The document discusses three communicable respiratory diseases: Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), and Tuberculosis (TB). ARIs are caused by viruses and bacteria that infect the upper and lower respiratory tract. SARS is a viral respiratory illness caused by the SARS coronavirus that emerged in 2002-2003. Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that primarily affects the lungs. The document provides details on the characteristics, causes, symptoms, and treatments of each disease.

1. COMMUNICABLE
DISEASES:ARI,
SARS,
TUBERCULOSIS
MUHAMED NIHAL ARAKKAL KUTTIKKATTIL NISHAD
22581590

2. ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS
(ARI)
Acute Respiratory
Infections (ARIs)
encompass a range of
infectious diseases
affecting the
respiratory tract,
including the upper
(e.g., common cold)
and lower (e.g.,
pneumonia) respiratory
system.

3. CHARACTERISTICS
ARIs typically involve inflammation of the respiratory mucous membranes, leading
to symptoms like cough, sneezing, nasal congestion, and, in severe cases,
difficulty breathing. The severity can vary from mild to life-threatening.
AGENTS
Various pathogens cause ARIs, including viruses (e.g., influenza, rhinovirus),
bacteria (e.g., Streptococcus pneumoniae), and occasionally fungi. Viruses are
the most common culprits.

4. SYMPTOMS
Common symptoms include cough, fever, nasal congestion, sore throat, and
shortness of breath. The specific symptoms depend on the type of infection and
the affected respiratory tract.
TREATMENT
Treatment often involves supportive care, rest, hydration, and over-the-counter
medications to alleviate symptoms. Antiviral medications may be prescribed for
certain viral infections, while bacterial infections may require antibiotics. Severe
cases might need hospitalization and advanced medical intervention. Consultation
with a healthcare professional is crucial for accurate diagnosis and appropriate
treatment.

6. SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME
(SARS)
Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome (SARS) is a viral
respiratory illness caused by
the SARS-associated
coronavirus (SARS-CoV). It
emerged in 2002-2003,
leading to a global outbreak.

7. CHARACTERISTICS
SARS is characterized by severe respiratory symptoms, including fever, cough, and
difficulty breathing. It has the potential for rapid transmission, often causing
severe pneumonia and respiratory failure.
AGENT
SARS is caused by the SARS-CoV, a type of coronavirus. The virus likely originated
in bats and was transmitted to humans, possibly through intermediary animals

8. SYMPTOMS
Common symptoms include high
fever, chills, body aches, and a dry
cough. In severe cases, it can
progress to pneumonia, leading to
respiratory distress.
TREATMENT
Management of SARS involves supportive
care, including antiviral medications
and, in severe cases, mechanical
ventilation. Strict isolation measures
are crucial to prevent its spread.
Vaccination and antiviral research have
been ongoing to develop preventive and
therapeutic measures. Early detection
and isolation are critical in controlling
outbreaks. It’s essential to seek
immediate medical attention if there’s
a suspicion of SARS or any severe
respiratory illness.

9. TUBERCULOSIS (TB)
Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It
primarily affects the lungs but can also impact other organs, leading to a range of
symptoms.

11. CHARACTERISTICS
TB is characterized by the formation of granulomas (small nodules) in the
infected tissues. It can be latent, where the bacteria are present but not causing
symptoms, or active, with noticeable signs and symptoms
AGENT
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the bacterium responsible for TB. It is an airborne
pathogen, often spread through respiratory droplets when an infected person
coughs or sneezes.

12. SYMPTOMS
Common symptoms include persistent cough,
chest pain, weight loss, fatigue, and night
sweats. TB can also affect other parts of the
body, leading to varied symptoms depending on
the organs involved.
TREATMENT
TB is treatable with a combination of antibiotics
over an extended period. Standard treatment
involves a combination of drugs to prevent the
development of drug-resistant strains. Adequate
and consistent treatment is essential to prevent
the spread of TB and to ensure a successful
recovery. It’s crucial to follow the prescribed
treatment plan and attend regular medical
check-ups.

13. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, communicable diseases like Acute Respiratory Infections (ARIs), Severe Acute
Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), and Tuberculosis (TB) pose significant health challenges.
ARIs, caused by various pathogens, affect the respiratory system with symptoms ranging
from mild to severe. SARS, a viral respiratory illness caused by SARS-CoV, can lead to
severe pneumonia and respiratory failure. Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium
tuberculosis, impacts the lungs and other organs, presenting symptoms such as persistent
cough and weight loss.
Early detection, accurate diagnosis, and prompt treatment are crucial for managing these
diseases. For ARIs, supportive care, rest, and sometimes antiviral or antibiotic medications
are employed. SARS necessitates strict isolation measures, antiviral treatment, and
respiratory support in severe cases. Tuberculosis requires a prolonged course of antibiotics
and consistent treatment to prevent the development of drug-resistant strains.
Preventive measures, including vaccinations, public health education, and infection
control practices, play a vital role in reducing the incidence and spread of these
communicable diseases. Regular medical check-ups, adherence to prescribed treatments,
and awareness of symptoms are key components in managing and preventing the impact of
these respiratory infections on individual and public health.