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Ques-1Part-a Mitosis it is a somatic cell division in an organi.pdfsutharbharat59
Ques-1:
Part-a: Mitosis: it is a somatic cell division in an organism & this division is useful to maintain
body growth
Part-b: Meiosis: it is the reproductive reduction cell division & it is useful to produce gametes for
fertilization finally to generate a mature embryo
Part-c: cytokinesis: It is defined as the process of division of cytoplasm during cell division
either in mitosis or meiosis & this is useful for carrying cell organelles
Part-d: chromosome: it is the hereditary material that carries genomic information for gene
expression & useful for inheritance of parental traits to offspring
Mitosis ---> somatic cell division & produces two identical daughter cells with equal number of
chromosomes (cytokinesis & karyokinesis).
Meiosis ----> a reduction division occurs in reproductive germ cells in which allosomes
determine sex determination finally generates half of the chromosomes in daughter cells
Part-a: Mitosis: it is a somatic cell division in an organism & this division is useful to maintain
body growth
Part-b: Meiosis: it is the reproductive reduction cell division & it is useful to produce gametes for
fertilization finally to generate a mature embryo
Part-c: cytokinesis: It is defined as the process of division of cytoplasm during cell division
either in mitosis or meiosis & this is useful for carrying cell organelles
Part-d: chromosome: it is the hereditary material that carries genomic information for gene
expression & useful for inheritance of parental traits to offspring
Cell plate is absent during animal cell division instead a complete cleavage of the cells during
division can be observed in animal cells. Cell plate formation during cell division observed only
in plants.
Haploid cells (n) are normally produced by reduction division of meiosis from diploid parent
cells (2n). This type of division occurs in germ cells of male and female species. The
chromosomes of the diploid germ cell undergo reduction in meiosis I and generate half of the
chromosomes when compared to parent diploid cell.
Meiosis division in a reproductive cell often results in four haploid cells with only single set of
chromosomes.
Meiosis-I prophase-I In this process double stranded homologous chromosomes line up each
other, and result in forming a tetrad; this is termed as Synapsis.
Terminal chaismata hold the homologous chromosomes together in metaphase I finally these are
going to align on the metaphase plate. Synapsis allows homologous chromosomes to travel to the
center by forming spindle formation through microtubules attaching to the centromeres finally to
the opposite poles of the cell. Later, crossing over takes place to exchanges paternal and maternal
genes to form tetrad where genetic variation occurs. Crossing over takes place to exchange equal
amounts of DNA generates genetic variability in prophase -I of meiosis.
Crossing over occurs in which lined up chromosomal ends exchange genetic information by
switching their places. Crossing over can un.
Top 7 Meiosis And Mitosis Differences.pdfChloe Cheney
Learn about the seven most common meiosis and mitosis differences with our complete guide to differences and similarities between mitosis and meiosis and more
Ques-1Part-a Mitosis it is a somatic cell division in an organi.pdfsutharbharat59
Ques-1:
Part-a: Mitosis: it is a somatic cell division in an organism & this division is useful to maintain
body growth
Part-b: Meiosis: it is the reproductive reduction cell division & it is useful to produce gametes for
fertilization finally to generate a mature embryo
Part-c: cytokinesis: It is defined as the process of division of cytoplasm during cell division
either in mitosis or meiosis & this is useful for carrying cell organelles
Part-d: chromosome: it is the hereditary material that carries genomic information for gene
expression & useful for inheritance of parental traits to offspring
Mitosis ---> somatic cell division & produces two identical daughter cells with equal number of
chromosomes (cytokinesis & karyokinesis).
Meiosis ----> a reduction division occurs in reproductive germ cells in which allosomes
determine sex determination finally generates half of the chromosomes in daughter cells
Part-a: Mitosis: it is a somatic cell division in an organism & this division is useful to maintain
body growth
Part-b: Meiosis: it is the reproductive reduction cell division & it is useful to produce gametes for
fertilization finally to generate a mature embryo
Part-c: cytokinesis: It is defined as the process of division of cytoplasm during cell division
either in mitosis or meiosis & this is useful for carrying cell organelles
Part-d: chromosome: it is the hereditary material that carries genomic information for gene
expression & useful for inheritance of parental traits to offspring
Cell plate is absent during animal cell division instead a complete cleavage of the cells during
division can be observed in animal cells. Cell plate formation during cell division observed only
in plants.
Haploid cells (n) are normally produced by reduction division of meiosis from diploid parent
cells (2n). This type of division occurs in germ cells of male and female species. The
chromosomes of the diploid germ cell undergo reduction in meiosis I and generate half of the
chromosomes when compared to parent diploid cell.
Meiosis division in a reproductive cell often results in four haploid cells with only single set of
chromosomes.
Meiosis-I prophase-I In this process double stranded homologous chromosomes line up each
other, and result in forming a tetrad; this is termed as Synapsis.
Terminal chaismata hold the homologous chromosomes together in metaphase I finally these are
going to align on the metaphase plate. Synapsis allows homologous chromosomes to travel to the
center by forming spindle formation through microtubules attaching to the centromeres finally to
the opposite poles of the cell. Later, crossing over takes place to exchanges paternal and maternal
genes to form tetrad where genetic variation occurs. Crossing over takes place to exchange equal
amounts of DNA generates genetic variability in prophase -I of meiosis.
Crossing over occurs in which lined up chromosomal ends exchange genetic information by
switching their places. Crossing over can un.
Top 7 Meiosis And Mitosis Differences.pdfChloe Cheney
Learn about the seven most common meiosis and mitosis differences with our complete guide to differences and similarities between mitosis and meiosis and more
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Chapter 3 - Islamic Banking Products and Services.pptx
Meiosis
1. Meiosis
Meiosis happens in a two–stage process of cell division that produces four haploid cells from one diploid cell. The process begins from a single
dividing nucleus that is composed of two sets of replicated chromosomes that contain two sister chromatids. Nuclei that consist of a single set of
unreplicated chromosomes.
Below is an explanation the two–stage of meiosis:–
Prophase 1
In this phase of meiosis the nucleolus vanishes and the nuclear envelope breaks down, the chromosomes then condense and spindle fibers begin to
form and extend to the chromosomes. Crossover is now complete and can go on to next phase.
Metaphase 1
The two sets of chromosome become arranged on the metaphase plate in this phase of meiosis. Centrioles at opposite poles of the cell produce spindle
fibers that latch on to each set of chromosomes....show more content...
Centromeres remain attached to sister chromatids and move towards the pole.
Telophase 1
This phase of meiosis each chromosome reaches it's pole and have now became haploid. A nuclear envelope begins to form around each set of
chromosomes. Spindle fibers have now disappeared and cytokinesis can occur. Cytokinesis is when the formation of a cleavage furrow, pinching the
cell into two separate cells. After cytokinesis occurs each of the two cells now contain a haploid set of chromosomes and a nucleus.
Prophase 2
No chromosome duplication occurs in this phase of meiosis. Centrioles duplicate and a daughter centrioles form horizontal to the mother centrioles.
2. Spindle apparatus forms and the nuclear envelope breaks down in each of the two cells.
Metaphase
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3. Mitosis Vs Meiosis
Cell division is a process that is essential to the reproduction, survival, and improvement of many eukaryotes. Many things about cell division are still
unknown, and each day scientists begin to understand more about why something they already knew happened, happened. Such as the underlying
reactions and thermodynamics that motivate something to do what it does without intelligence (Khan Academy). There are two types of cell division
under this category, and they are mitosis and meiosis. Although they fall under the same category, they have similarities and dissimilarities. To avoid
confusion and for better understanding they will be discussed in pairs (similar–dissimilar), and there may be some overlap in points as this is the nature
of the subject matter.
To begin, the most obvious differences and similarities will be addressed. Both processes follow interphase which replicates theDNA. They both begin
with a cell that has a diploid number of chromosomes. Mitosis is a repeatable cycle, and meiosis is not. Mitosis proceeds to completion and ends with
cells that are capable of going through the cell cycle and repeating the process...show more content...
Although they do occur in the same organism, they occur in different places. Mitosis is the duplication of somatic, or body, cells. Meiosis is the
duplication of germ, or sex, cells. Because meiosis involves sex cells, the products are capable of fertilization. One difference mentioned before but
not much expanded upon is that meiosis gives cells that come from diploid cells but are haploid. Because the information they receive is spilt between
the two, each cell contains different information selected at random. Mitosis in contrast is a process that yields two cells that are an exact copy of their
parent cell (excepting an occasional mutation). Each cell that results from mitosis is identical to its parent and contains the same genetic
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4. Essay on Meiosis Vs. Mitosis
More than one celled organisms grow by way of mitosis and the cytoplasmic division of body cells. On the other hand, meiosis occurs only in germ
cells, which are put aside for the formation of gametes (sperm and egg). Reproduction by meiosis allows for species survival and it increases genetic
variability.
The process, during which the germ cells are generated is called meiosis. It represents nature's solution to the problem of chromosome doubling that
would occur, if two diploid cells, i.e. two cells with a double set of chromosomes would fuse. Accordingly does meiosis produce haploid germ cells,
with maternal and paternal germ cell fusing at fertilization and thus generating a...show more content...
Chromosome pairs line up across the equator of the spindle at metaphase I (5). In anaphase I the chromosomes separate and travel to opposite ends of
the spindle. The chromosomes migrate to the equators of two new spindles for metaphase 2 (7). Next the chromatids are pulled apart in anaphase 2 to
form four clusters of chromosomes in telophase 2. The nuclear envelopes reform around four haploid nuclei that will give rise gamete
The leptotene. This phase differs only slightly from the early stages of mitosis. Usually are the cells and nuclei of meiotic tissues bigger than that of
their neighbouring tissues and often do they seem to be longer and are longitudinally structured. At regular intervals can thickenings be found, like
beads on a string: the chromomeres. Their number, size and positioning is constant in each species.
The zygotene. During this phase begins the pairing of homologous chromosomes. It is also called synapsis and the resulting structure synaptic
complex. Directly after initiation of the process does the pairing spread like a zipper across the whole length of the chromosome.
The pachytene. During the pachytene does the pairing stabilize. The number of synaptic complexes corresponds to the number of chromosomes in a
haploid set of the respective species. The pairs are also called bivalents. The
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5. Mitosis: Interphase I And Meiosis
Mitosis and meiosis are the means by which reproduction takes place. Mitosis creates an exact duplicate of cell so that old cells can be replaced,
such as in skin, hair, and bones. Meiosis allows a cell to unite one half of its genetic makeup with a cell from another partner to create an entirely new
organism.
Mitosis
Mitosis is the process by which two daughter cells are formed, each containing a complete set of chromosomes. Mitosis is the process by which an
organism creates new cells, such as skin or bone. There are two parts to a cell's life В– interphase and mitosis. Interphase is the normal life of the cell
when all of the growth and metabolism processes take place. Mitosis happens after interphase is complete and produces an...show more content...
Meiosis is broken into two parts called Meiosis I and Meiosis II.
Meiosis I
The stages of Meiosis I are called prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, and telophase I. Prophase I is like prophase in mitosis. However, in metaphase
I, instead of pulling the chromosomes away from their duplicates, the microtubules attach so as to pull the like pairs, called homologues, apart and
leave the chromosomes attached to their duplicates.
In anaphase I, the microtubules of the spindles pull the homologues apart.
In telephase I, the plasma membrane pinches the cell into two parts and the chromosomes are surrounded by nuclear material. At the end of meiosis I,
two haploid cells have been created, but they still have duplicated chromosomes, so the cell must enter meiosis II.
Meoisis II
The purpose of meiosis II is to create cells with no duplicates, for purposes of reproduction. In meiosis II, there are now two cells going through the
process. Prophase II and metaphase II occur just as in mitosis, but remember, there are two cells now.
During Anaphase II, the microtubules pull the duplicate chromosomes away from the originals.
During Telophase II, the plasma constricts and nuclei are formed.
6. Meiosis 2 is similar to mitosis, however, at the end of meiosis II, four haploid cells called gametes have been formed, each with no duplicate
chromosomes. The chromatids of each chromosome are not identical
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7. Meiosis Research Paper
Every cell on Earth has certain things in common; such as a plasma membrane, the presence of DNA and the ability to respond to stimuli, as well as
reproduce. Some things such as viruses can seem to be living; however, the lack the ability to reproduce by themselves and instead they tack
advantage of the amazing ability of most cells to produce macromolecules and to produce daughter cells from a parent cell. Just like every human being
is born, undergoes a period of growth and eventually dies; so does each individual cell that composes that human being. In addition, just as human
beings undergo a period of maturation that if they pass a certain level of physical maturity, they may reproduce; so do the cells that compose said
human being. In...show more content...
The end goal of meiosis includes twice as many daughter cells as mitosis; therefore, there is a second cell division involve similar stages. Interphase
is different in meiosis than in mitosis because each individual homologue is replicated instead of replicating one chromosome. Mitosis involves the
replication of somatic cells that are haploid; whereas, meiosis involves the manufacturing of gametes that are genetically haploid. In prophase I paired
homologues are attracted to one another at the synapsis and a process called crossing over takes place. Crossing over involves a genetic rearrangement
of DNA of the same segments. Otherwise prophase 1 is similar to prophase in mitosis. In metaphase I chromosomes line up in homologous pairs,
otherwise this stage is similar to metaphase in mitosis. Anaphase I, Telophase I, and cytokinesis is the same in meiosis as in mitosis except, two
haploid cells form with each chromosome still consisting of two sister chromatids. The second stage of meiosis involves all the same steps except
there is no crossing over involves because each cell is now genetically haploid. The set of sister chromatids undergoes prophase II, metaphase II,
anaphase II, telophase II, and cytokinesis. The sister chromatids finally separate resulting in four haploid daughter cells containing unduplicated
chromosomes. In prophase I crossing over took place, and this results in each chromosome being genetically different in each of the four daughter
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8. Mitosis And Meiosis
Mitosis Meiosis
Most of the times people get injuries, complex or simple one like bruises and, within a period of time, these injuries heal. This healing process is made
possible by cell division whereby a single cell divides to form two and the process continues. The same process also helps living things grow, for
example, over 2 trillion cells divide every day in human beings. There are two types of cell division processes; mitosis and meiosis, each of which has
distinct characteristics.
Definition
Mitosis: A single cell divide into two genetically identical cells. This process is asexual in nature and the two resulting cells have equal number of
chromosomes in each of the diploid cells each with identical nuclei.
Meiosis: Meiosis is a sexual cell reproduction process whereby a single cell divides its homologous chromosomes equally to form two haploid cells
with half the chromosomes of the parent cell.
Process
Mitosis: Mitosis occur in five phases describing the changes through which the cells go through. These stages are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase,
anaphase, and telophase. In prophase, the chromosomes condense inside the nucleus while centrioles move to the opposite within the nucleus sides in
pairs. As this process...show more content...
The chromosomes then split into two sister chromatids which the centromeres hold together. This therefore mean that there are two sets of sister
chromatids (four chromatids) in the two chromosomes. Two non–sister chromosomes cross over as the other two remain. Secondly, in metaphase I,
chromosomes line up at the center of the spindle fibers in pairs then the third phase, Anaphase I begins when equal amounts of chromosomes divide. On
the last phase, telophase I, the daughter cells completely divide, chromosomes disappear, and the nucleic membranes
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9. Meiosis Vs Mitosis
Life forms display an assortment of examples in respect to propagation, and diverse perspectives might be brought with respect to arrangement of
these patters. For our motivations, we might consider that there are two essential sorts of multiplication, sexual and asexual. Sexual reproduction is
always associated with a type of nuclear division called meiosis which occurs at some point in the life cycle of the organism involved. Besides, aside
from a couple of atypical cases, sexual multiplication is portrayed by the union of gametes, or particular conceptive cells, in the development of another
person. Such gametic union is trailed by the combination of the diversion tic cores and the relationship of their chromosomes: this whole arrangement
of occasions is known as treatment.
Cells separate and replicate in two ways: mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis is a procedure of cell division that...show more content...
Not just is mitosis in charge of abiogenetic propagation in single–celled life forms, however it is likewise what empowers cell development and repair
in multicellular living beings, for example, people. In mitosis, a cell makes a precise clone of itself. This procedure is what is behind the development
of youngsters into grown–ups, the recuperating of cuts and wounds, and even the regrowth of skin, appendages, and members in creatures like geckos
and reptiles. Meiosis is a more particular kind of cell division (of germ cells, specifically) that outcomes in gametes, either eggs or sperm, that contain
half of the chromosomes found in a guardian cell. Not at all like mitosis with its numerous capacities, meiosis has a slender yet critical reason: helping
sexual multiplication. The procedure empowers youngsters to be connected yet at the same time not the same as their two guardians. (Westbroek,
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10. Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis Essay
Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis with reference to i. Chromosomesii.
Biological significance
i. Chromosomes ii. Biological significance
Modern cell theory states that all cells are derived from other cells.
This means cells must have a way of copying themselves. This is cell division; two types of cell division are Meiosis and Mitosis. The comparison will
be between Meiosis 1 and Mitosis, because Meiosis 2 is much the same as Mitosis.
Dividing cells have a regular pattern of events, known as the cell cycle. This cycle may be divided into two basic parts; The Interphase and the actual
division (Meiosis / Mitosis).
Interphase is when the cell is not dividing but duplicating its DNA and organelles. Both Meiosis 1 and...show more content...
At this point the chromatids may break and recombine with different chromatids, this is called crossing over.
Metaphase
In Mitosis Metaphase stage the chromosomes go to the centre/equator of the spindle. The chromosomes get attached to spindle fibres at the centromere,
when these contract; the individual chromatids get pulled apart slightly.
In Meiosis Metaphase 1 is similar to Mitosis stage one but differs as chromosomes form a double row at the equator of the spindle instead of a single
row.
Anaphase
In Mitosis and Meiosis Anaphase; the centromere splits as a result the spindle contract further and the two chromatids of each chromosome separate and
11. migrate to opposite ends. The spindle fibres are made of tubulin molecules and they shorten through the removal process. The energy for this process is
provided by mitochondria, which surround the spindle fibres.
Telophase
In Mitosis and Meiosis Telophase the chromatids reach their respective poles and a new nuclear envelope forms around each group. The chromatids
uncoil and lengthen, becoming invisible again. The spindle fibres disappear and a nucleolus forms in each new nucleus.
Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis with reference to Chromosomes
Mitosis
Meiosis
A single division of the chromosomes and the nucleus
A single division of the chromosomes but a double division of the nucleus The number of chromosomes remains the same
The number of
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12. Meiosis I: Interphase I
Meiosis I starts with interphase I where these chromosomes are duplicated. Prophase I starts with homologous chromosomes pairing up and exchange
tetrads, which is where crossing over can take place. In metaphase I the tetrads line up along the metaphase plate randomly producing independent
assortment. Anaphase I is where pairs of homologous chromosomes split up. Telophase I cytokinesis occurs and 2 non identical daughter split, and 2
haploid cells form. Meiosis II starts with prophase II where the nuclear envelope breaks down. Metaphase II occurs as sister chromatids align on the
metaphase plate. Anaphase II happens as the sister chromatids separate, yielding single chromosomes. Telophase II occurs as the nuclear envelope
forms and cytokinesis
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