MEEN 475-501 Group I Presentation
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The document summarizes research into developing an airless bicycle tire. It discusses the underlying physics of friction and contact stresses. It evaluates 7 material options based on material properties and cost. An analytic hierarchy process is used to rank the materials, with hydrogenated nitrile scoring highest. Conventional machining and compression molding are identified as the best processes to shape the tire, which should be made of synthetic rubber in a solid 3D shape between 25-40mm thick and weighing 1.5-3.5kg.
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2. The researchers modeled the 2D combustion chamber geometry of a single cylinder 4-stroke SI engine in ANSYS. They conducted CFD analysis at different ignition timings and identified the optimal timing using GA.
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Abstract
For making biomass fuel i.e. for making alternative fuel for coal or other conventional sources of energy it is important to find
certain parameters. Calorific value is the most important property of a fuel whereas moisture content, ash content also
significantly affects the performance of fuel. Here, the work focuses on making a biomass fuel with the combination of three
materials i.e. sugarcane bagasse, sawdust and paper waste. These raw materials are selected on the basis of their calorific value,
ash content, moisture content, easy availability and its cost.
In sugar mills, major by product is sugarcane bagasse and therefore we used 50-60% of sugarcane bagasse for making fuel,
paper waste is easily available and also its property is that it increases the calorific value if it is used 10-20% and if it is further
increased then calorific value starts decreasing, sawdust is used 20-40% . Its calorific value is also high. MINITAB
SOFTWARE is used for the design of experiment. Moisture content is determined with the help of DIGITAL MOISTURE
ANALYZER. Ash content is determined by using ELECTRIC COIL HEATER and MUFFLE FURNACE. Calorific value is
calculated by using MODIFIED DULONG FORMULA.
From tests it is obtained that moisture content is between 8%-12%, ash content is in the range of 4%-8% and calorific value is
between 2800 Kcal/kg – 3000 Kcal/kg. Now this fuel is compared with coal. The main point of view for making this bio fuel is that
it can be efficiently used for co generation with coal which results in less consumption of conventional fuels which will have large
no. of benefits like first and foremost is that coal is conventional and non renewable source of energy so its consumption will be
reduced, pollution will be less, emissions of GHG like SOX, NOX, CO2 will be reduced, cost of plant is reduced, ash content is the
main drawback of thermal plants, handling of ash is very big problem of thermal power plants and if 50% use of coal is reduced
then ash is reduced and last raw materials will be used efficiently.
Key words: Sugarcane bagasse, Sawdust, paper waste, Moisture content, Ash content, Calorific value, MINITAB
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- 2. Agenda ● Underlying Physics ● Merit Indices ● Material Options ● AHP ● Process Selection
- 3. Underlying Physics ● Friction preventing slipping ● Hertzian contact ● Cyclic loading [2]
- 4. Merit Indices Mass: Cost: Stress from Rotation: Fatigue: where:
- 5. 7 Material Options Material Cm ($/kg) 𝜌 (kg/m3) σy (MPa) σe (MPa) (Max Value S.I.)* E (GPa) Buna-N 1 1300 18 9.0 0.003 Butadiene 1 980 14 7.0 0.01 Chloroprene 2 960 11 5.5 0.006 Ethylene 1 870 7 3.5 0.017 Fluorocarbon 3 1800 7.5 3.75 0.049 Hydrogenated Nitrile 4 1200 19 9.5 0.018 Polyacrylate 2 1300 13 6.5 0.012 *Values approximated using Se = .5Su
- 6. Results of AHP and Process Selection E=2, 𝜌=3, C=4, σy=5, σe=6; n=5 Pairwise Comparisons (CR = 0.0893) Scores ● Process Requirements ○ Material: Synthetic Rubbers ○ Shape: 3D solid ○ Section thickness: 25-40 mm ○ Mass: 1.5-3.5 kg ● Resulting Possible Processes ○ Best: Conventional machining ○ Compression molding ○ Polymer casting C 𝜌 σy σe E C 1 1/3 3 9 1/8 𝜌 3 1 5 12 1/4 σy 1/3 1/5 1 7 1/8 σe 1/9 1/12 1/7 1 1/18 E 8 4 8 18 1 Material Buna-N Butadiene Chloroprene Ethylene Fluorocarbon Hydrogenated Nitrile Polyacrylate Score 0.0151 0.0196 0.0166 0.0245 0.0647 0.0347 0.0248 Rank 7 5 6 4 1 2 3
- 7. References [1] Bridgestone Americas Tire Operation, Research: Airless Tires. https://www.bridgestonetire.com/tread-and-trend/tire-talk/airless-concept-tires [2] R.G. Budynas and J.K. Nisbett, Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design, 10th ed., New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education, 2015. [3] “Friction and Friction Coefficients,” The Engineering Toolbox. [Online]. Available: https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/friction-coefficients-d_778.html. [Accessed: Dec. 2017]. [4] Michelin Technologies, “How the MICHELIN® X® Tweel® Airless Radial Tire Works”, http://www.michelintweel.com/aboutTweel.html