternate with depressive episodes. It exists on a spectrum from bipolar I to bipolar II disorder.
2) Bipolar disorder has a lifetime prevalence of around 2.4% worldwide and is associated with significant disability. However, it often goes undiagnosed for around 10 years.
3) People with bipolar disorder have high risks of suicide, psychiatric comorbidities, and medical comorbidities. They also face impairments in education, work and development due to the disorder.
This document provides a history and overview of mood disorders including depression and bipolar disorder. It discusses epidemiology and prevalence, psychological and cognitive models, clinical features, diagnosis and classification in DSM and ICD systems, brain structural changes found in studies, associations with medical conditions like diabetes and issues in the elderly, and management approaches including psychological, pharmacological, and physical treatments. The pharmacological approaches cover treatment of unipolar and bipolar disorders with various antidepressants and mood stabilizers.
Abstract Everyone is susceptible to the development of mental .docxdaniahendric
Abstract
Everyone is susceptible to the development of mental health regardless of race, color, gender, or identity. More than half of the citizens in the United States are recognized with a mental illness in their lifetime, and African Americans are at higher risk of developing a mental illness due to limited resources and other barriers. The challenge is further enhanced in the community due to a stigma prevailing in the group that prevents most members from seeking medical help. The lack of knowledge about mental illness calls for increased awareness of the challenge, especially when the condition is viewed differently from other physical diseases. The significant impacts of mental illness in the African American demography makes it a healthcare issue and calls for further consideration of the condition as more social workers are needed to work with the community to address the issue. The barriers to knowledge and access to medical assistance among African Americans take center-stage in this paper.
Introduction
Mental health conditions have effects regardless of race, color, gender, or identity. Anyone can experience the challenges of mental illness regardless of their background. Although we are similar, your experiences and how you understand and deal with these conditions may be different. Anyone can develop a mental health problem, but African Americans sometimes experience more severe forms of mental health conditions because of limited resources and other barriers. African Americans are twenty percent more likely to have severe psychological distress than Whites are. Also, African Americans and other minority communities are more likely to have similar experiences, such as barriers from health, educational, social, and economic resources because of cultural and societal factors. These may contribute to worse mental health outcomes. More than half of the people in the United States are being recognized with a mental illness in their lifetime; however, now not everybody will acquire the assistance they need. Even though mental illness is common and might affect everyone, there is still a stigma attached. This stigma creates shame in seeking help, especially in the African American community. The understanding of mental illnesses has come a far way from where it used to be, but improvements have to make. Mental illnesses should not be viewed any differently from physical diseases. I believe the two are very similar. When the mind is ill, it is not just the brain, but it has effects on the whole body and health overall. Substance abuse, self-damage, and suicide are widespread and dangerous in people with mental illness. The stigma connected to mental illness stops people from getting the assistance they need and causes them to cover their pain. Clinically trained social workers are the nation's largest group of mental health service providers. (Staff, 2016). This is important to social work because social workers push the conversati ...
Major depressive disorder is a common psychological disorder characterized by a depressed mood lasting more than two weeks along with symptoms like loss of interest, sleep, and pleasure. It can be caused by genetic, biological, cognitive, social, and environmental factors. Treatment approaches include biomedical treatments using antidepressant drugs, individual cognitive therapies to change negative thoughts, and group therapies where people with similar issues provide support. The effectiveness of different treatment approaches is evaluated based on how long symptoms are relieved and whether observable behavior changes.
The cornerstone of someone's mental health is how they think, feel, and behave. Mental health specialists can help people with disorders like addiction, bipolar disorder, depression, and anxiety.
Mental health can have an effect on daily life, interpersonal connections, and physical health.
This connection, nevertheless, also functions the opposite way around. Personal circumstances, social ties, and physical ailments can all have an impact on mental illness. Maintaining
Schizophrenia is a chronic, severe brain disorder that affects approximately 1% of the population. It causes symptoms like hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking and speech. The document discusses two cases - Kate, an 18-year-old who draws her hallucinations, and Bryan John Charnely, an older man who creates detailed sculptures. While art may help some patients express themselves, studies are still evaluating whether art therapy is truly effective for schizophrenia symptoms and management.
Nursing Case Study Paranaoid Schizophreniapinoy nurze
The document describes paranoid schizophrenia. Key points include:
- Paranoid schizophrenia is characterized by stable delusions and auditory hallucinations.
- Symptoms include suspiciousness and paranoia. The condition is lifelong but can be managed with treatment.
- The case study involves a 40-year-old male patient who was admitted after stabbing his cousin, experiencing auditory hallucinations and paranoid delusions.
The document discusses mental health, including definitions, common disorders, and the Philippine Mental Health Law. It defines mental health as cognitive, behavioral and emotional well-being. Common disorders include anxiety disorders, mood disorders like depression, and schizophrenia. Anxiety disorders are the most common and include panic disorder, phobias, OCD, and PTSD. Mood disorders involve changes in mood like depression and bipolar disorder. Schizophrenia typically begins between ages 15-25 and involves symptoms like delusions and hallucinations. The most common mental illnesses in the Philippines are schizophrenia, substance abuse, PTSD, and depression. The Philippine Mental Health Law was passed in 2018 to enhance mental health services and protections.
The cornerstone of someone’s mental health is how they think, feel, and behave. Mental health specialists can help people with disorders like addiction, bipolar disorder, depression, and anxiety.
This document discusses psychiatric emergencies in children. It defines psychiatric emergencies as situations where there is direct and immediate threat to a child's mental health or where distressing psychiatric or behavioral symptoms require emergency attention. Common psychiatric emergencies in children include severe depression and suicide risk, dissociative disorders, anxiety, abuse, conduct disorders, and psychotic disorders. Emergent presentations can include impaired consciousness, abnormal behavior, suicidal behavior, aggression, refusal to eat, and acute anxiety. The document outlines approaches to assessment and management of such psychiatric emergencies in pediatric populations.
People with obsessive-compulsive disorder experience distressing and repetitive thoughts (obsessions) that often lead to repetitive behaviors (compulsions) like cleaning, checking, or counting. The most effective treatment is exposure therapy, where the person is exposed to the source of distress while preventing ritualized responses, though this therapy is often ineffective due to patient refusal or quitting treatment. A cognitive intervention to help reinterpret thoughts can also help. Substance dependence or addiction involves an inability to stop a self-destructive habit and is explained by factors like withdrawal avoidance, distress coping, and drug-altered brain synapses.
This document provides an overview of mental retardation, including:
1. It defines mental retardation as sub-average intellectual functioning (IQ below 70) and deficits in at least two adaptive skills, with onset before age 18.
2. The causes of mental retardation include genetic factors (5% of cases, such as Down syndrome), perinatal issues (10% of cases, such as prematurity), and sociocultural deprivation (15% of cases).
3. Assessment involves evaluating intellectual functioning using standardized tests, assessing adaptive behaviors, and looking for accompanying conditions like epilepsy, ADHD, anxiety disorders, or psychosis. Treatment focuses on skills training, pharmacotherapy, behavior modification, and counseling.
The document discusses mental health and illness, including definitions, causes, symptoms, stigma and discrimination, and the Indian Mental Health Act of 1987. Some key points covered include:
- Mental health is defined as a state of well-being and ability to cope with stress and function productively. Mental illness refers to conditions that affect cognition, emotion, or behavior.
- Mental illnesses have biological, psychological, and social causes, and are not due to personal weakness. They can cause suffering, disability, and increased mortality.
- The Indian Mental Health Act of 1987 aimed to safeguard rights of the mentally ill and regulate institutions, but was criticized for not fully reflecting medical considerations or removing criminal stigma.
MGMT 511Location ProblemGeorge Heller was so successful in.docxandreecapon
MGMT 511
Location Problem
George Heller was so successful in his previous assignment that he was promoted to the coveted position of Infrastructure Manager on the Mergers and Acquisitions Team.
Again Agame has recently acquired a competitive company with a plant and a warehouse in a nearby city. Management has decided to keep the additional warehouse. However, they are unsure if they need to keep the additional manufacturing plant. All products can be manufactured in either plant and shipped from either warehouse. Each plant and each warehouse has sufficient capacity to meet the total forecasted demand individually.
Prepare a report for management with your recommendation. Three possible choices exist. 1) Close the Competitor plant and satisfy all demand from the Again Agame plant; 2) Close the Again Agame plant and satisfy all demand from the Competitor plant; 3)Keep both plants open.
Your recommendation should include a solution for each of the five years in question. Include your calculations and spreadsheets in support of your recommendations.
Sales Forecast (cases)
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Competitor Warehouse (WH1)
15,000,000
20,000,000
26,000,000
34,000,000
44,000,000
Again Agame Warehouse (WH2)
6,000,000
7,000,000
10,000,000
15,000,000
21,000,000
Fixed Costs
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Competitor Plant (P1)
900,000
900,000
900,000
900,000
900,000
Again Agame Plant (P2)
800,000
800,000
800,000
800,000
800,000
Transportation Costs
$1.00 / 1,000 cases / mile
4
Costs -- Both Plant Scenario
20112012201320142015
Transport P1 - WH1
Transport P2 - WH2
Fixed Cost - P1
Fixed Cost - P2
Total
General Info.Infrastructure ExerciseDate: 28/10/97Situation:a) Package -RGBb) Nr. Plants -2c) Nr. WH -2d) Period -5 yearse) Sales Frcst. -DecreasingCapacity MM U/C per Year:Plant 1 -5avg. HK 70 (KS)Plant 2 -3avg. HK 42 (KS)Distance Matrix: (Km)WH1WH2P150600P2600100Diagram:
&A
Page &P
WH2
Franchise 2
Franchise 1
P2
P1
WH1
Sales Frcst.Infrastructure ExerciseDate: 28/10/97Sales Forecast (M U.C)RGB'98'99'00'01'02WH15000.04000.03400.02800.02400.0WH23000.02400.02000.01600.01400.0Obs. Volume is Decreasing 15% per year.
&A
Page &P
CostsInfrastructure ExerciseDate: 28/10/97Transport Costs:0.51,000 cases per KmFixed Costs:900,000P1 = $600,000/year800,000P2 = $500,000/year
&A
Page &P
AnalysisInfrastructure ExerciseDate: 28/10/97Fixed Costs'98'99'00'01'02P1800,000800,000800,000800,000800,000P2700,000700,000700,000700,000700,000Total1,500,0001,500,0001,500,0001,500,0001,500,000Transportation Costs'98'99'00'01'02P1 - WH1125,000100,00085,00070,00060,000P2 - WH2150,000120,000100,00080,00070,000P1 - WH2900,000720,000600,000480,000420,000P2 - WH11,500,0001,200,0001,020,000840,000720,000Total 1275,000220,000185,000150,000130,000(both plants)Total 21,025,000820,000685 ...
MGMT 464From Snowboarders to Lawnmowers Case Study Case An.docxandreecapon
MGMT 464
From Snowboarders to Lawnmowers Case Study
Case Analysis Worksheet #1
Case Analysis Session 1 : Focus on Inspiring a Shared Vision (Principle #2)
Inspiring a shared vision has two main components [1] creating a vision through common purpose, and [2] enlisting or getting people ‘on board’ with the vision.
In your small groups, discuss and document your group’s response to the following questions. Upload your typed document into one of your group member’s D2L dropbox by the assigned due date on your course schedule. Be sure to include on your worksheet all group member names. If present in class, all group members will receive the same grade for this case analysis assignment (maximum 30 pts). Group peer evaluations will be used to determine overall individual group member participation points for both of these case study discussions (maximum 15 pts).
1. In what specific ways did Michael fail and/or succeed in ‘listening deeply’ to his employees?
2. In what specific ways did Michael show that he was not “open to influence?” How would Michael being open to influence have made him more effective, ( i.e., who were the “local experts” and how could he have benefited from them)?
3. When you consider the employees of Bedford Mower as they were before Michael arrived, how would you characterize them in terms of what was personally meaningful to them?
4. When creating his vision for the company, in what specific ways did Michael fail and/or succeed in ‘determining what was meaningful’ to his employees, and what was the impact?
5. What specific mechanisms, or opportunities did Michael have available to him for enlisting others?
6. To what extent did Michael take advantage of these? To what extent were they effective in terms of getting everyone on board with the new vision?
7. In thinking about his attempts to enlist others, in what ways did or didn’t Michael incorporate common ideals into his communication with his employees as it related to the new vision?
8. How successful was Michael in “animating the vision”? How would you characterize him in terms of his use of symbolic language, providing imagery of the future, practicing positive communication, expressing emotion, and speaking from the heart, in his communications to his employees?
9. What would you have done differently with this group of employees in terms of inspiring a shared vision?
Team Leadership Case
From Snowboards to Lawnmowers
Michael Francis, a man in his late 30s, born and raised in Oregon, was an avid snowboarder. He was known among his many friends and associates as a risk-taker, highly intelligent, innovative, a bit of a rebel, but an extremely smart businessman. When he was in his early 20s, he started his own snowboarding company designing and manufacturing what became known as some of the most cutting edge boards available. Having recently married a woman who was raised on the East coast, he decided to sell his company and move to Vermont where h ...
MG345_Lead from Middle.pptLeading from the Middle Exe.docxandreecapon
MG345_Lead from Middle.ppt
Leading from the Middle: Exerting Influence Sideways & Upward
MG345 Organizations & Environment
Tony Buono
Fall 2104
Unfreezing
Changing
Refreezing
Planned
Change
Guided
Changing
Freezing
Rebalancing/
Translating
Unfreezing/
Improvising
Directed
Change
Present
State
Desired
State
Conceptualizing Change Processes
Low
Low
High
High
Business Complexity
Socio-Technical
Uncertainty
Authority
Acceptance
Persuasive Communication
A Question of Rhythm?
Leadership Styles
TASK FOCUS
PEOPLE FOCUS
LEARNING FOCUS
ORGANIZATIONAL EMPHASIS
INDIVIDUAL EMPHASIS
Commanding (Coercive)
Pacesetter
Visionary
(Authoritative)
Affiliative
Democratic
Coaching
EQ Adaptive Ability
Across Styles
Managers as Linking Pins
Middle Management …
“… story of gradual disempowerment in which reasonably healthy, confident and competent people become transformed into anxious, tense, ineffective and self-doubting wrecks.”
Barry Oshry, “Converting Middle Powerlessness to Middle Power,” National Productivity Review
Intervening in the MiddleConceptualizing and Understanding One’s Sphere of InfluenceControllables v. UncontrollablesControlled (Contained) EmpowermentLooking for Opportunities in AmbiguityPursuing “Small Wins”
Source: A.F. Buono & A.J. Nurick, “Intervening in the Middle: Coping Strategies in Mergers and
Acquisitions,” Human Resource Planning, 1992, vol. 15, no. 2.
Lewin’s Force-Field Analysis
Status Quo
Change Drivers
Change Resisters
2-
C
H
A
N
G
I
N
G
1-UNFREEZING
3-REFREEZING
KEY:
Own versus
Induced Forces
Dealing with ResistanceApproachUseAdvantagesDisadvantagesEducation +
CommunicationLack of or inaccurate infoHelps to inform and persuadeTime consuming, especially if many people are involvedParticipation + InvolvementInitiators do not have all info; others have considerable power to resistParticipation leads to commitment; recipient info integrated into change planTime consuming; participators can design inappropriate changeFacilitation + SupportResistance due to adjustment problemsBest way to cope with adjustment issuesCan be time consuming; can still failNegotiationSomeone/group loses out and has power to resistRelatively easy was to avoid problemsCan be expensiveManipulationOther tactics don’t’ workQuick, inexpensiveShort-term utility, can lead to future problemsExplicit + Implicit CoercionSpeed; you have powerSimple, straightforwardShort-term benefits, can be risky; retribution
“Managing” Your Boss
Understand your boss
Goals & Needs Working Style
Strengths & Weaknesses
Understand yourself
Goals & Needs Working Style
Strengths & Weaknesses How you react to your boss?
What do you do to help/hurt your relat ...
MGMT 345
Phase 2 IPBusiness MemoTo:
Warehouse ManagerFrom:[Your Name]Date:February 25, 2015Re:
Effective Supply Chain Design
Enhancing Profitability and Stakeholder Value with Effective Supply Chain Design
Supply Chain Networks
Supply Chain Drivers
Supply Chains and Distribution of Assets and Resources
Supply Chain Visual
Figure 1: The Food Production Chain.(n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/images/food_production_chain_400px.jpg
References
Do not forget to put your references in alphabetical order (vertically, NOT horizontally) by author’s last name, and use only first initials, not first name. If one of your references begins with the word "The," put the rest of the name first and insert a comma, followed by the word The (example – Associated Press, The.).
Author's Last Name, First Initial. (year). Title of article/Internet page. Retrieved from http://complete URL here Do Not end with a period (EXAMPLE OF AN INTERNET SOURCE – IF NO DATE IS GIVEN ON THE INTERNET PAGE USE: (n.d.). IN PLACE OF THE YEAR.)
Author's Last Name, First Initial. (year). Title of book. City, ST: Publisher. (EXAMPLE OF A BOOK)
Author's Last Name, First Initial. (year, Season). Title of article. Magazine Name, 12(8), 27. (EXAMPLE OF A MAGAZINE ARTICLE - Note – only capitalize the proper nouns in the title of the article; capitalize all the words in the magazine name; the 12 is where the volume number goes, the 8 is where the issue number goes, the 27 is where the page number goes.)
Berube, M. S., ed. (1989). The American heritage dictionary. New York: Dell. (EXAMPLE OF A DICTIONARY)
Bird, I. (1973). A lady's life in the Rocky Mountains (Reprint ed.). New York: Ballantine Books. (EXAMPLE OF A BOOK)
Food Production Chain, The. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/images/food_production_chain_400px.jpg
Grant, A. M. & Berry, J. W. (2011). The necessity of others is the mother of invention: Intrinsic and prosocial motivations, perspective taking, and creativity. Academy of Management Journal.54 (1), 73-96. DOI: 10.5465/AMJ.2011.59215085 (EXAMPLE FROM OUR BONUS LIVE CHAT, PLEASE VIEW THE BONUS LIVE CHAT TO SEE HOW TO FORMAT A REFERENCE WHEN RESEARCHING FROM THE CTU LIBRARY, WHICH IS REQUIRED FOR THIS TASK)
Leonard, S. J., & Noel, T. J. (1990). Denver: Mining camp to metropolis. Niwot, CO: University Press of Colorado. (EXAMPLE OF A BOOK)
Morson, B., & Frazier, D. (2000, December 7). For years, brown cloud fouls Denver image [Electronic version]. Denver (Colorado) Rocky Mountain News. Retrieved October 3, 2002, from http://insidedenver.com/millennium/1207stone.shtml (EXAMPLE OF A NEWSPAPER ARTICLE FROM AN ONLINE VERSION OF THE NEWSPAPER)
National Jewish Medical & Research Center. (2001a, January 5). The 'Brown Cloud,' cold-induced asthma, winter allergies and seasonal affective disorder around the corner as winter approaches. Retrieved October 4, 2002, from http://www.njc.org/news/ winter1.html (EXAMPLE OF AN ORGANIZATION ...
MGMT 3720 – Organizational Behavior EXAM 3
(CH. 9, 10, 11, & 12)
Question 1
1.
While discussing their marketing campaign for a new product, the members of the cross-functional team responsible for Carver Inc. realized that a couple of changes relating to their prior plan would be beneficial. The offer of a franchising that had earlier been brushed off by the company head was discussed thoroughly and it was decided that it would be implemented on a trial basis initially, and on full scale if found to work well. From the information provided, it can be concluded that this cross-functional team has a high degree of ________.
Answer
reflexivity
uncertainty
diversity
conformity
demography
Question 2
1.
Max Hiller was recently hired by Sync, a consumer goods company. During his first meeting with the sales team, Max impressed upon his team that work performance is the only criterion he would use to evaluate them. To help them perform well and meet their targets, he pushed his team to work extra hours. He also gave very clear instructions to each member regarding their job responsibilities and continually verified if they were meeting their targets. Which of the following, if true, would weaken Max's approach?
Answer
Sales figures for the region that Max's team is responsible for have improved in the last quarter.
Max is leading many new employees who have joined his team directly after training.
Max's sales team is comprised of independent and experienced employees who are committed to their jobs.
Max's team functions in a sluggish manner and picks up pace only a week or so before the monthly operations cycle meetings.
Max's team does not display high levels of cohesiveness and members fail to coordinate with each other.
Question 3
1.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the effect of group cohesiveness and performance norms on group productivity?
Answer
When both cohesiveness and performance norms are high, productivity will be high.
The productivity of the group is affected by the performance norms but not by the cohesiveness of the group.
If cohesiveness is high and performance norms are low, productivity will be high.
When cohesiveness is low and performance norms are also low, productivity will be high.
If cohesiveness is low and performance norms are high, productivity will be low.
Question 4
1.
Neutralizers make it impossible for leader behavior to make any difference to follower outcomes.
Answer
True
False
Question 5
1.
Communication includes both the transfer and the understanding of meaning.
Answer
True
False
Question 6
1.
According to the path-goal theory, directive leadership is likely to be welcomed and accepted by employees with high ability or considerable experience.
Answer
True
False
Question 7
1.
Before buying her new phone, Gina listed the various requirements her new phone must meet. As a wedding planner, much of her work revolved around usin ...
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MGMT 511
Location Problem
George Heller was so successful in his previous assignment that he was promoted to the coveted position of Infrastructure Manager on the Mergers and Acquisitions Team.
Again Agame has recently acquired a competitive company with a plant and a warehouse in a nearby city. Management has decided to keep the additional warehouse. However, they are unsure if they need to keep the additional manufacturing plant. All products can be manufactured in either plant and shipped from either warehouse. Each plant and each warehouse has sufficient capacity to meet the total forecasted demand individually.
Prepare a report for management with your recommendation. Three possible choices exist. 1) Close the Competitor plant and satisfy all demand from the Again Agame plant; 2) Close the Again Agame plant and satisfy all demand from the Competitor plant; 3)Keep both plants open.
Your recommendation should include a solution for each of the five years in question. Include your calculations and spreadsheets in support of your recommendations.
Sales Forecast (cases)
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Competitor Warehouse (WH1)
15,000,000
20,000,000
26,000,000
34,000,000
44,000,000
Again Agame Warehouse (WH2)
6,000,000
7,000,000
10,000,000
15,000,000
21,000,000
Fixed Costs
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Competitor Plant (P1)
900,000
900,000
900,000
900,000
900,000
Again Agame Plant (P2)
800,000
800,000
800,000
800,000
800,000
Transportation Costs
$1.00 / 1,000 cases / mile
4
Costs -- Both Plant Scenario
20112012201320142015
Transport P1 - WH1
Transport P2 - WH2
Fixed Cost - P1
Fixed Cost - P2
Total
General Info.Infrastructure ExerciseDate: 28/10/97Situation:a) Package -RGBb) Nr. Plants -2c) Nr. WH -2d) Period -5 yearse) Sales Frcst. -DecreasingCapacity MM U/C per Year:Plant 1 -5avg. HK 70 (KS)Plant 2 -3avg. HK 42 (KS)Distance Matrix: (Km)WH1WH2P150600P2600100Diagram:
&A
Page &P
WH2
Franchise 2
Franchise 1
P2
P1
WH1
Sales Frcst.Infrastructure ExerciseDate: 28/10/97Sales Forecast (M U.C)RGB'98'99'00'01'02WH15000.04000.03400.02800.02400.0WH23000.02400.02000.01600.01400.0Obs. Volume is Decreasing 15% per year.
&A
Page &P
CostsInfrastructure ExerciseDate: 28/10/97Transport Costs:0.51,000 cases per KmFixed Costs:900,000P1 = $600,000/year800,000P2 = $500,000/year
&A
Page &P
AnalysisInfrastructure ExerciseDate: 28/10/97Fixed Costs'98'99'00'01'02P1800,000800,000800,000800,000800,000P2700,000700,000700,000700,000700,000Total1,500,0001,500,0001,500,0001,500,0001,500,000Transportation Costs'98'99'00'01'02P1 - WH1125,000100,00085,00070,00060,000P2 - WH2150,000120,000100,00080,00070,000P1 - WH2900,000720,000600,000480,000420,000P2 - WH11,500,0001,200,0001,020,000840,000720,000Total 1275,000220,000185,000150,000130,000(both plants)Total 21,025,000820,000685 ...
MGMT 464From Snowboarders to Lawnmowers Case Study Case An.docxandreecapon
MGMT 464
From Snowboarders to Lawnmowers Case Study
Case Analysis Worksheet #1
Case Analysis Session 1 : Focus on Inspiring a Shared Vision (Principle #2)
Inspiring a shared vision has two main components [1] creating a vision through common purpose, and [2] enlisting or getting people ‘on board’ with the vision.
In your small groups, discuss and document your group’s response to the following questions. Upload your typed document into one of your group member’s D2L dropbox by the assigned due date on your course schedule. Be sure to include on your worksheet all group member names. If present in class, all group members will receive the same grade for this case analysis assignment (maximum 30 pts). Group peer evaluations will be used to determine overall individual group member participation points for both of these case study discussions (maximum 15 pts).
1. In what specific ways did Michael fail and/or succeed in ‘listening deeply’ to his employees?
2. In what specific ways did Michael show that he was not “open to influence?” How would Michael being open to influence have made him more effective, ( i.e., who were the “local experts” and how could he have benefited from them)?
3. When you consider the employees of Bedford Mower as they were before Michael arrived, how would you characterize them in terms of what was personally meaningful to them?
4. When creating his vision for the company, in what specific ways did Michael fail and/or succeed in ‘determining what was meaningful’ to his employees, and what was the impact?
5. What specific mechanisms, or opportunities did Michael have available to him for enlisting others?
6. To what extent did Michael take advantage of these? To what extent were they effective in terms of getting everyone on board with the new vision?
7. In thinking about his attempts to enlist others, in what ways did or didn’t Michael incorporate common ideals into his communication with his employees as it related to the new vision?
8. How successful was Michael in “animating the vision”? How would you characterize him in terms of his use of symbolic language, providing imagery of the future, practicing positive communication, expressing emotion, and speaking from the heart, in his communications to his employees?
9. What would you have done differently with this group of employees in terms of inspiring a shared vision?
Team Leadership Case
From Snowboards to Lawnmowers
Michael Francis, a man in his late 30s, born and raised in Oregon, was an avid snowboarder. He was known among his many friends and associates as a risk-taker, highly intelligent, innovative, a bit of a rebel, but an extremely smart businessman. When he was in his early 20s, he started his own snowboarding company designing and manufacturing what became known as some of the most cutting edge boards available. Having recently married a woman who was raised on the East coast, he decided to sell his company and move to Vermont where h ...
MG345_Lead from Middle.pptLeading from the Middle Exe.docxandreecapon
MG345_Lead from Middle.ppt
Leading from the Middle: Exerting Influence Sideways & Upward
MG345 Organizations & Environment
Tony Buono
Fall 2104
Unfreezing
Changing
Refreezing
Planned
Change
Guided
Changing
Freezing
Rebalancing/
Translating
Unfreezing/
Improvising
Directed
Change
Present
State
Desired
State
Conceptualizing Change Processes
Low
Low
High
High
Business Complexity
Socio-Technical
Uncertainty
Authority
Acceptance
Persuasive Communication
A Question of Rhythm?
Leadership Styles
TASK FOCUS
PEOPLE FOCUS
LEARNING FOCUS
ORGANIZATIONAL EMPHASIS
INDIVIDUAL EMPHASIS
Commanding (Coercive)
Pacesetter
Visionary
(Authoritative)
Affiliative
Democratic
Coaching
EQ Adaptive Ability
Across Styles
Managers as Linking Pins
Middle Management …
“… story of gradual disempowerment in which reasonably healthy, confident and competent people become transformed into anxious, tense, ineffective and self-doubting wrecks.”
Barry Oshry, “Converting Middle Powerlessness to Middle Power,” National Productivity Review
Intervening in the MiddleConceptualizing and Understanding One’s Sphere of InfluenceControllables v. UncontrollablesControlled (Contained) EmpowermentLooking for Opportunities in AmbiguityPursuing “Small Wins”
Source: A.F. Buono & A.J. Nurick, “Intervening in the Middle: Coping Strategies in Mergers and
Acquisitions,” Human Resource Planning, 1992, vol. 15, no. 2.
Lewin’s Force-Field Analysis
Status Quo
Change Drivers
Change Resisters
2-
C
H
A
N
G
I
N
G
1-UNFREEZING
3-REFREEZING
KEY:
Own versus
Induced Forces
Dealing with ResistanceApproachUseAdvantagesDisadvantagesEducation +
CommunicationLack of or inaccurate infoHelps to inform and persuadeTime consuming, especially if many people are involvedParticipation + InvolvementInitiators do not have all info; others have considerable power to resistParticipation leads to commitment; recipient info integrated into change planTime consuming; participators can design inappropriate changeFacilitation + SupportResistance due to adjustment problemsBest way to cope with adjustment issuesCan be time consuming; can still failNegotiationSomeone/group loses out and has power to resistRelatively easy was to avoid problemsCan be expensiveManipulationOther tactics don’t’ workQuick, inexpensiveShort-term utility, can lead to future problemsExplicit + Implicit CoercionSpeed; you have powerSimple, straightforwardShort-term benefits, can be risky; retribution
“Managing” Your Boss
Understand your boss
Goals & Needs Working Style
Strengths & Weaknesses
Understand yourself
Goals & Needs Working Style
Strengths & Weaknesses How you react to your boss?
What do you do to help/hurt your relat ...
MGMT 345
Phase 2 IPBusiness MemoTo:
Warehouse ManagerFrom:[Your Name]Date:February 25, 2015Re:
Effective Supply Chain Design
Enhancing Profitability and Stakeholder Value with Effective Supply Chain Design
Supply Chain Networks
Supply Chain Drivers
Supply Chains and Distribution of Assets and Resources
Supply Chain Visual
Figure 1: The Food Production Chain.(n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/images/food_production_chain_400px.jpg
References
Do not forget to put your references in alphabetical order (vertically, NOT horizontally) by author’s last name, and use only first initials, not first name. If one of your references begins with the word "The," put the rest of the name first and insert a comma, followed by the word The (example – Associated Press, The.).
Author's Last Name, First Initial. (year). Title of article/Internet page. Retrieved from http://complete URL here Do Not end with a period (EXAMPLE OF AN INTERNET SOURCE – IF NO DATE IS GIVEN ON THE INTERNET PAGE USE: (n.d.). IN PLACE OF THE YEAR.)
Author's Last Name, First Initial. (year). Title of book. City, ST: Publisher. (EXAMPLE OF A BOOK)
Author's Last Name, First Initial. (year, Season). Title of article. Magazine Name, 12(8), 27. (EXAMPLE OF A MAGAZINE ARTICLE - Note – only capitalize the proper nouns in the title of the article; capitalize all the words in the magazine name; the 12 is where the volume number goes, the 8 is where the issue number goes, the 27 is where the page number goes.)
Berube, M. S., ed. (1989). The American heritage dictionary. New York: Dell. (EXAMPLE OF A DICTIONARY)
Bird, I. (1973). A lady's life in the Rocky Mountains (Reprint ed.). New York: Ballantine Books. (EXAMPLE OF A BOOK)
Food Production Chain, The. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/images/food_production_chain_400px.jpg
Grant, A. M. & Berry, J. W. (2011). The necessity of others is the mother of invention: Intrinsic and prosocial motivations, perspective taking, and creativity. Academy of Management Journal.54 (1), 73-96. DOI: 10.5465/AMJ.2011.59215085 (EXAMPLE FROM OUR BONUS LIVE CHAT, PLEASE VIEW THE BONUS LIVE CHAT TO SEE HOW TO FORMAT A REFERENCE WHEN RESEARCHING FROM THE CTU LIBRARY, WHICH IS REQUIRED FOR THIS TASK)
Leonard, S. J., & Noel, T. J. (1990). Denver: Mining camp to metropolis. Niwot, CO: University Press of Colorado. (EXAMPLE OF A BOOK)
Morson, B., & Frazier, D. (2000, December 7). For years, brown cloud fouls Denver image [Electronic version]. Denver (Colorado) Rocky Mountain News. Retrieved October 3, 2002, from http://insidedenver.com/millennium/1207stone.shtml (EXAMPLE OF A NEWSPAPER ARTICLE FROM AN ONLINE VERSION OF THE NEWSPAPER)
National Jewish Medical & Research Center. (2001a, January 5). The 'Brown Cloud,' cold-induced asthma, winter allergies and seasonal affective disorder around the corner as winter approaches. Retrieved October 4, 2002, from http://www.njc.org/news/ winter1.html (EXAMPLE OF AN ORGANIZATION ...
MGMT 3720 – Organizational Behavior EXAM 3
(CH. 9, 10, 11, & 12)
Question 1
1.
While discussing their marketing campaign for a new product, the members of the cross-functional team responsible for Carver Inc. realized that a couple of changes relating to their prior plan would be beneficial. The offer of a franchising that had earlier been brushed off by the company head was discussed thoroughly and it was decided that it would be implemented on a trial basis initially, and on full scale if found to work well. From the information provided, it can be concluded that this cross-functional team has a high degree of ________.
Answer
reflexivity
uncertainty
diversity
conformity
demography
Question 2
1.
Max Hiller was recently hired by Sync, a consumer goods company. During his first meeting with the sales team, Max impressed upon his team that work performance is the only criterion he would use to evaluate them. To help them perform well and meet their targets, he pushed his team to work extra hours. He also gave very clear instructions to each member regarding their job responsibilities and continually verified if they were meeting their targets. Which of the following, if true, would weaken Max's approach?
Answer
Sales figures for the region that Max's team is responsible for have improved in the last quarter.
Max is leading many new employees who have joined his team directly after training.
Max's sales team is comprised of independent and experienced employees who are committed to their jobs.
Max's team functions in a sluggish manner and picks up pace only a week or so before the monthly operations cycle meetings.
Max's team does not display high levels of cohesiveness and members fail to coordinate with each other.
Question 3
1.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the effect of group cohesiveness and performance norms on group productivity?
Answer
When both cohesiveness and performance norms are high, productivity will be high.
The productivity of the group is affected by the performance norms but not by the cohesiveness of the group.
If cohesiveness is high and performance norms are low, productivity will be high.
When cohesiveness is low and performance norms are also low, productivity will be high.
If cohesiveness is low and performance norms are high, productivity will be low.
Question 4
1.
Neutralizers make it impossible for leader behavior to make any difference to follower outcomes.
Answer
True
False
Question 5
1.
Communication includes both the transfer and the understanding of meaning.
Answer
True
False
Question 6
1.
According to the path-goal theory, directive leadership is likely to be welcomed and accepted by employees with high ability or considerable experience.
Answer
True
False
Question 7
1.
Before buying her new phone, Gina listed the various requirements her new phone must meet. As a wedding planner, much of her work revolved around usin ...
Mexico, Page 1 Running Head MEXICO’S CULTURAL, ECONOMI.docxandreecapon
Mexico, Page 1
Running Head: MEXICO’S CULTURAL, ECONOMICAL, AND POLITICAL STATE
Mexico’s Cultural, Economical, and Political State
For
Firms Pursuing Business In or With Mexico
By
Kashmala Khan
For
Athena Miklos, Professor
ECN 2025-102947
Tuesdays and Thursdays, 10:00-11:20 AM
College of Southern Maryland
La Plata, Maryland
November 15, 2012
Mexico, Page 2
Summary
Before a firm does business in Mexico it is imperative to understand the achievements
and pitfalls of its cultural, economic, and political forces. Although Mexico has improved
substantially with its technological development, investment policies, foreign exchange policies,
and tariffs, it still has significant pitfalls when it comes to honoring contracts, legal framework,
and enforcing laws.
The cultural forces of Mexico are largely dependent on social structure. Mexicans respect
authority and look to those above them for guidance and decision-making. This makes it
important to know which person is in charge, and leads to an authoritarian approach to decision-
making and problem solving. Since 92.7% of the total population in Mexico speaks Spanish
only, it will be beneficial to learn Spanish or have a translator at hand at all times. Shared culture
makes it easier to market and sell goods and services.
The economic forces in Mexico offer both favorable and unfavorable qualities. Mexico is
currently the second largest export market for U.S. goods. Some of the greatest achievements of
economic forces include physical infrastructures, telecommunication systems, production
capabilities, and technology. The unfavorable qualities of the economic forces include high
employment rate and unskilled labor.
The political forces in Mexico also play a great role in opportunities and pitfalls. The
opportunities include efficient settlements to disputes and reasonable trade regulations and
standards. The pitfalls include wars and terrorism caused by the drug wars and cartels.
There are numerous opportunities for firms in the Textiles and Clothing industry of
Mexico. A firm should be knowledgeable about the cultural differences in Mexican people in
Mexico, Page 3
order to undergo business successfully. A firm should also be aware of the potential profit
Mexico has to offer, as well as the potential problems. To conclude from this research, U.S.
firms should enter the Textiles and Clothing industry in Mexico because there are a lot of
opportunities and the Mexican economy will further expand in the near future.
Mexico, Page 4
Introduction
This paper will review and relay the most recent information regarding Mexico’s cultural,
economic, and political forces. The objective of this paper is to assist firms who are interested in
entering the Textiles and Clothing industry in Mexico by portraying the opportunities, issues,
and pros and cons of doing business in Mexico. Th ...
MGM316-1401B-01Quesadra D. GoodrumClass Discussion Phase2.docxandreecapon
MGM316-1401B-01
Quesadra D. Goodrum
Class Discussion Phase2
Colorado Technical University
Professor: Edmund Winters
4/07/2014
In an ever-changing world, intercultural business communication is one of the most vital aspects of carrying out business in foreign countries. We are set up to fail if we enter into foreign business agreements blindly. In the absence of proper communication skills, cultural awareness comes into play knowing the culture in which we are dealing. All of your concepts you may have grown up with and ideas that you have formed beforehand need to be thrown away and cast to the side. Your concepts and ideas in these business meetings will only be as effective as your communication skills. If your communications skills are weak so will be your presentation of your projected business plan. If I was going to develop a training program on the same, my lesson plan would look as illustrated below:
I. Class Objectives: The goals or objectives for class include understanding how language affects intercultural business communications and learning about different cultures and how they communicate when conducting business activities.
II. Connection to Course Goals: The class’s daily objectives will connect to the overall course goals by dealing with one topic at a time.
III. Anticipatory Set: What is usually involved in intercultural business communication and how should one behave if relocated to foreign countries such as United Arab Emirates, Mexico, China and Israel?
IV. Cultural Awareness
V. High vs. Low Context Cultures
VI. Language: Verbal vs. Non-Verbal
VII. Conversational Taboos
VIII. Interaction: Ethical/Unethical awareness
IX. Conclusion: connecting the objectives
My developed training program will help my students target and grasp the importance of the concepts listed and how they connect to one another. You will need to know a number of things regarding Cultural Awareness, High vs. Low Context Cultures, and Verbal vs. Non-Verbal, Conversational Taboos, and Interaction Ethical/Unethical awareness, and connecting the objectives. “Low context language is where things are fully spelled out or made explicit where there is also considerable dependence on what is actually being said or written (Gibson, 2002).” Western cultures tend to be inclined more toward low context language while Eastern and
Southern cultures are more inclined to use high context language (LeBaron, 2003).“High context language is whereby communicators assume a great deal of commonality of opinions and knowledge so that not much is made explicit (Novinger, 2001).” In other words, communication is in indirect ways. It is of crucial importance for business individuals venturing overseas to learn more about the business culture and etiquette present in countries such as Mexico, China, United Arab Emirates and Israel as they are not the same as the American business culture.
International Business Communication
Understanding other cultures tend to greatly enh ...
METROPOLITAN PLANNING ANDENVIRONMENTAL ISSUESn May 2008, the N.docxandreecapon
This document discusses metropolitan planning and environmental issues, specifically comparing urban development patterns in Europe and the United States. It provides context on sprawl and smart growth initiatives. The key points are:
1) Paul Krugman praised Berlin's public transportation and high-density development but overlooked issues with the city. European cities developed this way due to strong government planning powers over land use.
2) In contrast, the US favors private property rights and minimal government intervention, leading to low-density sprawl dependent on cars.
3) "Smart growth" aims to curb sprawl through incentives, farmland preservation, and clustered development served by public transit. However, giving planners more control is difficult in the
Methods of Moral Decision Making REL 330 Christian Moralit.docxandreecapon
Methods of Moral Decision Making
REL 330 Christian Morality
Acquisition of Christian Based Ethical Truth comes from:
1. Written Revelation – the Bible
2. Natural Law
· Human reason is capable of divine ethical truth.
· Human kind made in the image of God is therefore capable of understanding ethical standards revealed in nature.
· Natural tendency for self-preservation, avoidance of pain, defense of children.
3. The Church - A. Narrative component : Stories and images,
B. Normative component: Rules/guidelines
C. Church functions to assist with character development by teaching,
through community, and imagination (raises to new acute awareness &
understanding)
How we decide is a matter of style:
Rule-Based or Deontological Theories of Ethics (Rule or duty based)
A. Divine Command/Absolutism –
Our behavior, actions and moral decisions are based on God’s will.
How do we determine the will of God?
Based on our experience of God and our understanding of the nature of
God.
God is good. We need an understanding of what the Good is.
Do we follow God’s command out of fear or out of love?
Which is more important the rule or the intention?
The problem with moral decision making arises when in a particular situation one needs to choose between protecting one’s own life and the life of another. Complex situations in our nuclear age make it difficult to determine the greater good or the lesser of two evils in many cases.
B. Immanuel Kant’s “Categorical Imperative” - another of the deontological or rule based theories of ethics that may help in ethical reasoning-
His theory states “Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law.” Also persons are not to be a means to an end. (Immanuel Kant, Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, 1785; cited in Rachels, 115)
C. Social Contract Theories- a belief that moral judgments are simply conventions determined by a particular society. How this works is evident in the “Peace Child.”
D. Critical Realism- is a method thatasserts that our knowledge of the world refers to the-way-things-really-are, but in a partial fashion which will necessarily be revised as that knowledge develops. Critical Realism attempts to find the real good through dialogue and reason between the ideal rule or norm and the reality of the present world.
Teleological or goal-based theories of Ethical Reasoning- (Also known as consequentialism)
A. Ethical Egoism- a moral act is what benefits me.
B. Utilitarianism- a moral act is what causes the greatest amount of happiness for the most people concerned, i.e.,
· Right actions are those with best consequences.
· In assessing “best consequences” the amount of happiness or unhappiness caused is the only relevant consideration.
· Each person’s welfare is equally important
C. Emotivism- moral judgments ar ...
METHODS TO STOP DIFFERENT CYBER CRIMES .docxandreecapon
METHODS TO STOP DIFFERENT CYBER CRIMES 1
Methods to Stop Different Cyber Crimes
People must be well-informed regarding internet scams and certain vulnerabilities, which permit them to occur sooner or later. With education, they will be in a situation to help in prevention of such scams successfully (Hynson, 2012). It is imperative for people to be familiar with attempts of cybercrimes and to comprehend correct solutions in internet practices and solutions. People will learn with education how to put into practice proper security protocols. When they develop into social media savvy people and when they learn how to safe guard their computer devices, cybercriminals will encounter multiple layers of security, which will limit their illegal activities substantially.
Firewalls have the capability to protect users and their network devices against cyber criminals in the first instance of a attempted breach (Lehto,2013). A firewall monitors the interchange between a local network or the internet and a user’s computer. The firewall should be enabled through the security software or a router. Cybercriminals will be unable to use the interchange traffic to install malware, which is intended to compromise the user’s network and computer. If more people would use firewalls, hackers would be at a chief disadvantage due to being unable to navigate deeper into a system to obtain sensitive information and eventually, cybercrime would be lessened for a time.
Users need to analyze their operating and online systems continually so they can resolve vulnerabilities (Hynson, 2012). Internal accounting information or protocols, which lead to financial information or bank statements, should be checked on a regular basis in order to recognize the risks and mitigate them accordingly. It is very difficult for people to curb the flow of cybercrimes if they are ignorant of the risks in which they face or the weaknesses, which exist within their systems.
One successful way of slowing the actions of cyber criminals is by acting like them. This requires law enforcement agencies such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to assign special undercover agents to gain access to clubs or groups of cyber criminals so they can investigate their steps (Hynson, 2012). The investigation method will become more effective by identifying the source of the problem and in developing a stronger strategy to cripple the efforts of the criminals.
Cyber criminals can hack into systems without difficulty when they encounter uncomplicated passwords. Users should use passwords with at least 10 or more characters so they can amplify the complexity of logging into the computer system (Lehto, 2013). It also helps top add in capital letters and special characters to increase the complexity of a password. In addition, different accounts should have dissimilar ID’s or password combinations to avoid giving hackers ac ...
Mexico The Third War Security Weekly Wednesday, February 18.docxandreecapon
Mexico: The Third War
Security Weekly Wednesday, February 18, 2009 - 13:23 Print Text Size
By Fred Burton and Scott Stewart
Mexico has pretty much always been a rough-and
-tumble place. In recent years, however, the
security environment has deteriorated rapidly, and
parts of the country have become incredibly
violent. It is now common to see military
weaponry such as fragmentation grenades and
assault rifles used almost daily in attacks.
In fact, just last week we noted two separate
strings of grenade attacks directed against police
in Durango and Michoacan states. In the
Michoacan incident, police in Uruapan and Lazaro Cardenas were targeted by three grenade attacks during a 12-hour period.
Then on Feb. 17, a major firefight occurred just across the border from the United States in Reynosa, when Mexican
authorities attempted to apprehend several armed men seen riding in a vehicle. The men fled to a nearby residence and
engaged the pursuing police with gunfire, hand grenades and rocket-propelled grenades (RPGs). After the incident, in which
five cartel gunmen were killed and several gunmen, cops, soldiers and civilians were wounded, authorities recovered a 60 mm
mortar, five RPG rounds and two fragmentation grenades.
Make no mistake, considering the military weapons now being used in Mexico and the number of deaths involved, the country
is in the middle of a war. In fact, there are actually three concurrent wars being waged in Mexico involving the Mexican drug
cartels. The first is the battle being waged among the various Mexican drug cartels seeking control over lucrative smuggling
corridors, called plazas. One such battleground is Ciudad Juarez, which provides access to the Interstate 10, Interstate 20 and
Interstate 25 corridors inside the United States. The second battle is being fought between the various cartels and the Mexican
government forces who are seeking to interrupt smuggling operations, curb violence and bring the cartel members to justice.
Then there is a third war being waged in Mexico, though because of its nature it is a bit more subdued. It does not get the
same degree of international media attention generated by the running gun battles and grenade and RPG attacks. However, it
is no less real, and in many ways it is more dangerous to innocent civilians (as well as foreign tourists and business travelers)
than the pitched battles between the cartels and the Mexican government. This third war is the war being waged on the
Mexican population by criminals who may or may not be involved with the cartels. Unlike the other battles, where cartel
members or government forces are the primary targets and civilians are only killed as collateral damage, on this battlefront,
civilians are squarely in the crosshairs.
The Criminal Front
There are many different shapes and sizes of criminal gangs in Mexico. While many of them are in some way related to the
drug cartels, others have various types of c ...
Mercy College Principles of Management
Professor Tormey
Shadow-A-Company Term Project
The EXACT POWERPOINT sequence or order for your report should be as follows:
1. The Company’s Name
2. The Company’s Logo
3. The Company’s Mission Statement
4. Is the company living up to its stated objectives
5. What additional businesses should this company possibly explore entering?
6. The Company’s three (3) main competitors
7. A picture of, and the name of, the following: the Chairman, the President, the CEO and the CFO
8. The Stock Symbol and Exchange that it is traded on
9. The company’s recent stock price
10. The number of company employees worldwide
11. The location of the company’s corporate headquarters (city/state only)
12. The company’s yearly sales for 2012 in billions of dollars
13. The company’s yearly profit for 2012 in millions/billions of dollars
14. The company’s…STRENGTHS
15. The company’s…WEAKNESSES
16. The company’s…OPPORTUNITIES
17. The company’s…THREATS
18. Several of the company’s STAR product’s and or division’s
19. Several of the company’s CASH COW product’s and or division’s
20. The company’s QUESTION MARK’S product’s and or division’s
21. The company’s DOG product’s and or division’s
22. IMPORTANTLY… a statement from EACH student of exactly what each of you have learned while completing this research project
Shadow-A-Company Analysis
A process by which a student evaluates the products and businesses making up their assigned company.
Portfolio AnalysisPurpose of portfolio analysis:
Resources are directed toward more profitable businesses while weaker ones are phased out or dropped.Standard portfolio analysis evaluates SBUs on two important dimensions:
Attractiveness of SBU’s market or industry.
Strength of SBU’s position within that market or industry.
Figure 2.2:
The BCG Growth-Share Matrix
BCG Growth-Share MatrixStars: High-share of high-growth market.
Strategy: Build into cash cow via investment.Cash cows: High-share of low-growth market.
Strategies: Maintain or harvest for cash to build STARS.Question marks: Low-share of high-growth market.
Strategies: Build into STAR via investment OR reallocate funding and let slip into DOG status.Dogs: Low-share of low-growth market.
Strategies: Maintain or divest.
Figure 2.7:
SWOT Analysis
Mercy College Principles of Management
Professor Tormey
Shadow-A-Company Term Project
Each student will be assigned a specific company to closely monitor and study throughout the duration of the semester.
On our final class meeting date, you will be required to s ...
MGMT 301 EOY Group” Case Study and Power Point Presentation G.docxandreecapon
MGMT 301 EOY “Group” Case Study and Power Point Presentation Grade Sheet-
Group Name: _____________________________ Time of class__________________
Total Paper should be 8-10 pages in length- this includes preliminary or prefatory section
No indentations for paragraphs- single spacing with double spacing in-between paragraphs
APA citations need to be used as your guide for citing reference material!
Preliminary or prefatory section- (this section has different page numbering, ii,iii,etc)
Title Page
Page ii-Table of Contents/ and List of Illustrations/Figures/Tables (10 points) ________
Page iii- Executive Summary- use bullets/ and bold headings (10 points) ________
Body of Paper and Analysis of Case Study and Questions and Answers – (starts w/page 1)
Page 1- Introduction- Starts on Page 1 and is at least ¼ to ½ page (5 points) ________
Page Numbering- After Introduction start your research paper…
Body of paper should be 5-8 pages in length
Research used in your paper
You will need to use at least “Five” different research cites! (50 points)________
You need to include “Five” different areas of analysis
Example: Motivation, Communication, Leadership, etc. (Chapters from your book)
Two Charts or Graphs in body of paper (5 points each) (10 points)________
They both need to be properly cited! (Heading)( Figure 1 or 2)(Source: citation)
Recommendation/Conclusion – (10 points)________
Reference Page- cite all you references on a separate sheet (5 points)________
100 POINTS TOTAL_________________
Points to be deducted in each category:
Poor: Headings, Sub-Heading or lack of Bold Headings (5 points)_________
Poor: Grammar- Sentence Structure - Formatting of Paragraphs (5 points)_________
Poor: Citation of your research material (10 points)_________
WRITTEN PAPERWORTH 100 POINTS TOTAL _______________
Power point Presentation - NOT MORE THAN 10 MINUTES!- Please do voice-over or camera
(Call eCampus or Tech-help or blackboard for assistance with your power point presentation)
Appropriate Business Attire for Presentation--points will be taken off for poor attire
Was there an opening statement? (10 points) ________
Clear - Easy to read - Eye appealing (10 points) ________
Not more than 7 lines per slide and 7 words in a line on a slide
Did you engage your audience?
Voice, clarity, clarity, volume, speed, poise and confidence (10 points) ________
Two graphs in your presentation- must be cited correctly (10 points)________
Was there a conclusion slide and statement? (10 points__________
Points will be taken off if:
Speed of presentation, (too fast or too slow) (up to 5 points) ________
“UHMS” and “H’S” – (1 point for every 10)________
POWER POINTWORTH 50 POINTS TOTAL________
ENTIRE PAPERWORTH 150 POINTS TOTAL__________
CASE
3 Building a Coali ...
MGMT 464New Manager’s Case Study Case Analysis Worksheet #.docxandreecapon
MGMT 464
New Manager’s Case Study
Case Analysis Worksheet #2
Team Case Analysis Session 2: Enable Others To Act (Principle # 4)
Enabling others to act has two main components [1] fostering collaboration, and [2] strengthening others.
In your small groups, discuss and document your group’s response to the following questions. Upload your typed document into one of your group member’s D2L dropbox by the assigned due date on your course schedule. Be sure to include on your worksheet all group member names. If present in class, all group members will receive the same grade for this case analysis assignment (maximum 30 pts). Group peer evaluations will be used to determine overall individual group member participation points for both these case discussions (maximum 15 pts).
1. In what specific ways did Mark create a climate of distrust?
2. In what ways did Mark fail to “set the example” in his work role? What was the impact of his failure to be a good role model for his employees?
3. What type of relevant information and resources did he not share with his employees? What was the impact?
4. In what ways had the former supervisor built his employees’ sense of competence? How did Mark later undermine the employees’ sense of competence?
5. In what ways did the employees demonstrate accountability before Mark took over?
6. What kind of expectations of his employees did Mark communicate, and how did this become a self-fulfilling prophecy (The Pygmalion Effect)?
7. What employee obstacles were apparent in the case that Mark ignored? What actions could he have taken to remove these obstacles?
8. In what sense did the employees have a sense of job meaning and impact before Mark arrived? How did Mark’s actions lead to a decreased sense of job meaning and impact for the employees?
9. What would you have done differently with this group of employees in terms of empowerment and fostering collaboration?
Problems: Answer each question
1. A quality control expert is called in to determine whether a newly installed machine is meeting quality standards in producing a particular cotton cloth according to the specifications set by the manufacturer. The mean warp-breaking strength of this particular cotton cloth has been established to be 66 pounds. A random sample of 36 pieces of cotton cloth is obtained from a production run on this machine. The results of the sample reveal a mean warp-breaking strength of 64.5 pounds and a standard deviation of 5 pounds. Can the quality control expert make the decision that the cotton produced on the new machine meets the warp-breaking specification of the manufacturer at the .05 level of significance?
2. The personnel director of a large insurance company is interested in reducing the turnover rate of data processing clerks in the first year of employment. Past records indicate that 25% of all new hires in this area are no longer employed at the end of one year. Extensive new training approaches are im ...
META-INF/MANIFEST.MF
Manifest-Version: 1.0
.classpath
PriorityQueue.classpublicsynchronizedclass PriorityQueue {
Heap q;
public void PriorityQueue(int, java.util.Comparator);
public Object peek();
public Object remove();
void add(Object);
boolean isEmpty();
public int size();
}
PriorityQueue.javaPriorityQueue.javaimport java.util.Comparator;
publicclassPriorityQueue<E>{
Heap q;
/**
*PriorityQueue initializes the queue.
*
* @param initialCapacity an int that is the heaps initial size.
* @param comparator the priority of various imputs.
*/
publicPriorityQueue(int initialCapacity,Comparator<?super E> comparator){
q=newHeap(initialCapacity,comparator);
}
/**
* Peek, returns the next item in the queue without removing it.
*
* If it is empty then null is returned.
* @return the next item in the queue.
*/
public E peek(){
if(q.size()==0){
returnnull;
}
return(E) q.findMax();
}
/**
* This removes the first item from the queue.
*
* It returns null if the queue is empty.
* @return the first item in the queue.
*/
public E remove(){
if(q.size()==0){
returnnull;
}
return(E) q.removeMax();
}
/**
* This adds item to the queue
* @param item that is added to the queue.
*/
void add(E item){
q.insert(item);
}
/**
* isEmpty returns if the queue is empty or not.
*
* @return boolean if the queue is empty or not.
*/
boolean isEmpty(){
if(q.size()!=0){
returnfalse;
}
returntrue;
}
/**
* size returns the size of the queue.
*
* @return int the size of the queue.
*/
publicint size(){
return q.size();
}
}
ArithmeticExpression.classpublicsynchronizedclass ArithmeticExpression {
BinaryTree t;
java.util.ArrayList list;
String equation;
void ArithmeticExpression(String) throws java.text.ParseException;
public String toString(BinaryTree);
public String toPostfixString(BinaryTree);
void setVariable(String, int) throws java.rmi.NotBoundException;
public int evaluate(BinaryTree);
}
ArithmeticExpression.javaArithmeticExpression.javaimport java.rmi.NotBoundException;
import java.text.ParseException;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Stack;
/**
* ArithmeticExpression takes equations in the form of strings creates a binary
* tree, and can return either the regular or postfix equation. It also allows
* them to be calculated.
*
*
* Extra Credit:
* ** it can handle spaces or no spaces in the string inputted. ** it can return
* regular or postfix notation
*
* @author tai-lanhirabayashi
*
*/
publicclassArithmeticExpression{
BinaryTree t;
ArrayList list;
String equation;
/**
* ArithmeticExpression is the construction which takes in a space
* delimitated equation containing "*,/,+,-" symbols and converts it into a
* binary tree.
*
* If the expression is not valid it will throw a ParseException. This is ...
Menu Management Options· · APRN504 - 5886 - HEALTH POLICY .docxandreecapon
Menu Management Options
·
·
APRN504 - 5886 - HEALTH POLICY AND LEADERSHIP - Spring2016
· Home Page
· Announcements
· Syllabus
· Discussions
· Weekly news update
· Assignments
· Sign up Wiki
· Writing Information
· Groups
· Week One
· PowerPoint Week #1
· PowerPoints Week #1
· Week Two: Information
· Week Three
· PowerPoint:Week #3 Policy
· PowerPoint-Communication
· PowerPoint: SS
· Week Four
· PowerPoint: Finances
· PowerPoint-Ethics
· Week Five
· Week Six
· Week Seven
· Week Eight
· PowerPoint: Lobbying
· Week Nine
· PowerPoint:Workplace
· Week Ten
· Week Eleven
· PowerPoint:Centers
· PP: Putting it Together
· Week Twelve
· Week Thirteen
· Week Fourteen
· Week Fifteen
· APA Links
· Help
· Tools
PowerPoint Week #1
Top of Form
Bottom of Form
Content
·
Social Determinants of Health
·
One view of the ACA
·
Another view of ACA
Remember South Carolina did NOT take the Medicaid expansion.
·
South Carolina and Medicaid
·
The IOM and Nursing
· Nursing and Politics
·
Mentoring
·
The Difference in Political Philosophy
·
Policy Process
GRADING RUBRICS:
Journals: The Journals should be a synopsis of ALL your required readings and PowerPoints. These papers are three to six pages long and include a reference page. Tell me what you learned. Failure to cover any aspect of the information will result is loss of points. APA format is required so remember your title page. The required APA textbook has examples from pages 41-59. Spelling and grammar issues will result in loss of points. Late Submissions: Minus 10 points/day.
Forum: Discussion Board
Organize Forum Threads on this page and apply settings to several or all threads. Threads are listed in a tabular format. The Threads can be sorted by clicking the column title or the caret at the top of each column. More Help
Content
Top of Form
This is a 'post-first' discussion forum.
There are currently 18 threads in this forum. Join the conversation by creating a thread!
Create Thread
Forum Description
Introduce yourself. Tell us your background and what track you are currently in. Have you had any experience with politics, leadership or political events? What do you hope to gain from this course? What are your concerns about taking a hybid course? What do you wish other people knew about you? Where do you hope to be five years from now? What has been your experience in a Political Group (ANA, SCNA, ANCC, ACNP, SCMA, Republican Party, Democratic Party, etc) and the role they play in politics? Inform us of what district you live in, who is your current represenative and senator for your district. A meaningful response to two classmates and facilitation of a dialog is an expectation for the discussion board. You can not post "I agree" or "I disagree". A discussion is like a ball being tossed back and forth. If you ask questions of your classmates you facilitate dialog. The discussion Boards are open for two weeks and close on Sundays at 11:59 pm. Do not wait until the last minute to post becaus ...
MGMT 673 Problem Set 51. For each of the following economic cond.docxandreecapon
MGMT 673 Problem Set 5
1. For each of the following economic conditions, place an X in the table to indicate the appropriate range in the Aggregate Supply Curve
Condition
Keynesian
Intermediate
Classical
Unemployment is above the historical average
The nation’s factories are running at capacity
Any increase in GDP will be accompanied by high inflation
The nation is suffering through a severe recession
A mid-point in the business cycle expansion phase
GDP can increase without an increase in the Price Index
2. Many exogenous factors can cause a shift in the Aggregate Supply Curve. For each of the following factors, place an X in the table to indicate how the AS curve would shift.
Factor
AS shift right
(increase in AS)
AS shift left
(decrease in AS)
World oil prices increase substantially
Environmental Protection Agency enacts broad pollution restrictions
Business taxes are reduced
Internal combustion engine fuel efficiencies are greatly increased
Adverse winter weather persists for months more the normal
New restrictions slow immigration
Federal minimum wage is increased by 30%
3. Earlier we learned that Demand, which we now call Aggregate Demand, is comprised of 4 components: Consumption (C), Investment (I), Government spending (G), and Net Exports (NE). Any exogenous factor that increases any of the component(s) will also increase Aggregate Demand. For each of the following, place an X to indicate the component affected and an R (increase) or and L (decrease) to show whether the AD curve shifts Right or Left. Consider only the primary effect.
Factor
C
I
G
NE
R or L
Real interest rate decreases
Consumers and executives become more confident in the economic future
The stock market rises
China’s economic growth slows
Congress increases spending for in the current fiscal year
Tariffs are imposed by many countries to protect domestic employment
The US Import/Export bank eliminates guarantees for loans to foreign airlines to purchase Boeing aircraft
Congress enacts tax incentives for firms purchasing new equipment and facilities
4. For each of the following government economic actions, place an X in the table to indicate whether the action is fiscal or monetary policy.
Action
Monetary
Fiscal
Taxes are increased on the wealthiest 1% of households
The Fed purchases Mortgage-backed securities (MBS)
The US Treasury borrows money to finance increased government spending
The federal government provides a rebate to first time home buyers
The President signs and enacts the Affordable Care Act
The Fed promises to keep interest rates near zero for an extended time
5. For each of the following government actions, insert the original and shifted AD curve. Insert an arrow to show the shift in the AD curve. Here’s an example:
GDP
Price
Index
Real GDP
AS
a. While in a steep recession, the federal government enacts a stimulus program of increased spending and r ...
Mental Illness Stigma and the Fundamental Components ofSuppo.docxandreecapon
Mental Illness Stigma and the Fundamental Components of
Supported Employment
Patrick W. Corrigan, Jonathon E. Larson, and Sachiko A. Kuwabara
Illinois Institute of Psychology
Purpose/Objective: The success of supported employment programs will partly depend on the endorse-
ment of stigma in communities in which the programs operate. In this article, the authors examine 2
models of stigma—responsibility attribution and dangerousness—and their relationships to components
of supported employment—help getting a job and help keeping a job. Research Method/Design: A
stratified and randomly recruited sample (N � 815) completed responses to a vignette about “Chris,” a
person alternately described with mental illness, with drug addiction, or in a wheelchair. Research
participants completed items that represented responsibility and dangerousness models. They also
completed items representing 2 fundamental aspects of supported employment: help getting a job or help
keeping a job. Results: When participants viewed Chris as responsible for his condition (e.g., mental
illness), they reacted to him in an angry manner, which in turn led to lesser endorsement of the 2 aspects
of supported employment. In addition, people who viewed Chris as dangerous feared him and wanted to
stay away from him, even in settings where people with mental illness might work. Conclusions/
Implications: Implications for understanding supported employment are discussed.
Keywords: stigma, supported employment, discrimination
The disabilities of serious mental illness can block people from
obtaining important life goals, including a good job. Several kinds
of vocational rehabilitation programs have emerged to address
work-related disabilities. Some of these approaches are known as
train-place strategies (Corrigan & McCracken, 2005). Through an
education-based strategy, in train-place programs, participants
must learn prevocational and work readiness skills before they are
placed in work settings. These work settings are often sheltered;
that is, the job is “owned” by a rehabilitation agency, which can
protect participants from stressors (Corrigan, 2001). Alternatively,
supported employment is place-train in orientation. People are
placed in real-world work and subsequently provided training and
support to address problems as they emerge, thereby helping a
person to maintain a regular job. The latter group has dominated
recent supported employment models for people with psychiatric
disabilities (Bond et al., 2001; Bond, Becker, Drake, & Vogler, 1997).
Some forms of supported employment recommend rapid placement
of people in work settings of interest to them (Becker & Drake, 2003).
Unlike train-place programs, supported employment does not
try to protect people with disabilities from the work world (Cor-
rigan, 2001; Corrigan & McCracken, 2005). Instead, providers
offer direct support in vivo. This kind of approach is more suc-
cessful in communities where the intent of supported ...
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
RHEOLOGY Physical pharmaceutics-II notes for B.pharm 4th sem students
Mental Illness andCognitive DisordersC H A P T E RLe.docx
1. Mental Illness and
Cognitive Disorders
C H A P T E R
Learning Objectives
After studying this chapter, you should be able to
■ Describe the warning signs of mental illness
■ Identify signs, symptoms, etiology, and treatment of the
following:
• Developmental disorders
• Disruptive behavior disorders
• Mood disorders
• Substance use disorders
• Schizophrenia
• Anxiety disorders
• Eating disorders
• Personality disorders
■ Recognize environmental, genetic, and biological factors
associated
2. with mental illness
■ Describe diagnostic approaches for mental illness
■ Identify the warning signs of suicide
14
Mental illness is a weakness of
character.
Fiction:Mental illness has
physical and/or biological
causes, just as do the diseases
of the other systems discussed
in this text. For every 100 peo-
ple born, one ends up with
schizophrenia, one develops
bipolar disorder, and 20 experi-
ence some form of depression.
Heredity may account for as
much as 80% of the risk for
these illnesses.
Fact or
Fiction?
PET scans of Alzheimer’s suf-
ferer’s brain. (Getty Images,
Inc.)
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4. this, remember that until recently this disorder and many mental
ill-
nesses were misunderstood. Prior to the twentieth century,
mental
illnesses were primarily attributed to human fault and hostility,
magic, or divine forces. The mentally ill were treated by
confinement
in prisons and asylums. Reforms in the treatment of the
mentally ill
started after the French Revolution with Franz Mesmer, an
Austrian
physician, who established rapport with patients. Emil
Kraepelin
began the modern classification of psychiatry in the nineteenth
cen-
tury. Modern psychiatry, founded in the twentieth century by
Sig-
mund Freud, is credited with a comprehensive approach to
under-
standing development, emotion, behavior, and psychiatric
illness.
Psychological theory, treatment options, and scientific
advancements
continue to evolve, contributing to further understanding of the
bio-
logical, chemical, environmental, social, and behavioral
mechanisms
of mental illness.
Disease Chronicle
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6. drawn from society. Warning signs of mental ill-
ness are listed in Box 14–1 �.
Over 200 psychiatric diagnoses for adults
and children are categorized in the Diagnostic
and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, or
DSM. The DSM-IV is the most recent edition
and is used internationally to classify, assess,
and guide treatment for mental illness. Because
it is difficult to provide a single definition that
accounts for all mental illness, disorders are
categorized in the DSM-IV according to groups
of symptoms or diagnostic criteria. Psychiatric
disorders are assigned a diagnosis in one of five
▼
axes, and each axis is a grouping of develop-
mental, medical, psychosocial, and overall
adaptive disorders (Box 14–2 �). All DSM-IV di-
agnoses require evidence that the symptoms
impair academic achievement, occupational
performance, and social relationships.
Causes of Mental Illness
Biological Basis for Mental Illness
Current biological theories of mental illness
implicate anatomical differences, genes, and
chemical messengers or neurotransmitters in
mental illness. Anatomical differences such as
brain size and altered neural connections de-
velop from physical insults to the brain, degen-
erative processes, and genes. Genes within the
brain’s DNA are inherited from both parents
and contain all the necessary information to
7. build the structures that mediate the special-
ized function of neurotransmitters.
Neurotransmitters are produced, stored, and
released from neurons, or nerves cells, within the
central and peripheral nervous system. Volun-
tary and involuntary physical and psychological
processes, such as heart rate and blood pres-
sure, behavior, emotions, mood, sleep, and sex
drive, are regulated by intricate neurotransmit-
ter activity. Inadequate regulation of neuro-
transmitters and excess neurotransmitter activ-
▼
Box 14–1 � Warning Signs of Mental
Illness
• Aggression
• Changes in eating or sleeping habits
• Confusion
• Decline in school or work performance
• Depression
• Euphoria alternating with depression
• Excessive fear
• Frequent complaints of physical illnesses
• Hearing voices
• Substance abuse
• Thoughts of suicide
• Withdrawal from family and friends
Source: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual Text Revision IV.
American Psychiatric Association, 2000.
Box 14–2 � The Five-Axis System
of Psychiatric Diagnoses
9. neurotransmitters and their associated mental
illnesses are listed in Table 14–1 �.
Environment and Mental Illness
Environmental causes of mental illness have in-
formed the diagnosis and treatment of mental
illness for many years. Family interactions, age,
gender, race, culture, and socioeconomic status
alter biological and psychological vulnerability
for mental illness and define learned behaviors,
attitudes, and perception of health and illness.
Age and gender are determining factors for
some mental health problems and illnesses. Mood
disorders such as depression, anxiety disorders,
and eating disorders occur more frequently in
women, whereas disorders with outwardly di-
rected behaviors such as antisocial personality
disorder and associated substance abuse are
more common in males. Attention deficit hyperac-
tivity disorder (ADHD) is a development behav-
ioral disorder that appears more commonly in
males prior to the age of 7 years. Degenerative
disorders involving memory and dementia, such
as Alzheimer’s disease and Huntington’s chorea,
occur most commonly among older adults.
Mental illness affects all cultures, races, and
socioeconomic classes. Access to medical care
and acceptance of psychiatric illness is also in-
fluenced by race, cultural beliefs, and socioeco-
nomic status. The highest rates of mental illness
are found among the lowest socioeconomic
classes, which are associated with adverse living
conditions, increased social stress, and limited
10. access to medical and psychiatric care.
Mental Illness in Children
and Adolescents
Mental illness in childhood can have far-reach-
ing academic, social, developmental, and physi-
cal consequences. Common complications of
childhood-onset mental illness include learning
delays and poor performance in school, low self-
esteem, impaired relationships with family and
friends, and social rejection and withdrawal.
Although many psychiatric disorders begin in
childhood, they may not be diagnosed until
adulthood. In the United States, about 20% of
children and adolescents have a mental disorder.
Table 14–1 � Neurotransmitters, Regulatory Actions, and
Associated Psychiatric
Disorders
Neurotransmitter Regulatory Action Mental Illness
Dopamine Mood, behavior, thought process, muscle
movement, physical activity, heart rate, blood
pressure, feeding, appetite, satiety
Schizophrenia, depression, ADHD, bipolar
disorder, eating disorder, autism, Tourette
syndrome
Norepinephrine Mood, anxiety, vigilance, arousal, heart rate,
blood pressure
Depression, anxiety disorders, ADHD, bipo-
lar disorder
11. Serotonin Perception of pain, feeding, sleep–wake cycle,
motor activity, sexual behavior, temperature
regulation
Depression, aggression, suicidality, bipolar
disorder, eating disorders
Acetylcholine Learning, memory, muscle tone Alzheimer’s
disease, Parkinson’s disease,
Huntington’s chorea, Tourette syndrome
Gamma aminobutyric
acid (GABA)
Interacts with a wide range of neurotransmit-
ters to enhance inhibition
Anxiety disorders, alcoholism, Tourette syn-
drome, sleep disorders
Source: Kaplan, G. B. and Hammer R. P. Brain Circuitry and
Signaling in Psychiatry: Basic Science and Clinical
Applications. American
Psychiatric Association, 2002.
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13. events can help form a diagnosis. Observation
of the patient alone or within a family environ-
ment is used to assess emotional responses,
physical appearance and reactions, speech and
language abilities, clinical estimate of intelli-
gence, and level of judgment and insight. A
number of standardized questionnaires and rat-
ing scales supplement the clinical evaluation by
providing a systematic review and standard
score to describe behaviors and emotions.
Disorders of Infancy,
Childhood, or Adolescence
Disruptive Behavior Disorders
Disruptive behavior disorders, including conduct
disorder and oppositional defiant disorder, are char-
acterized by willful disobedience. Conduct disor-
ders affect males more often than females and
commonly overlap with other psychiatric disor-
ders. A single cause cannot be identified; how-
ever, many of these children come from unstable
or dysfunctional families and are exposed to do-
mestic violence, poverty, and shifting parental fig-
ures. The risk for disruptive behavior disorders
increases with inconsistent parenting and puni-
▼
▼
tive disciplinary techniques, parental alcohol and
drug abuse, and parental antisocial personality
disorder. Harsh parental discipline with physical
punishment appears to lead to aggressive behav-
ior; however, genetic heritability of antisocial and
aggressive behaviors has been identified.
14. Signs include defiance of authority, fighting,
school failure, and destruction of property. Dur-
ing adolescence, fire setting, theft, sexual pro-
miscuity, and criminal behaviors may develop.
Treatment involves individual and family coun-
seling as well as medication if appropriate.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is
characterized by prominent symptoms of inatten-
tion and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity. ADHD
affects males more often than females and per-
sists into adolescence and adulthood. The cause
is unknown, but family and twin studies provide
evidence of genetic susceptibility, and molecular
DNA studies implicate the role of genes in ADHD.
Imaging techniques show anatomic and meta-
bolic differences in the brains of ADHD subjects
compared to non-ADHD subjects.
The DSM-IV defines three subtypes of ADHD:
predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyper-
active-impulsive, and combined inattentive, hy-
peractive, and impulsive. Children with the inat-
tentive subtype tend to be described as “spacey”
and socially withdrawn, and they have fewer con-
duct and behavioral problems than the hyperac-
tive-impulsive subtype. The term ADD (attention
deficit disorder) was once used to describe chil-
dren with these symptoms, but ADD is no longer
a DSM diagnosis. Even so, at times ADD is still
used informally today to describe children with
the predominantly inattentive subtype of ADHD.
Hyperactive ADHD children tend to run around
excessively, fidget, and have difficulty playing or
16. effectively treated with stimulant medications.
Stimulant medications are the oldest and most
established pharmacological agents in children
with ADHD (Table 14–3 �). Behavior therapy can
Table 14–2 � Clinical Specialists in Treatment and Diagnosis
of ADHD
Clinical Specialty Can Diagnose
Can Prescribe
Medication If Needed
Provides Counseling
or Training
Psychiatrists Yes Yes Yes
Psychologists Yes No Yes
Pediatricians or Family Physicians Yes Yes No
Neurologists Yes Yes No
Clinical Social Workers Yes No Yes
Source: National Institutes of Mental Health: www.nimh.org
Table 14–3 � Medications Used in Treatment of ADHD
Trade Name Generic Name Approved Age
Adderall amphetamine 3 and older
Concerta (long acting) methylphenidate 6 and older
Cylert* pemoline 6 and older
17. Dexedrine dextroamphetamine 3 and older
Dextrostat dextroamphetamine 3 and older
Focalin dexmethylphenidate 6 and older
Metadate ER (extended release) methylphenidate 6 and older
Metadate CD (extended release) methylphenidate 6 and older
Ritalin methylphenidate 6 and older
Ritalin SR (extended release) methylphenidate 6 and older
Ritalin LA (long acting) methylphenidate 6 and older
*Because of its potential for serious side effects affecting the
liver, Cylert should not ordinarily be considered as first-line
drug therapy for
ADHD. The Food and Drug Administration recently approved a
medication for ADHD that is not a stimulant. The medication
Strattera®, or ato-
moxetine, works on the neurotransmitter norepinephrine;
whereas the stimulants primarily work on dopamine. Both of
these neurotransmit-
ters are believed to play a role in ADHD. More studies will
need to be done to contrast Strattera with the medications
already available but
the evidence to date indicates that over 70% of children with
ADHD given Strattera manifest significant improvement in their
symptoms.
Sources: National Institutes of Mental Health: www.nimh.org;
Food and Drug Administration: www.fda.gov
19. tardation is fragile X syndrome, an inherited de-
fect of the X chromosome that affects 1 in 4000
males and 1 in 6000 females in the United
States. However, in some cases the exact cause
cannot be identified. Treatment focuses on occu-
pational therapy to maximize the development of
cognitive and behavioral skills.
Autistic Disorder
Autistic disorders (autism) include deficits in rec-
iprocal language and social interactions and are
characterized by repetitive stereotyped behav-
iors. Autism affects approximately 3.4 in 1000
children in the United States. Autism often goes
unrecognized during infancy and first becomes
apparent after 3 years of age. The cause of
autism is unknown. Central nervous system
changes have been postulated, but no definitive
links have been made to autism and no genes
are yet strongly associated with the disorder.
The concordance rate for autism in twins
is about 90%, and the rate of autism is higher
in families with a history of language-related
disorders.
The most notable deficits in autism are severe
deficits in reciprocal social interactions. These
include minimal eye contact with caregivers, de-
layed language development, and disinterest in
social interactions with peers, usually first ob-
served during the toddler years. When speech
does develop, it usually is illogical and echolike,
as words that are heard are repeated. Repetitive
and stereotypic behaviors include odd postur-
ing, hand flapping, self-injurious behavior, ab-
20. normal patterns of eating and drinking, and un-
predictable mood changes.
▼
Widely accepted as effective when begun
early, applied behavior analysis (ABA) has been
shown to improve behavior and communication
skills. ABA utilizes intensive and frequent one-
on-one interaction with a therapist. No medica-
tions are approved for treatment of children
with autism. Medications for behavior and
mood have been used and these include antide-
pressants, anxiolytics, and antipsychotics. As
with other childhood illnesses, parental guid-
ance and assurance is critical for obtaining ap-
propriate medical and psychosocial support. In-
formed parents contribute to the child’s
learning of self-care and adaptive skills and to
positive long-term outcomes.
Tic Disorders
A tic is a sudden, rapid, involuntary stereotyped
movement or vocalization that may be tem-
porarily suppressed by conscious efforts. Tics
are exacerbated by stress, anxiety, boredom, or
fatigue, and typically decrease in severity when
the child is concentrating on an enjoyable task.
Tics occur more commonly in boys than girls
and are presumed to result from a neurotrans-
mitter imbalance. Tourette syndrome is a com-
mon tic disorder characterized by patterns of
motor and vocal tics and affecting 1 to 10 of
every 1000 children and adolescents in the
United States.
22. Alzheimer’s disease, which develops gradually
and occurs most commonly after the age of 60
years. Vascular dementia has a more abrupt
onset and is caused by physical insults from
high blood pressure, diabetes, and strokes. Poor
nutrition, head injuries, with chronic alcohol in-
take may result in alcohol-related dementia.
Parkinson’s disease is a degenerative neurologi-
cal movement disorder characterized by demen-
tia in late stages of the disease (see Chapter 13).
Alzheimer’s Disease
In 1906 Dr. Alois Alzheimer first recorded cer-
tain abnormalities in the brain of a woman who
died from dementia. Alzheimer’s disease is a de-
generative and progressive form of dementia
that seriously disrupts daily living activities, be-
havior, and mood.
The two most significant risk factors for
Alzheimer’s disease are advanced age and fam-
ily history. Up to 4.5 million people annually are
affected by Alzheimer’s disease in the United
States. The prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease in-
creases with age, with the risk increasing over
age 60, but Alzheimer’s disease is not a normal
part of aging. Alzheimer’s affects about 5% of
men and women age 65 to 74 and about 50% of
those over age 80. Causes remain unknown,
but certain mutations in chromosomes and in-
heritance of two high-risk genes are associated
with a greater risk for developing Alzheimer’s
disease.
Alzheimer’s disease can only be diagnosed
definitively by autopsy. However, it is important
23. to recognize the disease early, and so a tentative
diagnosis is made using a number of different
sources of information. The patient, caretakers,
and family members should be interviewed to
determine the patient’s history, information
about the person’s general health, past medical
problems, and ability to carry out daily activi-
ties. Standard psychological tests are given to
assess memory, problem solving, attention,
counting, and language. Finally, brain scans
(positron emission tomography, or PET scans)
can evaluate brain function.
The earliest manifestation of Alzheimer’s dis-
ease is loss of short-term memory. Psychosis,
aggression, and profound personality changes
are associated with advanced disease. With se-
vere disease, judgment is lost, personal care is
neglected, and physical illnesses ultimately may
lead to death.
Physical findings in Alzheimer’s disease in-
clude degeneration of neurons and plaque for-
mation on and around neurons. Plaques or de-
posits of proteins build up around neurons and
interrupt communication between neurons by
neurotransmitters. Abnormal collections of
proteins form neurofibrillatory tangles that are
detected by brain scans. Acetylcholine is the
neurotransmitter that is most affected by
Alzheimer’s disease. Decreases in acetylcholine
are correlated with memory loss. Alterations in
norepinephrine, GABA, and serotonin have
been documented and may play a role in mood,
behavior, and aggression.
24. Medications can slow the progression of early
and middle stages of Alzheimer’s disease, but
they do not cure the disease or stop its pro-
gression. These medications include Aricept,
Exelon, Razadyne, and Namenda. Associated
symptoms of depression, aggression, and anxi-
ety may be treated with antidepressants and
anxiolytics. Social support is needed to improve
the quality of life and maximize personal care.
Vitamin E may prevent the progression of
Alzheimer’s disease by decreasing oxygen-free
radicals that accelerate cell death. In spite of
treatment, the disease remains progressive,
often ending in death 8 to 10 years after onset of
symptoms.
Substance Abuse Disorders
Substance abuse disorders include drug and alco-
hol abuse and addiction. Drug and alcohol
abuse and addiction have many adverse med-
ical, emotional, and economic outcomes. Com-
monly abused substances include alcohol, co-
caine, amphetamines, LSD, PCP, prescription
drugs like benzodiazepines and painkillers, bar-
biturates, opiates like codeine and morphine,
and marijuana (Table 14–4 �). Substance abuse
and addiction occur at all ages, affect all socioe-
conomic groups, and worldwide are among the
most common causes of disability and death.
▼
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26. ioral and physical changes. Long-term alcohol
abuse and addiction are characterized by denial
and attempts to hide the addiction and tem-
porarily lead a functional life. A patient history
reveals a pattern of alcohol use to maintain nor-
mal functioning and the inability to refrain from
drinking or becoming intoxicated. The physical
effects of long-term alcohol abuse include mal-
nutrition, cirrhosis, neuropathy, brain damage,
and cardiomyopathy. See Chapter 9 for more on
the physical effects of alcohol addiction.
Behavioral and physical changes accompa-
nying addiction and abuse involving other
substances also depend on the type of sub-
stance abused, and this lies beyond the scope
of this text.
Causes and risk factors that lead to sub-
stance abuse include stressful events, un-
treated mental illness, genetic predisposition,
and, in children and adolescents, peer pressure,
poor self-esteem, depression, and even bore-
dom. Legitimate medicinal use of drugs rarely
leads to abuse or addiction. Underlying addic-
tion and abuse are seeming alterations in the
dopamine reward centers of the brain where al-
cohol or drugs simulate pleasure and reward in
susceptible individuals. Family and twin studies
have implicated genes in addiction.
Table 14–4 � Commonly Abused Drugs
Stimulants
29. when used in combination with supportive ther-
apy. Treatment of other types of substance
abuse and addiction depends on the type of
substance but must also include a treatment
plan that leads to complete abstinence.
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a complex mental illness that
affects over 1% of the U.S. population. The
onset of schizophrenia is often first noted in late
teenage years or early adulthood. Signs and
symptoms of schizophrenia include hallucina-
tions, delusions, disordered thinking, move-
ment disorders, flat affect, social withdrawal,
and cognitive deficits. These symptoms fall into
three categories: positive, negative, and cogni-
tive, and include fairly complex and pervasive
disturbances in behavior and thinking (Box
14–3 �). The suicide rate among schizophrenics
is 10%, and the average life expectancy is lower
than that of the general population.
Schizophrenia diagnosis is based on a de-
tailed history and family interviews. Medical
causes such as tumors or endocrine disorders
may be ruled out. The pattern of characteristic
signs and symptoms are key to diagnosis. The
characteristic signs of schizophrenia are a
gradual withdrawal from people, activities, and
social contacts, with increasing concern for ab-
stract and sometimes eccentric ideas. Some
patients experience only a single episode and
remain symptom free for most of their lives.
The course of the illness can fluctuate over
many years and can get worse if episodes reoc-
30. cur. Depression, anxiety, suspiciousness, diffi-
culty in concentrating, and restlessness are
▼
among the early symptoms of schizophrenia,
and they intensify or diminish as the illness
progresses.
Disturbances in perception, or hallucinations,
and false beliefs, or delusions, are reflected in
behavior and thoughts that are vague and de-
tached from reality. Schizophrenics may experi-
ence auditory or visual hallucinations in which
they may hear or see things that are not pre-
sent. Delusions are commonly persecutory (be-
lief that they are being watched, followed, or
plotted against), grandiose (belief that they have
special powers, influence, or wealth), or somatic
(physical belief that something is rotting inside
their bodies).
Affect, or “feeling tone,” refers to the outward
expression of emotion. The schizophrenic affect
may be extremely unstable, with rapid shifts
from sadness to happiness for no obvious rea-
son, or it may be flattened, with no signs of
emotion in tone of voice or facial expression. Pa-
tients may state that they no longer respond to
life with normal intensity or that they are “los-
ing their feelings.”
Motor disturbances in schizophrenia may be
catatonic or rigid, or disorganized or agitated.
Catatonic features may range from a total re-
duction in movement, or “zombie-like state,” to
31. a wild, aggressive, and agitated state. Disorga-
nized conduct is usually blunted or dull, bear-
ing no relationship to social signals. The causes
of schizophrenia are complex and include ge-
netics and environment. While schizophrenia
occurs in 1% of the population, it occurs in
10% of those who have a first-degree relative
with schizophrenia and occurs at a high rate
among identical twins. In spite of these obser-
vations of genetic risk for developing schizo-
phrenia, no genes have been definitively linked
to schizophrenia. Environmental risks include
exposure to viruses or malnutrition in the
womb, problems during birth, and psychosocial
factors, like stressful environmental conditions.
Levels of the neurotransmitters dopamine and
glutamate and changes in brain metabolism
and structure point to the biological basis for
schizophrenia.
Treatment includes antipsychotic medica-
tions such as risperidone and olanzapine.
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33. • Diminished ability to initiate and sustain planned activity
• Speaking infrequently, even when forced to interact.
• Neglect basic hygiene
• Need help with everyday activities
Cognitive Symptoms
Cognitive symptoms are subtle and are often detected only when
neuropsychological tests are performed.
• Poor “executive functioning” (the ability to absorb and
interpret information and make decisions based on that infor-
mation)
• Inability to sustain attention
• Problems with “working memory” (the ability to keep recently
learned information in mind and use it right away)
Source: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual Text Revision IV.
American Psychiatric Association, 2000 and the National
Institute of Mental
Health, www.nimh.gov
Treatment must include illness management
therapy, psychosocial therapy, and cognitive
behavioral therapy and must often include fam-
ily therapy.
Mood Disorders
Mood disorders are characterized by marked pe-
riods of sadness and euphoria. While it is nor-
mal for people to experience ups and downs,
those who have major depression or bipolar disor-
der experience debilitating symptoms that result
35. A major depressive disorder consists of at
least one episode of serious mood depression ac-
companied by a number of changes in behavior.
Complaints frequently include a loss of interest
and pleasure, and withdrawal from activities.
Feelings of guilt, worthlessness, anxiety, and
shame are reported because individuals with
major depression view their illness as a moral
deficiency. Physical symptoms that suggest
emotional distress include unexplained weight
loss or weight gain, disturbed sleep, decreased
energy, poor eye contact, monosyllabic speech,
and indifference to pleasure or joy.
Subcategories of depression include seasonal
affective disorder, postpartum depression, dys-
thymia, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Sea-
sonal affective disorder is believed to be due to
decreased sunlight exposure during the winter
months. Postpartum depression usually occurs
2 weeks to 6 months following the birth of a
child. Persistent care of the newborn, sleep de-
privation, social stresses, and hormonal
changes all play a role in the development of
postpartum depression. Chronic depression or
dysthymia is diagnosed when symptoms persist
for more than 2 years. Cyclic depressive symp-
toms prior to menstruation may occur regularly
for some women.
Heredity is currently the most important pre-
disposing factor for major depression. The risk
for major depression is higher in families with
a history of mood disorders. Depression in a
parent contributes to depression in genetically
36. vulnerable children. While stressful life events
trigger sadness, despair, and grief, stressful
factors alone do not cause major depression
(Box 14–4 �).
The most prominent theory for depression fo-
cuses on regulatory disturbances in neuro-
transmitters. The neurotransmitters serotonin,
norepinephrine, and dopamine are widely dis-
tributed in the central nervous system and are
implicated in regulation of mood, arousal,
movement, and sleep. Medications that increase
serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine effec-
tively reduce symptoms of depression.
Major depression may occur with a number
of physical and psychological disorders. Physi-
cal disorders such as thyroid disease or Cush-
ing’s disease induce depression by altering hor-
mone levels. Chronic heart disease or cancer
produce depressive symptoms from associated
disability, fatigue, and physical pain. Direct
physical causes of depression include HIV infec-
tions and seizure disorders that damage the
brain and central nervous system. Psychological
disorders such as anxiety disorders, eating dis-
orders, and developmental disorders are often
referred to as co-morbid disorders because they
commonly occur with major depression.
Various prescription medications and sub-
stance abuse induce depression by altering
brain function and regulation of hormones and
neurotransmitters. Heart medications, for ex-
ample, alter neuronal responses to norepi-
37. nephrine, leading to fatigue and depressive
symptoms. Corticosteroid medications induce
behavioral changes, psychosis, and major de-
pression especially in susceptible individuals.
Box 14–4 � Symptoms of Major
Depression
• Prolonged sadness or unexplained crying spells
• Significant changes in appetite and sleep patterns
• Irritability, anger, worry, agitation, anxiety
• Pessimism, indifference
• Loss of energy, persistent lethargy
• Unexplained aches and pains
• Feelings of guilt, worthlessness, and/or
hopelessness
• Inability to concentrate
• Indecisiveness
• Inability to take pleasure in former interests
• Social withdrawal
• Excessive consumption of alcohol or use of chem-
ical substances
• Recurring thoughts of death or suicide
Source: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual Text Revision IV.
American Psychiatric Association, 2000.
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39. pression that is resistant to drug treatment
may respond to electroconvulsive therapy, in
which electrodes apply current to the brain.
Severe depression may be accompanied by psy-
chosis, which requires the use of antipsychotic
medications.
Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar disorder, or manic-depressive illness, is a
mood disorder that causes unusual shifts from
depression to mania, or an overly elevated, ener-
getic, irritable mood. Periods of highs and lows are
called episodes of mania and depression. Bipolar
disorder affects more than 2 million American
adults annually. Bipolar disorder typically devel-
ops in late adolescence or early adulthood. How-
ever, some people have their first symptoms dur-
ing childhood, and some develop them late in life.
Bipolar disorder is often not recognized as an ill-
ness, and people may suffer for years without a
diagnosis or proper treatment (Box 14–5 �).
Mania can vary from extreme elation, hyper-
activity, and irritability to extreme aggression,
with little need for sleep, and risky behaviors
that are later regretted. An overly enthusiastic
mood at times may attract others; however,
mood shifts with delusions may lead to alien-
ation of friends and family and to irresponsible
behaviors such as spending one’s life savings or
engaging in sexual indiscretions.
A distinct period of an abnormally elevated
mood that is not induced by the physiologic ef-
fects of a drug substance followed by a distinct
40. period of depression is central to diagnosis of a
bipolar disorder. Different categories of bipolar
disorder are determined by patterns of symp-
toms or severity of highs and lows. Bipolar I dis-
order is associated with periods of intense
mania and depression that last for several
weeks. Bipolar II disorder is associated with less
severe episodes of mania, but depression may
continue for several weeks. A chronic fluctuat-
ing mood, with mild symptoms of both depres-
sion and mania, or cyclothymic disorder, often
is undiagnosed and may eventually result in a
more severe form of bipolar disorder.
The causes of bipolar disorder are unclear,
though genetic, biochemical, and environmental
causes have been identified. Like other mental
illnesses, several genes acting together may ulti-
mately identify patients who will develop bipolar
disorder. Bipolar disorder runs in families, and
stressful experiences may trigger some symp-
toms. Changes in neurotransmitter regulation
that lead to bipolar disorder may be affected by
the presence of another illness, stress, sub-
stance abuse, changes in diet and exercise, and
hormonal changes.
Box 14–5 � Symptoms of Mania
• Increased physical and mental activity and energy
• Heightened mood, exaggerated optimism and
self-confidence
• Excessive irritability, aggressive behavior
• Decreased need for sleep without experiencing
42. lithium or certain antiepileptic medications, anti-
depressants, sedative medications or “sleep aids,”
and major tranquilizers or antipsychotic medica-
tions. Family and individual patient counseling
improves social functioning by providing psycho-
logical support and treatment that stabilizes ex-
treme characteristics of mania or depression.
Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety disorders include a number of disorders
in which the primary feature is abnormal or in-
appropriate anxiety that interferes with daily
school, work, recreational, and family activities.
Anxiety is a normal phenomenon in which our
mind and body reacts to flee from danger, also
known as “fight or flight.” Heart rate, respiratory
rate, blood pressure, and muscle tension in-
creases at the onset of a stressful event. Symp-
toms of anxiety become a problem when they
occur without any recognizable cause or when
the cause does not require an intense response.
Anxiety disorders affect adults and children
and may persist for many years without proper
treatment. As with many other mental illnesses,
family and friends often label those that suffer
anxiety disorders as weak and unable to “snap
out of their condition.” Some people’s lives be-
come so restricted that they avoid normal, every-
day activities such as grocery shopping or dri-
ving. In some cases, they become housebound.
The genetic basis for anxiety disorders origi-
nates from family studies. Anxiety disorders are
common among relatives of affected individuals.
43. The risk for phobias is greater in relatives of in-
dividuals with both depression and panic disor-
der. In cases of PTSD, genetic factors may ex-
plain why only certain individuals exposed to
trauma develop PTSD.
Head injuries, an overactive thyroid gland, car-
diovascular disease, respiratory disease, altered
regulation of neurotransmitters, and certain
medications may cause anxiety disorders. Indi-
viduals with anxiety disorders are more sensitive
to medications that increase heart rate, blood
pressure, and fear behaviors. Abnormal neuro-
transmission of the neurotransmitter serotonin
▼
as a cause of obsessive-compulsive disorder
(OCD) is recognized by a reduction of symptoms
with medications that increase serotonin.
Types of Anxiety Disorders
Physical symptoms and behaviors vary slightly
with each subtype of anxiety disorder. Panic dis-
order, generalized anxiety disorder, phobic dis-
orders, social phobia, obsessive compulsive dis-
order, and post-traumatic stress disorder share
the common theme of excessive, irrational fear.
Panic Disorder A panic attack involves a sudden
onset of fear and terror accompanied by physical
symptoms in vital organs such as the heart and
lungs. Shortness of breath, chest pains, and pal-
pitations peak within 10 minutes and usually re-
solve within 30 to 60 minutes. Because of the un-
44. predictability of a panic attack, people who have
them develop anticipatory anxiety, or a persistent
pattern of worry regarding when and where the
attack will take place. Physical complaints often
lead patients to seek emergency medical care.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder Severe persistent
worries that are out of proportion to the circum-
stance describe a typical day for sufferers of gen-
eralized anxiety disorders. Common worries re-
lated to work, money, health, and safety are
difficult to control. Additional complaints of rest-
lessness, fatigue, muscle tension, impaired con-
centration, and disturbed sleep may often be
misdiagnosed as depression.
Phobic Disorders An irrational fear of something, or
a specific phobia, that poses little or no danger is
the most common type of anxiety disorder. Some
phobias, such as a fear of the dark, of strangers,
or of large animals, begin in childhood and disap-
pear with age. Hyperventilation, or rapid breath-
ing, may accompany a fear of heights, flying, closed
spaces, insects, and rodents. Although adults with
phobias realize that these fears are irrational, they
often find that facing the feared object or situation
brings on a panic or severe anxiety attack.
Social Phobia Social phobia involves excessive
worry and self-consciousness in everyday social
situations. Intense fears of being humiliated in
social situations interfere with ordinary activi-
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46. danger, or repetitive counting of objects. Patients
with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are
aware that their compulsion and corresponding
ritual is irrational but cannot stop it. OCD af-
fects both men and women, and symptoms may
ease over time with appropriate treatment.
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Exposure to an
overwhelming traumatic incident such as the
events of September 11, 2001, or encounters of
trauma such as rape, violence, child abuse, or
war, may lead to symptoms and diagnosis of post-
traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Victims of
trauma develop persistent frightening thoughts
and memories months or years after the event.
The traumatic event is repeatedly experienced as
nightmares and flashbacks or numbing recollec-
tions of the event throughout the day. The indi-
vidual avoids reminders of the event, startles or
feels frightened easily, and may feel detached and
numb. PTSD sufferers may lose interest in things
they used to enjoy, avoid affection, and become ir-
ritable or aggressive. Individuals with PTSD often
feel guilty about surviving the event or about be-
having destructively, as in case of veterans of war.
Imaging techniques have focused on the role
of brain structures that mediate communication
and process information to memory. The
amygdala is an almond-shaped structure located
deep within the brain, and it may play a role in
fear and phobias. The hippocampus is a structure
of the brain that processes and stores informa-
tion to memory. The size of the hippocampus ap-
pears smaller in post-traumatic stress disorder,
which may explain the memory deficits and
47. flashbacks in individuals with PTSD.
Treatment of Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety, as a learned response to a stimulus and
corresponding biochemical changes in brain
chemistry, responds to treatment with medica-
tions and psychotherapy. Medications that in-
crease serotonin are effective in the treatment of
OCD, though psychotherapy is often required to
gain understanding of underlying emotional con-
flict. Antianxiety medications that increase the ef-
fect of the neurotransmitter gamma aminobutyric
acid (GABA) have a calming effect and work
quickly. The use of antianxiety medications is
limited, however, by their potential for addiction.
Eating Disorders
Eating disorders involve serious disturbances in
eating behavior. Fashion trends, ad campaigns,
social attitudes, and athletics promote leaner
body weight and a preoccupation with body
shape and weight. Extreme attitudes surround-
ing weight and food, combined with psychologi-
cal and medical complications, define the disabil-
ities that meet the criteria for eating disorders.
Symptoms of Eating Disorders
Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa occur pri-
marily in young women who develop a paralyzing
fear of becoming fat. In anorexia nervosa, fear of
obesity causes excessive restriction of food, re-
sulting in emaciation. Bulimia involves massive
binge eating followed by purging or excessive di-
eting and exercise to prevent weight gain.
49. ing dehydration and depletion of electrolytes
(sodium, potassium, and chloride), can result in
abnormal heart rhythm, heart failure, sudden
cardiac arrest, and death.
Usually described as the honor-roll student
or state champion, the individual denies that
anything is wrong and typically does not seek
medical care until prompted into treatment by
friends and family. Depression is common as
anorectics withdraw from social affairs involving
food and festivities.
Bulimia Nervosa Similar to anorexia nervosa, bu-
limics are excessively concerned with body
weight and physical shape. Unlike anorectics,
bulimics binge by eating an excessive amount of
food within a restricted period of time, followed
by compensatory purging behavior such as self-
induced vomiting or misuse of laxatives or diuret-
ics. Rigorous dieting and exercise may also follow
binges to prevent weight gain. There is a feeling
of loss of control during the binging episode, fol-
lowed by intense distress and guilt. Body weight
may be normal, which makes it easy for bulim-
ics to hide their illness.
The medical consequences of bulimia nervosa
can be devastating. Stomach acid and digestive
enzymes from vomiting erode tooth enamel and
cause injury and inflammation to the esophagus
and salivary glands. Severe dental caries and
gum disease eventually require removal of teeth.
Vomiting and laxative and diuretic abuse lower
blood potassium levels, causing muscle cramp-
ing and abnormal heart rhythms. In cases of se-
50. vere potassium loss, death may result from car-
diac arrest. Prolonged and excessive laxative
abuse may severely damage the bowel. If the
bowel ceases its function, surgery is required to
form a colostomy, an opening from the bowel to
the abdominal wall to allow removal of the feces
into a bag attached to the outer abdominal wall.
Bulimics are aware of their behavior and feel
intense guilt and shame. Bulimics are generally
outgoing, impulsive, and prone to depression and
alcohol or drug abuse. Unlike anorectics, bulimics
are more likely to talk about their illness and des-
perately seek help from physicians and friends.
Patterns of psychological and interpersonal is-
sues most consistently provide insight into the
causes of eating disorders. Low self-esteem and
persistent feelings of inadequacy shape attitudes
of perfectionism for the anorectic and severe self-
criticism for the bulimic. Troubled family rela-
tionships, difficulty expressing feelings and emo-
tions, and a history of physical or sexual abuse
are reported more often in bulimics than anorec-
tics. Social attitudes that value thinness and limit
beauty to specific body weight and shape influ-
ence body image and contribute to extreme diet-
ing and exercise for both anorectics and bulimics.
The biological basis for eating behavior in-
volves a complex network of brain structures
and neurotransmitters. The hypothalamus reg-
ulates hunger, monitors fullness of the stom-
ach, and determines how much food is eaten.
The limbic system influences emotions and se-
lection of foods to appease the appetite. The pre-
51. frontal region of the brain controls decisions
about when, where, and how to eat. Future
studies on the biology of appetite control and
behavior may lead to development of new med-
ications to treat eating disorders.
Successful treatment of and recovery from
eating disorders requires the realization that
starvation, binging, and purging is destructive.
Medical treatment to restore nutrition and re-
place fluids and electrolytes is crucial to prevent
death from organ failure. Medication to relieve
depression and anxiety may improve mood and
thought processes. Group, family, individual,
and nutritional counseling provide support to
break down delusions that shape eating behav-
ior and distortions in body image.
Personality Disorders
Persistent, inflexible patterns of behavior that af-
fect interpersonal relationships describe per-
sonality disorders. Personality disorders appear in
adolescence or early adulthood and remain stable
throughout an individual’s lifetime. The DSM-IV
describes three major categories of personality
disorders based on “clusters” of symptoms.
Personality disorders occur along with med-
ical and psychiatric illnesses. Relations with
family, friends, and caregivers are often strained
▼
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53. distrust. The paranoid personality type interprets
positive statement such as “You look like a million
bucks” to mean “My friend is after my money.”
Schizoid Personality People with schizoid per-
sonality appear cold and isolated. Often called
introverted, schizoid personality types appear
self-absorbed and withdrawn. They often deal
with their fears through superstitions, magical
thinking, and unusual beliefs.
Cluster B: Antisocial, Borderline,
Histrionic, and Narcissistic
Antisocial Personality Callous disregard for
others and manipulation of people for personal
gratification characterize antisocial personality
types. Antisocial personality may start as a con-
duct problem in childhood, manifested as disre-
spect for authority and for personal and public
property. Adolescents and adults with antisocial
personalities are at risk for alcoholism, drug
abuse, sexual improprieties, and violence.
Borderline Personality Borderline personality
disorders often occur in women who were de-
prived of adequate care during childhood. Their
moods are unstable and characterized by crisis
and anger alternating with depression. Threats of
real or imagined abandonment elicit impulsive
behaviors such as promiscuity and substance
abuse. The individual with a borderline person-
ality disorder is vulnerable to brief psychotic
episodes, substance abuse, and eating disorders.
Histrionic Personality The histrionic personal-
ity is characterized by theatrical and exaggerated
54. emotional behavior. Friendships are initially formed
because others are attracted to the histrionic per-
sonality’s energetic and entertaining behavior. Hys-
teria and flamboyant behaviors often result in neg-
ative responses and feelings of rejection.
Narcissistic Personality The narcissistic per-
sonality type has an exaggerated self-image and
a tendency to think little of others. Narcissists
expect others to admire their grandiosity and feel
they are entitled to have their needs attended to.
When rejected by others through criticism or de-
feat, the narcissist becomes enraged or severely
depressed.
Cluster C: Avoidant, Dependent,
and Obsessive-Compulsive
Avoidant Personality Avoidant personality
types appear shy and timid, as if they have a so-
cial phobia. They fear relationships, although
they have a strong desire to feel accepted. They
are hypersensitive to criticism and rejection and
are susceptible to depression, anxiety, and anger
for failing to develop social relationships.
Dependent Personality Dependent personal-
ity types have an extremely poor self-image. They
appoint others to make significant decisions out
of fear of expressing themselves or offending oth-
ers. Extended illness may bring out a dependent
personality in adults.
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality The obses-
sive-compulsive personality types are depend-
able, meticulous, orderly, and intolerant of mis-
56. Suicide
Suicide is almost always associated with mental
illness. People consider suicide when they feel
hopeless and are unable to see alternative solu-
tions to confusion, mental and physical an-
guish, and chaos in their life. Risks for suicide
include substance abuse, previous suicide at-
tempts, a family history of suicide, a history of
sexual abuse, and impulsive or aggressive char-
acter. More than four times as many men as
women die by suicide; however, women attempt
suicide more often. Suicidal behavior occurs
most often when people experience major losses
and stressful events such as divorce, loss of a
job, incarceration, and chronic illness.
Unlike physical illnesses, mental illness has
no visible wounds and so is associated with
social stigma, isolation, and personal faults.
Those with mental illness contemplating suicide
may talk about their distress at the risk of being
judged, ignored, and isolated. Warning signs of
suicide include withdrawal, talk of death, giving
away cherished possessions, and a sudden shift
in mood. A severely depressed person may un-
expectedly appear better, or a schizophrenic
may progressively develop delusions about
death prior to a suicide attempt. A suicide at-
tempt or completed suicide is devastating to
families, friends, and caregivers, who commonly
▼ experience remorse and guilt for failing to avert
the suicide attempt or death.
57. Age-Related Disorders
Mental illness can occur at any age. Some disor-
ders occur first in childhood and adolescence,
such as ADHD, conduct disorder, and opposi-
tional defiant disorder. Others are developmen-
tal disorders usually first recognized in child-
hood but continue throughout life; these
disorders include mental retardation, autistic
disorders, and tic disorders. Some are strongly
associated with adolescence, including bulimia
nervosa and anorexia nervosa. Other disorders
clearly associated with advanced aging include
dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Many other
disorders can first occur at any time during
adulthood from young adult through advanced
age. These include depression, anxiety, schizo-
phrenia, and substance abuse disorders.
R E S O U R C E S
Food and Drug Administration: www.fda.gov
National Alliance for the Mentally Ill: www.nami.org
National Institutes of Mental Health: www.nimh.org
World Health Organization: www.who.org
▼
Suicide Warning Signs
Mentally ill people may have self-destructive thoughts and may
exhibit suicidal behaviors. Patients with depressive symp-
toms in particular are more likely to have suicidal thoughts.
Thus it is important for healthcare workers and families of the
58. patient to watch for suicide warning signs. The following are
signs of suicidal behavior and require immediate attention:
• Withdrawal and isolation • Depression
• Saying good-bye to close friends and family • Giving away or
discarding personal possessions
• Indirectly expressed suicide messages or wishes • Explicit
suicide messages
If you or someone you know exhibits these behaviors, call your
doctor, or call 911, or go to a hospital emergency room
to get immediate help, or ask a friend or family member to help
you do these things. Call the toll-free, 24-hour hotline
of the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-TALK
(1-800-273-8255); TTY: 1-800-799-4TTY (4889) to talk to
a trained counselor.
Source: National Institutes of Mental Health: www.nimh.org
Prevention PLUS!
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61. medications, mood stabilizers
Onset in early childhood
Psychosocial and medical evaluation,
psychometric testing; diagnosed prior
to the age of 7, with approximately
50% persistence into adulthood
Cognitive, behavioral psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy:
stimulants, atypical antipsychotic medications, certain
antidepressants
Onset in early childhood; more
prevalent in boys
Psychosocial and medical evaluation,
psychometric testing; diagnosed usually
before 3 years of age
Behavioral therapy, occupational therapy, social
support services
Usually first recognized in childhood
Psychosocial and medical evaluation,
psychometric testing; diagnosed usually
around 3 years of age
Behavioral therapy, occupational therapy, social
support services; pharmacotherapy or other supportive
care to manage aggression or self-injurious behavior
Usually first recognized by age 3
Psychosocial and medical evaluation,
62. psychometric testing; diagnosed usually
before adulthood
Behavioral therapy; pharmacotherapy: certain
antidepressants or atypical antipsychotic medications
Can develop at any age; usually first
recognized in childhood and
adolescence
Psychosocial and medical evaluation;
diagnosed most commonly after age 60
Behavioral, cognitive, family psychotherapy; social
supportive care services; pharmacotherapy: memory
enhancers, atypical antipsychotic medications,
antidepressants, and/or mood stabilizers
Onset in older adults
Diagnosis may follow social, medical, or
legal consequences imposing
psychosocial evaluation
Behavioral therapy, 12-step programs supporting
abstinence (such as Alcoholics Anonymous or Narcotics
Anonymous). Pharmacotherapy: antidepressants,
atypical antipsychotic medications, or mood stabilizers
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65. DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT LIFESPAN
Psychosocial and medical evaluation,
psychometric testing, unpredictable
behavior
Pharmacotherapy: antipsychotic medications primarily,
antidepressants occasionally; behavioral therapy,
occupational therapy, social support services
Usually first recognized in late
adolescence and early adulthood
Psychosocial and medical evaluation,
psychometric testing
Cognitive behavioral therapy, psychotherapy, social
supportive care; pharmacotherapy: antidepressants,
tranquilizers, sleep aids or sedative medications
Usually first recognized in late ado-
lescence and early adulthood
Psychosocial and medical evaluation,
psychometric testing
Cognitive behavioral therapy, psychotherapy, social
supportive care; pharmacotherapy: mood stabilizers,
atypical antipsychotic medications, sleep aids or
sedative medications
First seen in young adults
Psychosocial and medical evaluation,
66. psychometric testing
Cognitive behavioral therapy; pharmacotherapy:
antianxiety medications and certain antidepressants
Usually first recognized in late ado-
lescence and early adulthood
Psychosocial and medical evaluation,
psychometric testing
Psychosocial therapy, pharmacotherapy Most prevalent in late
childhood
and adolescence, young adulthood;
mostly in girls and women
Psychosocial and medical evaluation,
psychometric testing
Cognitive behavioral therapy, social support, social
services; pharmacotherapy for coexisting depression,
anxiety, agitation, aggression, delusions, or psychosis
Onset in early adulthood; more
prevalent in females
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68. tion to a golf outing that he had enjoyed in the past. D. T.
has been talking to himself a lot and claims that at times he
has seen his mother in his sleep. He awoke abruptly one
night from sleep and has been complaining of having night-
mares. D. T. sometimes appears frozen and indifferent to
conversations and behaves as though something is bother-
ing him. His wife feels that D. T. is mourning the loss of his
mother, since his mother was never the person he always
longed for. His mother had been abusive to D. T., who was
conceived out of wedlock. His mother made sure that he had
“proper” upbringing with strict discipline and often pun-
ished D. T. rather harshly if he failed to follow directions.
a. What signs of mental illness does D. T. have?
b. What condition do you think D.T. has?
c. What recommendations would you give to D.T.’s wife?
1. J. R. is a 17-year-old male with above average intelligence.
As an infant, he was colicky and difficult to put to sleep. He
learned to walk around 12 months of age. At home, J. R.
seemed to run on a motor: He scurried around the house,
frequently bumping into furniture. J. R. had a hearing test
at school at 5 years of age because teachers felt that he may
have been hard of hearing, but the test was normal. His
grades were average during the primary, intermediate, and
junior high-school years. By his senior year in high school,
J. R.’s grades dropped dramatically. He frequently appeared
spacey, irritable, and angry. He preferred to eat lunch alone
and spent much time in his room. His parents feared that he
was abusing drugs because he had a history of a “poor
choice for friends.” His high school counselor recommended
a psychiatric evaluation for J. R. His parents were offended
at this recommendation.
a. What are the advantages and disadvantages of a full
mental health evaluation?
70. Chapter Fourteen Mental Illness and Cognitive Disorders ■ 411
True or False
_______ 1. Bipolar disorder is a behavioral disorder with
extreme highs and lows.
_______ 2. ADHD is an emotional disorder associated with
depression, anxiety, and hyperactivity.
_______ 3. Persons of different age groups are at risk for
different types of mental illness.
_______ 4. Childhood conduct disorder is also known as
childhood antisocial personality.
_______ 5. People with high blood pressure and diabetes have a
higher risk for dementia.
_______ 6. Substance abuse is a conscious choice to use drugs
or alcohol.
_______ 7. Hallucinations and delusions are symptoms of
posttraumatic stress disorder.
_______ 8. Children are at risk for major depression.
_______ 9. Individuals with a schizoid personality disorder are
distant, introverted, and tend to
hallucinate.
_______ 10. Primary psychiatric diagnoses are indicated in all
the five axis of diagnosis according to the DSM.
7. Binge eating followed by purging behavior such as self-in-
71. duced vomiting most commonly occurs in
____________________.
a. anorexia nervosa
b. bulimia nervosa
c. binge eating disorder
d. all of the above
8. Periods of intense mania and depression that last for sev-
eral weeks is also known as ____________________.
a. cyclothymic disorder
b. bipolar I
c. bipolar II
d. all of the above
9. Adults with bipolar illness may be treated with all of the
following types of medications except
____________________.
a. sedatives
b. antidepressant medications
c. stimulant medications
d. antipsychotic medications
10. Anxious, irrational thoughts and images are also called
____________________.
a. compulsions b. delusions
c. hallucinations d. obsessions
1. Reforms in the treatment of the mentally ill started after
the French Revolution with an Austrian physician named
____________________.
a. Sigmund Freud b. Franz Mesmer
72. c. Emil Kraepelin d. Sybil Dorsett
2. Psychiatric diagnoses are categorized in a book named the
____________________.
a. PDR b. AMA
c. DSM d. Axis
3. Which of the following neurotransmitters is implicated in
schizophrenia, depression, and ADHD?
a. epinephrine
b. serotonin
c. gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)
d. dopamine
4. Which of the following regarding ADHD is false?
a. ADHD is limited to children.
b. ADHD is a neurobiological disorder.
c. ADHD is more common in males than in females.
d. There are three subtypes of ADHD.
5. Medications that replace ____________________ are effec-
tive in improving memory in persons with Alzheimer’s disease.
a. dopamine b. serotonin
c. acetylcholine d. GABA
6. A false belief that one is being watched or punished is also
known as a ____________________ delusion.
a. persecutory b. somatic
c. grandiose d. affective
Multiple Choice
74. 4. Below average intelligence accompanied by deficits in
language and adaptive functioning is
diagnostic for ____________________.
5. Rapid stereotyped movements that may be suppressed by
conscious effort are known as
____________________.
6. Alzheimer’s disease is mostly due to impaired regulation of
____________________
neurotransmitters.
7. Core symptoms of drug and alcohol abuse include
____________________,
____________________, ____________________, and
____________________.
8. An individual’s emotional state in mental illness is referred
to as ____________________.
9. ____________________ is due to decreased sunlight
exposure during the winter months.
10. Decreased need for sleep, with excessive irritability and
grandiosity, is symptomatic for
____________________.
412 ■ Chapter Fourteen Mental Illness and Cognitive Disorders
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