A variety of viruses and bacteria can cause upper respiratory tract infections. These cause a variety of patient diseases including acute bronchitis, the common cold, influenza, and respiratory distress syndromes. Defining most of these patient diseases is difficult because the presentations connected with upper respiratory tract infections (URIs) commonly overlap and their causes are similar. Upper respiratory tract infections can be defined as self-limited irritation and swelling of the upper airways with associated cough with no proof of pneumonia, lacking a separate condition to account for the patient symptoms, or with no history of COPD/emphysema/chronic bronchitis. Upper respiratory tract infections involve the nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, and the large airways.
Communicable diseases, including HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis (TB), malaria, viral hepatitis, sexually transmitted infections and neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), are among the leading causes of death and disability in low-income countries and marginalized populations.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
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Communicable diseases, including HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis (TB), malaria, viral hepatitis, sexually transmitted infections and neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), are among the leading causes of death and disability in low-income countries and marginalized populations.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
2. Introduction
A variety of viruses and bacteria can cause upper respiratory tract infections. These
cause a variety of patient diseases including acute bronchitis, the common cold,
influenza, and respiratory distress syndromes. Defining most of these patient
diseases is difficult because the presentations connected with upper respiratory tract
infections (URIs) commonly overlap and their causes are similar. Upper
respiratory tract infections can be defined as self-limited irritation and swelling
of the upper airways with associated cough with no proof of pneumonia,
lacking a separate condition to account for the patient symptoms, or with no
history of COPD/emphysema/chronic bronchitis. Upper respiratory tract
infections involve the nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, and the large airways.
3. Etiology
Common cold continues to be a large burden on society,
economically and socially. The most common virus is rhinovirus.
Other viruses include the influenza virus, adenovirus,
enterovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus. Bacteria may cause
roughly 15% of sudden onset pharyngitis presentations. The most
common is Streptococcus pyogenes, a Group A streptococcus.
4. Risk factors for a URTI
Close contact with children: both daycares and schools increase the risk
for URI
Medical disorder: People with asthma and allergic rhinitis are more likely
to develop URI
Smoking is a common risk factor for URI
Immunocompromised individuals including those with cystic fibrosis, HIV,
use of corticosteroids, transplantation, and post-splenectomy are at high
risk for URI
Anatomical anomalies including facial dysmorphic changes or nasal
polyposis also increase the risk of URI
5. Epidemiology
Across the country, URIs are one of the top three diagnoses in the outpatient setting.
Estimated annual costs for viral URI, not related to influenza, exceeds $22 billion. Upper
respiratory tract infections account for an estimated 10 million outpatient appointments a
year. Relief of symptoms is the main reason for outpatient visits amongst adults during the
initial couple weeks of sickness, and a majority of these appointments result with
physicians needless writing of antibiotic prescriptions. Adults obtain a common cold
around two to three times yearly whereas pediatrics can have up to eight cases yearly. Fall
months see a peak in incidence of common cold caused by the rhinovirus. Upper
respiratory tract infections are accountable for greater than 20 million missed days of
school and greater than 20 million days of work lost, thus generating a large economic
burden.
6. Pathophysiology
A URTI usually involves direct invasion of the upper airway mucosa by the
organism. The organism is usually acquired by inhalation of infected
droplets. Barriers that prevent the organism from attaching to the mucosa
include 1) the hair lining that traps pathogens, 2) the mucus which also
traps organisms 3) the angle between the pharynx and nose which prevents
particles from falling into the airways and 4) ciliated cells in the lower
airways that transport the pathogens back to the pharynx.
The adenoids and tonsils also contain immunological cells that attack the
pathogens.
7. Influenza
The incubation period for influenza is 1 to 4 days, and the time interval between
symptom onset is estimated to be 3 to 4 days. Viral shedding can occur 1 day
before the onset of symptoms. It is believed that influenza can be transferred
among humans by direct contact, indirect contact, droplets, or aerosolization.
Short distances (<1 meter) are generally required for contact and droplet
transmission to occur between the source person and the susceptible individual.
Airborne transmission may occur over longer distances (>1 m). Most evidence-
based data suggest that direct contact and droplet transfer are the predominant
modes of transmission for influenza.
8. Common Cold
The pathogens are responsible for causing the common cold include rhinovirus,
adenovirus, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, enterovirus, and
coronavirus. The rhinovirus, a species of the Enterovirus genus of the Picornaviridae
family, is the most common cause of the common cold and causes up to 80% of all
respiratory infections during peak seasons. Dozens of rhinovirus serotypes and
frequent antigenic changes among them make identification, characterization, and
eradication complex. After deposition in the anterior nasal mucosa, rhinovirus
replication and infection are thought to begin upon mucociliary transport to the
posterior nasopharynx and adenoids.
9. As soon as 10 to 12 hours after inoculation, symptoms may begin. The
mean duration of symptoms is 7 to 10 days, but symptoms can persist for as
long as 3 weeks. Nasal mucosal infection and the host's subsequent
inflammatory response cause vasodilation and increased vascular
permeability. These events result in nasal obstruction and rhinorrhea
whereas cholinergic stimulation prompts mucus production and sneezing.
10. History
Acute upper respiratory tract infections include rhinitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, and
laryngitis. Symptoms of URTIs commonly include:
•Cough
•Sore throat
•Runny nose
•Nasal congestion
•Headache
•Low-grade fever
•Facial pressure, Sneezing, Malaise , and Myalgias
The onset of symptoms usually begins one to three days after exposure and lasts 7–10
days, and can persist up to 3 weeks.
11. Evaluation
The presence of classical features for rhinovirus infection, coupled with the absence of
signs of bacterial infection or serious respiratory illness, is sufficient to make the
diagnosis of the common cold. The common cold is a clinical diagnosis, and diagnostic
testing is not necessary. When testing for influenza, obtain specimens as close to
symptom onset as possible. Nasal aspirates and swabs are the best specimens to obtain
when testing infants and young children. For older children and adults, swabs and
aspirates from the nasopharynx are preferred. Rapid strep swabs can be used to rule out
bacterial pharyngitis, which could help decrease number of antibiotics being prescribed
for these infections.
12. Treatment / Management
The goal of treatment for the common cold is symptom relief. Decongestants
and combination antihistamine/decongestant medications can limit cough,
congestion, and other symptoms in adults. Avoid cough preparations in
children.H1-receptor antagonists may offer a modest reduction of rhinorrhea
and sneezing during the first 2 days of a cold in adults. First-generation
antihistamines are sedating, so advise the patient about caution during their
use. Topical and oral nasal decongestants (i.e., topical oxymetazoline, oral
pseudoephedrine) have moderate benefit in adults and adolescents in
reducing nasal airway resistance.
13. Evidence-based data does not support the use of antibiotics in the treatment of the
common cold because they do not improve symptoms or shorten the course of
illness. There is also a lack of convincing evidence supporting the use of
dextromethorphan for acute cough.
vitamin C used as daily prophylaxis had a "modest but consistent effect" on the
duration and severity of common cold symptoms (8% and 13% decreases in duration
for adults and children, respectively). When taken therapeutically after the onset of
symptoms, however, high-dose vitamin C has not shown clear benefit in trials.
Early antiviral treatment for influenza infection shortens the duration of influenza
symptoms, decreases the length of hospital stays, and reduces the risk of complications.
14. Recommendations for the treatment of influenza are updated frequently by the Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention based on epidemiologic data and antiviral
resistance patterns.
Give antiviral therapy for influenza within 48 hours of symptom onset (or earlier), and
do not delay treatment for laboratory confirmation if a rapid test is not available.
Antiviral treatment can provide benefit even after 48 hours in pregnant and other high-
risk patients.
Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing influenza illness. Antiviral
chemoprophylaxis is also helpful in preventing influenza (70% to 90% effective) and
should be considered as an adjunct to vaccination in certain scenarios or when
vaccination is unavailable or not possible.
15. Generally, antiviral chemoprophylaxis is used during periods of influenza activity for (1)
high-risk persons who cannot receive vaccination (due to contraindications) or in whom
recent vaccination does not, or is not expected to, afford a sufficient immune response; (2)
controlling outbreaks among high-risk persons in institutional settings; and (3) high-risk
persons with influenza exposures.
Prognosis
URI are common during the winter season and for the most part, are benign, but they can
seriously affect the quality of life for a few weeks. A few individuals may develop
pneumonia, meningitis, sepsis, and bronchitis. Each year, there are isolated cases of death
reported from a URI. Time off work and school is very common. In addition, patients
spend billions of dollars on worthless remedies.
16. There is little evidence that any treatment actually shortens the duration of a viral
URI. Even the vaccine only works in 40-60% of individuals, at best.
Complications
Complications of upper respiratory tract infections are relatively rare, except
with influenza. Complications of influenza infection include primary influenza
viral pneumonia; secondary bacterial pneumonia; sinusitis; otitis media;
coinfection with bacterial agents; and exacerbation of preexisting medical
conditions, particularly asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Pneumonia is one of the most common complications of influenza illness in
children and contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality.
17. Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes
Upper respiratory tract infections are one of the most common illnesses that
healthcare workers will encounter in an outpatient setting. The infection may vary
from the common cold to a life-threatening illness like acute epiglottitis. Because of
the diverse causes and presentation, upper respiratory tract infections are best
managed by an interprofessional team.
The key is to avoid over-prescribing of antibiotics but at the same time not missing a
life-threatening infection. Nurse practitioners who see these patients should freely
communicate with an infectious disease expert if there is any doubt about the
severity of the infection. The pharmacist should educate the patient on URI and to
refrain from overusing unproven products.
18. Similarly, the emergency department physician should not readily discharge
patients home with antibiotics for the common cold. Overall, upper respiratory
tract infections lead to very high disability for short periods. Absenteeism from
work and schools is common; in addition, the symptoms can be annoying and
extreme fatigue is the norm. Patients should be encouraged to drink ample fluids,
rest, discontinue smoking and remain compliant with the prescribed medications.
Nursing can monitor the patient's condition and symptoms, counsel on
medication compliance, and report any concerns to the clinicians managing the
case. Finally, clinicians should urge patients to get vaccinated before the flu
season. While the vaccine may not decrease the duration of the infection, the
symptoms are much less severe.