RAHI KRISHNA

2. MEMBRANE…..?
“Barrier which separates
2 phases & restricts
transport of various
molecules in a selective
manner”.
Driven by
• Pressure
• Concentration
• Temperature
• Electrical
potential
Can be
Thick/Thin
Liquid/Solid
Symmetric/Asymmetric
Natural/Synthetic
Neutral/Charged

3. •MEMBRANE FILTRATION
Uses a physical barrier
Porous membrane or filter,
To separate particles in a fluid.

4. HISTORY:
• IN 1748 - ABBE JEAN-ANTOINE NOLLET; French physicist
separated degassed alcohol using pig’s bladder.

5. • 1824, RENE-JOACHIM-HENRI DUTROCHET, French
physiologist introduced “osmosis”: movement of water through a
biological membrane
• 1861- THOMAS GRAHAM (FATHER OF MODERN DIALYSIS): coined
“dialysis “- separated dissolved substances based on mol.wt.,
& concentration.

6. • 1865 – MORITZ TRAUBE invented first artificial membrane using
Copper Ferro cyanide precipitates
• 1875- WILHELM FRIEDRICH PHILIPP PFERRER: Made the membranes
to withstand operational pressures

7. WORKING MECHANISM:
• MEMBRANE PROCESS: The feed stream is divided into two streams:
• Retentate (concentrate) stream
• Permeate stream
• Either the concentrate or permeate stream is the product of our interest.

8. •REPRESENTATION OF MEMBRANE SEPARATION
Driving Force
Feed
MEMBRANE
Permeate

9. CLASSIFICATION OF
MEMBRANES

10. Pressure
driven
Electrically
driven

11. Pressure
driven
Ultra
filtration
Micro
filtration
Reverse
osmosis
Nano
filtration

12. Concentration
driven
Pervaporati
on
Dialysis
Gas
separatio
n

14. Electrically
driven

16. Microfiltration
Low pressure driven
(2 bar)
Membrane with an open
structure
Allows-Dissolved particles
Rejects-Undissolved
particles

19. APPLICATIONS
• Bacterial reduction
• Fat removal in milk
• Whey as well as protein and casein standardisation
• Removal of casein from whey protein

20. ULTRA FILTRATION
Medium
pressure driven
(1-10 bar)
Membrane with
a medium open
structure
Allows-Most
dissolved ,
some
undissolved
particles
Rejects-Large
particles

22. APPLICATIONS

23. •NANO FILTRATION
Medium to high pressure
driven
(5-40 bar)
Membrane with slightly more open
structure
Allows-Monovalent ions
Rejects-Divalent ions

25. APPLICATIONS

27. •REVERSE OSMOSIS
High
pressure
driven
(10-100
bar)
Dense
membrane
Allows
only water

28. REVERSE OSMOSIS

29. APPLICATIONS

30. MEMBRANE CHARACTERISTICS
• Pore size:
• Microfiltration - 0.1 – 5µm
• Ultrafiltration - 0.01-0.1 μm
• Nano filtration - 0.001-0.01 μm
• Reverse osmosis- 0.0001 – 0.001 μm
• Temperature resistant <40ºC & 70-80ºC
• Pressure resistant

32. •ELECTRODIALYSIS
• Semi permeable membrane
• Allows either positive or negative charged ions
• Under the influence of electricity

35. APPLICATIONS
Demineralization of
dairy products
Demineralization of
whey
Desalination of cheese
whey

36. MEMBRANE FOULING
• Process where solute or particles deposit
• Onto a membrane surface or into membrane pores
• Degrades the membrane's performance.

37. Pre-treatment of the feed
solution
Membrane
properties
.
Cleanin
a. Narrow pore size distribution
b. Hydrophilic membranes
a. Heat treatment
b. pH adjustment
c. Chlorination
a. Hydraulic
cleaning
b. Mechanical
cleaning
c. Chemical
cleaning
METHODS TO REDUCEFOULING

38. APPLICATIONS IN
DAIRY INDUSTRY

39. Extending shelf
life
Desalting or
demineralization
Fat
processing
Protein
processing
Cheese
industry

40. WASTE WATER TREATMENT

41. Whey
processing

43. Lactose free milk
High calcium
low fat milk Non fat yoghurt

44. High protein low fat
ice-cream
Low lactose low fat
milk
Whey based
beverage

45. Lactose free ice-cream

47. CONCLUSION
• Alternatives to conventional processing method.
• Cold pasteurization method
• Create products, ingredients with favorable characteristics
• Without the addition of chemicals, with low energy use.
• A very good technology for wastewater treatment.

48. FUTURE TRENDS
• Produce even higher-quality products at reasonable costs.
• Can apply ‘Reduce, reuse, recycle’
• Reuse of process waste water for water efficiency and security
improvement.
• Recycle is the process of converting waste materials into useful end
products

49. REFERENCE
• Trevor Britz, Richard K. Robinson, Advanced dairy science and
Technology, Black well publishers Pg. no57-61
• By P. Walstra, Dairy technology: principles of milk properties and
processes ,Eastern hemisphere distribution, Pg. no 116-118
• Jelem p 1993,’’Pressure driven membrane processes; principles
definitions” New applications of Membrane processes, Brussels
Belgium:IDF pg. no7-14
• Www.Dairyprocessinghandbook.Com/chapter/membrane-technology
• JOURNAL OF FOOD RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY journal
homepage: www.Jakraya.Com/journa/jfrt