It is an emotional state, unpleasant in nature, associated with uneasiness, discomfort and concern or fear about some defined or undefined future threat. Some degree of anxiety is a part of normal life. Treatment is needed when it is disproportionate to the situation and excessive.
This topic is meant for the study purpose, for the final year undergraduate Physiotherapy students, who are studying under The Tamilnadu Dr.MGR Medical University (Govt University).
-Definition of mental health
-Definition of mental illness
-When do you need to see a psychiatrist?
-Causes of mental illness
-Consequences of mental illness
-Treatment team
-Medications used in mental illness
-Myths and facts about mental illness (misconceptions)
It is an emotional state, unpleasant in nature, associated with uneasiness, discomfort and concern or fear about some defined or undefined future threat. Some degree of anxiety is a part of normal life. Treatment is needed when it is disproportionate to the situation and excessive.
This topic is meant for the study purpose, for the final year undergraduate Physiotherapy students, who are studying under The Tamilnadu Dr.MGR Medical University (Govt University).
-Definition of mental health
-Definition of mental illness
-When do you need to see a psychiatrist?
-Causes of mental illness
-Consequences of mental illness
-Treatment team
-Medications used in mental illness
-Myths and facts about mental illness (misconceptions)
The term “psychosomatic disorder” is mainly used to mean “a physical disease that is thought to be caused, or made worse, by mental factors.” ... For example, chest pain may be caused by stress and no physical disease can be found.
Millions of Americans are affected by bipolar disorder. The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (1997) give further details that up to one-third of 3.4 million American children and adolescents with depression may actually be experiencing the early onset of bipolar disorder. In the last 15 years, pediatric bipolar disorder (PBPD) is gradually becoming more recognized as a distinctive disorder for persons under the age of 18 years.
A psychosocial consequence of PBPD is that children and adolescents may struggle with academics and interpersonal relationships (Hamrin & Pachler, 2007) during critical stages of emotional development. Additionally, children and adolescents are at a higher risk for legal problems, substance abuse, increased suicidal behavior, and hospitalizations (Hamrin & Pachler, 2007).
Recent advancements in psychotherapy have shown that the recovery rate in treating patients with PBPD is remarkably high, which is a promising prognosis for relapse prevention. For treating PBPD, several empirically-based articles point to four methods of psychotherapy, which include: cognitive-behavioral therapy, family-focused therapy, psychoeducation, and interpersonal and social rhythm therapy. When considering the best treatment interventions, many pieces of literature also point to both pharmacologic and psychotherapeutic interventions that are needed to adequately treat PBPD (Fristad et al., 2007).
Nevertheless, the best support that a clinician can provide is to separate the child from the symptoms – the symptoms of PBPD do not define the personality of individuals seeking treatment. This awareness is paramount in helping to remind parents that their child is not “bad,” and that there is hope in successfully managing pathological symptoms to achieve an enhanced quality of life.
References:
1. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. (2007). Practice Parameter for the Assessment and Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Bipolar Disorder. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 46(1): 107-125.
2. Fristad, M.A., Davidson, K.H., and Leffler, J.M. (2007). Thinking-feeling-doing: A therapeutic technique for children with bipolar disorder and their parents. Journal of Family Psychotherapy; 18(4): 81-103.
3. Hamrin, V., and Pachler, M. (2007). Pediatric bipolar disorder: Evidence-based psychopharmacological treatments. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing; 20(1): 40-58.
The term “psychosomatic disorder” is mainly used to mean “a physical disease that is thought to be caused, or made worse, by mental factors.” ... For example, chest pain may be caused by stress and no physical disease can be found.
Millions of Americans are affected by bipolar disorder. The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (1997) give further details that up to one-third of 3.4 million American children and adolescents with depression may actually be experiencing the early onset of bipolar disorder. In the last 15 years, pediatric bipolar disorder (PBPD) is gradually becoming more recognized as a distinctive disorder for persons under the age of 18 years.
A psychosocial consequence of PBPD is that children and adolescents may struggle with academics and interpersonal relationships (Hamrin & Pachler, 2007) during critical stages of emotional development. Additionally, children and adolescents are at a higher risk for legal problems, substance abuse, increased suicidal behavior, and hospitalizations (Hamrin & Pachler, 2007).
Recent advancements in psychotherapy have shown that the recovery rate in treating patients with PBPD is remarkably high, which is a promising prognosis for relapse prevention. For treating PBPD, several empirically-based articles point to four methods of psychotherapy, which include: cognitive-behavioral therapy, family-focused therapy, psychoeducation, and interpersonal and social rhythm therapy. When considering the best treatment interventions, many pieces of literature also point to both pharmacologic and psychotherapeutic interventions that are needed to adequately treat PBPD (Fristad et al., 2007).
Nevertheless, the best support that a clinician can provide is to separate the child from the symptoms – the symptoms of PBPD do not define the personality of individuals seeking treatment. This awareness is paramount in helping to remind parents that their child is not “bad,” and that there is hope in successfully managing pathological symptoms to achieve an enhanced quality of life.
References:
1. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. (2007). Practice Parameter for the Assessment and Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Bipolar Disorder. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 46(1): 107-125.
2. Fristad, M.A., Davidson, K.H., and Leffler, J.M. (2007). Thinking-feeling-doing: A therapeutic technique for children with bipolar disorder and their parents. Journal of Family Psychotherapy; 18(4): 81-103.
3. Hamrin, V., and Pachler, M. (2007). Pediatric bipolar disorder: Evidence-based psychopharmacological treatments. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing; 20(1): 40-58.
Examining the history, classification, causes and treatment of psychological ...Pubrica
What do we think? What do we feel? How do we react to a particular situation?
How do we define it?
How To Examine Whether Someone Is A Patient Of Mental Illness Or Not?
How To Do A Patient’s History Examined Systematically?
The main classes of mental illness :
Cause and Treatment of psychological disorder:
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Mental health includes a broad range of factors, from emotional and psychological well-being to the ability to handle stress and adapt to life's challenges. It's essential to acknowledge and address mental health concerns just as we would with physical health issues. Seeking help, support, and treatment when needed is crucial for individuals to lead happy and productive lives.
The stigma surrounding mental health issues is slowly decreasing, which is a positive step toward encouraging people to talk about their mental health and seek assistance without fear of judgment. Remember, taking care of your mental health is not a sign of weakness; it's a sign of strength and self-awareness. It's also essential to support others in their mental health journeys, as we all have a role to play in creating a more compassionate and understanding society.
Absolutely, mental health matters greatly. Mental health is a fundamental aspect of our overall well-being and quality of life. It affects how we think, feel, and act, and it plays a significant role in our ability to cope with stress, build and maintain healthy relationships, and make choices that lead to a fulfilling life.
Discussing effect of modern life including: TV, Video games, computers, mobile, diet, sports, cinema and theater. etc on epileptics by Dr: samir Mohamed Moner Al-Minshawy lecturer of neuropediatrics, Minia university Egypt
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
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Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
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5. Psychiatric illness profile in Egyptian
children(emotional, behavioural
disorders and learning difficulties)
Egypt has few psychiatrists
specialising in childhood problems.
Few general psychiatrists have an
interest in child psychiatry and their
knowledge and skills are based on
expertise and education acquired
abroad.
Egyptian universities do not offer a
degree in child psychiatry in spite of
the magnitude and severity of mental
health problems in childhood.
Focus on psychiatry in Egypt
(A. Okasha; 2004)
6. Terminology
Behavior
Anything that an organism does in response to
stimulation
The response of an individual, group, or species to its
environment
May be internal or external, conscious or subconscious
, overt or covert and voluntary or involuntary.
Overt behavior is generally understood by those around
the person.
Covert behavior has hidden meanings or intentions.
7.
8. Psychology Vs Psychiatry
Psychology is the study of people:
how they think, act, react and
interact. Psychology is concerned
with all aspects of behavior,
thoughts, feelings and motivation
underlying such behavior.
Psychiatry is the study of mental
disorders and their diagnosis,
management and prevention.
Child and adolescent psychiatry:
the study, diagnosis, treatment,
and prevention of
psychopathological disorders of
children, adolescents, & their
families (Kaplan & Saddock)
The term "psychiatry" was first
coined by the German physician J.
Christian Reil in 1808
9. History talk
Emil Kreapelin
1883: Emil Kreapelin: recognition
of childhood as a special phase of life.
ignored disorders in children
1930: 1st academic child psychiatry
department in the world was founded by
Leo Kanner in Baltimore
1933: Moritz Tramer: Swiss psychiatrist.
the first to define the parameters of child
psychiatry in terms of diagnosis,
treatment, and prognosis within the
discipline of medicine
1934: 1st Journal: Zeitschrift für
Kinderpsychiatrie = Acta
Paedopsychiatria
1959: Board certified speciality
10. History Talk
Mental disorders have been recognised in Egypt for
millennia; 5000 years ago and described in the Ebers
and Kahun papyri. These disorders carried no stigma,
as there was no demarcation then between psyche and
soma.
In the 14th century – 600 years before similar
institutions were founded in Europe – the first
psychiatric unit was established, in Kalaoon Hospital
in Cairo.
11. Epidemiology
Less studied than in adults.
The incidence has dramatically increased (nationwide)for the past decade and
predicted to rise in the next 15 years by 50%, becoming a major cause of
morbidity, mortality and disability.
Between 3% and 18% of children have a psychiatric disorder with median
prevalence of 12% depending on diagnostic methodology (e.g. clinical
interview, self-report or parent-report questionnaire and DSM-IV). Less than
20% of them receive treatment.
Risk factors: positive family history ( genetics), poverty, single parenthood or
parental dysfunction, abuse, neglect, domestic violence , poor social
relationships, peer disacceptance and substance abuse
14. Similarities and differences between
pediatric and adult mental health issues
Children: more vulnerable and more resistant.
Their existence and development depends on others
(care givers) who give information building diagnosis
The developmental stages are very important in
assessment
The child who suffers by psychiatric problems in
childhood can be an emotionally stable in adulthood
(diagnosis will be aged out)
Psychopharmacotherapy use is less common
16. Behavioral and psychiatric emergencies
Pediatric behavioral emergency exist when:
disorder of thought or behavior is dangerous or disturbing to the
child or to others
behavior likely to deviate from social norm and interfere with child’s
well-being or ability to function.
Result from different etiologies: psychiatric illness, medical,
metabolic, psychosocial/situational, infectious, intracranial and drug
abuse
Psychiatric emergencies are a subset of behavioral emergencies.
True psychiatric emergencies in children are rare: they
do not always stem from mental illness
are more likely to stem from situational problems
may be due to other medical problems or injury
Medical conditions: diabetes, hypoglycemia, brain injury, meningitis,
encephalitis, seizure disorders, hypoxia, and toxic ingestions-can
manifest with signs and symptoms that suggest psychiatric illness like
altered mental status, hallucinations, delusions, incoherent speech,
and aggressive behavior
17. Childhood behavioral emergencies
challenges.
Muddled picture, anxious parents, and an acting-out
child
Impression of abuse or neglect may be misleading.
Inadequate social support.
Inadequate coverage by health insurance.
Few specialists
Stigmatization
Multiple suspected etiologies
18. Assessment
Part of treatment.
Clinical stabilization (ABC) has the 1st priority
Directed to patient and family (Rapport building is
crucial)
In a quiet and safe environment (Scene Size-Up )
Chemical or physical restraints as necessary
19. Attention: signs requiring immediate intervention,
such as psychomotor agitation, aggressiveness,
alterations in the level of consciousness, and suicidal
behavior
Physical and neurological exam: complications and
exclusion of conditions provoke psychiatric
manifestations
Mental status of the patient
Ancillary tests might be required in these cases, such
as drug screening, blood count, electrolyte analysis,
cardiac monitoring, and computed tomography
20. Treatment
Goals: relief of symptoms, implementation of the
treatment and investigation of the triggering factors to
reducing the risk of future episodes
In crisis, isolation to reduce anxiety gain self-control
If excessive impulsivity, sedation may be done.
In the absence of adequate family or social support,
maintain the patient under hospital supervision .
The psychopharmacological treatment must take with
special concern to pharmacodynamics and
pharmacokinetics, adverse effects in children
22. Mnemonics for acute psychiatric disorders in children
and adolescents (IACAPAP Textbook of Child and Adolescent Mental Health)
23.
24. Psychosis
Disorder of thinking (delusions) and perception (hallucinations)
with impairment in reality testing
Because of the overlapping symptoms, it can be difficult to
differentiate between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in manic
phase or depression with psychotic symptoms.
Severe episodes of sudden onset are more indicative of organic
conditions or intoxication which should be ruled out .
Treatment: with acute episodes, neuroleptics with a sedative
profile are used in cases of insomnia or agitation, severe
agitation may require intramuscular drug injections.
25.
26. Depression
Presented with somatic symptoms or behavioral
problems
Adolescent experience more irritability or depressed
mood, which persists for more than 2 weeks and is
associated with deterioration in functioning also,
social withdrawal, declining school performance,
disrupted sleep patterns, changes in appetite or
weight, and fatigue. A negative self-appraisal, low self-
esteem and cognitive distortions,,,,,,,,,,,
Up to 60% also have suicidal ideation and 30% attempt
suicide
27.
28. Anxiety and somatoform disorders
Acute stress disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, panic disorder and social
phobia may require ED
Strong association with mood disorders and traumatic events.
Typical anxiety crises are uncommon in children and usually manifest through
somatic symptoms (e.g., headaches or abdominal pain).
Organic etiology considered in long duration and persistent neurological
symptoms.
Conversion and anxiety disorders may overlap with other clinical pathologies.
Dissociative episodes with loss of consciousness, syncope, and motor or sensory
dysfunctions can resemble epileptic seizures.
Acute crises should be properly medicated to permit immediate relief and
reassessment. Low dose of short half-life benzodiazepines to prevent
excessive somnolence, which would hamper the clinical reassessment.
Referral for psychiatric and psychological treatment after discharge.
29.
30. Disruptive behavior disorders
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Core symptoms are inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity,
before the age of 7 years and lead to functional impairment in at
least two settings
Oppositional defiant disorder:
Has defiant, noncompliant, and hostile behavior towards
authority figures for at least six months and lead to academic,
social or occupational impairment. Children are argumentative
and refuse to follow rules,
Conduct disorder
Inability to appreciate the importance of others’ welfare and
show little guilt about harming others.
Lies and stealing is frequent.
The four main clusters of symptoms are: aggression or threats of
harm to people or animals; repeated violation of household or
school rules or breaking the law; and persistent lying to avoid
consequences
31. Suicidal behavior
Suicide is already: 4th leading cause of death between ages 10-14y
Associated with mood disorders, eating disorders, psychosis, and
conduct disorders
Related to family disturbances and chronic physical conditions
The concept of death changes with development: The intention to die
can be explicit and strong or ambiguous and vague so assessment of
these intentions may be difficult
The underlying cause(s): determined and treated
Long-term drug treatment may be needed
Sedation may be required when the patient is agitated and resistant to
restraining measures. Neuroleptics with sedative properties like
chlorpromazine are first choices. benzodiazepines should be avoided,
especially in children, due to the risk of paradoxical effects and other
adverse reactions.
Discharged only with the full remission of suicidal ideation, and once
the clinical and psychosocial treatment of the triggering condition has
been implemented
33. Eating disorders
The highest mortality rates among psychiatric disorders – 5.6%
per decade. The peak of incidence, in girls aged 15-19 years.
Emergency situations due to severe behavioral alterations and
clinical complications associated with malnutrition which
appear late and suddenly and are potentially lethal.
Psychiatric emergencies include the risk of suicide associated
with dissatisfaction with the body image or with a concomitant
mood disorder; intense irritability and aggression directed
towards self and others; complete and fixed refusal to eat; and
uncontrollable vomiting or purging symptoms.
DD: anorexia nervosa with other causes of anorexia and
malnutrition , bulimia nervosa with disorders of the digestive
tract that can cause vomiting and psychogenic vomiting
Control and monitoring of clinical complications.
Gradual refeeding.
34.
35.
36. Intoxications and confusional states
More in adolescence.
The most common presentation is intoxication, since severe withdrawal
syndrome is rare.
Acute intoxication episodes can be manifested through psychomotor
agitation, aggression, acute psychosis and, in more severe instances, mental
confusion, coma, and cardiocirculatory alterations.
In children, acute intoxications usually occur accidently. In adolescents,
intentional ingestion is more likely, even in cases of products that are not
considered to be drugs of abuse, such as cleaning products, solvents, and
insecticides. In these cases, it is fundamental to differentiate the episode from a
suicide attempt.
Clinical stability is he priority before detailed assessment.
Some clinical signs can indicate a higher probability of the use of one specific
substance.
37. Patients are afraid of being punished or getting involved with the police
so they deny. Symptoms may resemble a panic attack (including
tachycardia, sweating, and feeling of imminent death)
Acute intoxication episodes might be associated with other primary
psychiatric conditions such as mood disorders and psychosis.
Treatment based on the symptoms presented.
Cardiorespiratory stabilization and consciousness monitoring in a
quiet place Medications aimed at stabilizing the clinical alterations,
but should be restricted to reduce the drug interactions.
In severe agitation low dose antipsychotics can be used with special
attention to excessive sedation. Acute intoxication symptoms usually
disappear within a few hours, reassuring and referral to follow-up and
treatment
38.
39.
40. Maltreatment and abuse
Physical or psychological violence, sexual abuse or
serious neglect.
Building rapport is fundamental to provide comfort
and safety, diminishing the defensive reactions.
Patients may deny clear signs due to the fear of being
responsible for a family crisis or for future aggressions.
It is important to watch the patient’s reactions in the
presence of different family members
Suspicion is based on clinical history, physical
examination, and diagnostic imaging exams
41. The absence of these indicators does not exclude the possibility of abuse, in the same
way that isolated findings cannot be taken as a positive indication of victimization
42. The child may appear frightened, evasive, and aggressive, as well as
take a defensive position. Apathy, somnolence, and sadness are
common features.
Once suspected, the patient should be protected.
Chronic abuse provokes more manifestations, especially depression,
post-traumatic stress disorder, dissociative and somatoform symptoms,
difficulties to manage anger and to control impulsivity, problems in
getting sexually involved, aggressiveness, and substance abuse.
The management targets:
Avoidance of subsequent abuse:
Relief of the effects of the past event
Assessment of emotional, social, and educational needs following the
event.
A team of social worker, medical, psychological.
43.
44. Aggression
Although unspecific sign, it is the main cause of psychiatric emergencies
in childhood and adolescence, Aggressive behaviors can be
manifestations of nearly any psychiatric diagnosis.
Diagnosis may be determined by associated symptoms and previous
history, which should be assessed after the behavior alterations are
under control
The acute behavior disturbance is generally manifested through
aggression and can result from a new episode of a pre-existing
condition.
Triggering factors must be investigated even in the absence of
psychiatric disorders, the child or adolescent may present aggressive
behavior as a reaction to family, social, or personal crises, in these cases,
the episodes are isolated, infrequent, and less severe.
The psychopharmacological approach will depend on the diagnosis.
Aggressive behavior can be controlled with neuroleptics
(extrapyramidal symptoms and tardive dyskinesia in up to 41% of
children ) Benzodiazepines can be used but avoided in case of use
other drugs, especially depressors of the CNS. With intense agitation
injections.
45. Screening and prevention
Avoidance of high-risk situations.
Early detection
Screening is difficult and time consuming
Effective ED screening must meet 2 criteria: (1) the
screening instrument must be accurate, efficient, and
acceptable; and (2) the screening must be linked to
effective intervention.
Clinician training
47. Medicolegal Considerations
1-Consideration to patient rights
2-In case of abuse the physician is obliged to report the
fact and even his suspicions to child protection services.
3-the patient should be protected until the situation is
clarified
4-Obtain consent when possible.
5-Documentation is a necessity
48. Take-home message(s)
Estimation & Appreciation : Values
Documentation: Half of Knowledge
Mind and body: Inseparable
Child psychiatry : A must
Childhood behavioral emergencies : Need a clear
research agenda
Childhood mental health : Need “out-of-the-box”
decision making.
Street children: Pomp