This document discusses omnidirectional vision systems and their potential applications in manufacturing. It begins with an overview of vision systems and outlines new technologies like 3D omnidirectional systems. It then describes how such systems work using multiple cameras and mirrors to achieve 360 degree views. Existing applications in robots, drones, and automated assembly are reviewed. Finally, the document proposes ways omnidirectional vision could improve safety, quality control, and efficiency in manufacturing applications like automated guided vehicles.
1. A plane mirror forms a virtual image that is laterally inverted and the same size as the object. The image is located behind the mirror and an equal distance from the mirror as the object.
2. Spherical mirrors can be concave or convex. A concave mirror forms real or virtual images depending on the object position, while a convex mirror always forms a virtual, erect, and diminished image.
3. Key properties of mirrors include focal length, radius of curvature, and principal focus, which determine image characteristics. Concave mirrors are used for magnification while convex mirrors provide a wide field of view.
The document compares how the eye and camera work to form images. Both have a lens that allows light to pass through and hit a light-sensitive surface - the retina in the eye and the image sensor in the camera - which records the light patterns to create the image. While the eye instantly processes images, the camera is able to retain much more visual detail by using a shutter release button to capture images.
Optical instruments use lenses to magnify objects or allow viewing of distant objects. Key instruments described include microscopes, telescopes, projectors, cameras, and the human eye. Microscopes have simple or compound lens configurations to produce magnified virtual images. Telescopes use objective and eyepiece lenses separated by the sum of their focal lengths to magnify distant objects. Projectors form enlarged, inverted, real images on screens. Cameras form diminished, inverted images on film. The human eye functions similarly to a camera but can change focal length through accommodation. Common vision defects and their lens-based corrections are also outlined.
This document summarizes various optical equipment including the eye, glasses, magnifying glasses, cameras, microscopes, and binoculars. It describes the basic components and purposes of each tool. For microscopes specifically, it provides the equations for calculating magnification with and without eye accommodation, and gives an example problem calculating microscope magnification. The document aims to explain the key optical devices used for vision and magnification.
1. The specimen is cut, mounted, and ground using progressively finer abrasive papers to create a flat surface.
2. The specimen is then polished using diamond and alumina powders to remove fine scratches.
3. Etching with chemical reagents is used to reveal microscopic structures by imparting contrast to grain boundaries and other microstructural features. This final prepared specimen surface can then be examined under a microscope.
This document provides an introduction to the course GS400.02 Introduction to Photogrammetry. It discusses photogrammetry as an engineering discipline influenced by developments in computer science and electronics. The document notes that there is typically a gap between research findings, product development, and implementation in practice. It uses analytical plotters as an example, noting they were invented in the late 1950s but not widely manufactured and used until around 20 years later. The course will provide an overview of photogrammetry concepts and principles with an emphasis on understanding rather than detailed operational knowledge.
This document is a project report on the design of a multi-band rejection electromagnetic interference (EMI) shield using a frequency selective surface. It includes an abstract, table of contents, introduction on EMI and EMI shielding materials and techniques. It also provides background on frequency selective surfaces including their history, design principles, common element geometries and applications. The report was submitted by four students for their BTech final year project and approved by their supervisor and head of department. It details the design, simulation and fabrication of an ultra-thin, flexible EMI shield capable of rejecting multiple unwanted frequencies using a frequency selective surface approach.
The document outlines the design of an intelligent cruise control system for a family car. It includes 10 sensors that would collect information on various driving factors like speed, distance to other cars, road conditions etc. This information would be processed by 4 processors - the cruise control processor, electronic control unit, GPS processor and traction control processor. The processors would then control 5 actuators - the damper actuator, electro-hydraulic brake actuator, electronically limited throttle, automatic lights and iPod - to adjust the car's speed, braking, suspension, lighting and music based on the sensor readings. Diagrams are provided to illustrate the general mechatronic system design and information flow within the cruise control system.
1. A plane mirror forms a virtual image that is laterally inverted and the same size as the object. The image is located behind the mirror and an equal distance from the mirror as the object.
2. Spherical mirrors can be concave or convex. A concave mirror forms real or virtual images depending on the object position, while a convex mirror always forms a virtual, erect, and diminished image.
3. Key properties of mirrors include focal length, radius of curvature, and principal focus, which determine image characteristics. Concave mirrors are used for magnification while convex mirrors provide a wide field of view.
The document compares how the eye and camera work to form images. Both have a lens that allows light to pass through and hit a light-sensitive surface - the retina in the eye and the image sensor in the camera - which records the light patterns to create the image. While the eye instantly processes images, the camera is able to retain much more visual detail by using a shutter release button to capture images.
Optical instruments use lenses to magnify objects or allow viewing of distant objects. Key instruments described include microscopes, telescopes, projectors, cameras, and the human eye. Microscopes have simple or compound lens configurations to produce magnified virtual images. Telescopes use objective and eyepiece lenses separated by the sum of their focal lengths to magnify distant objects. Projectors form enlarged, inverted, real images on screens. Cameras form diminished, inverted images on film. The human eye functions similarly to a camera but can change focal length through accommodation. Common vision defects and their lens-based corrections are also outlined.
This document summarizes various optical equipment including the eye, glasses, magnifying glasses, cameras, microscopes, and binoculars. It describes the basic components and purposes of each tool. For microscopes specifically, it provides the equations for calculating magnification with and without eye accommodation, and gives an example problem calculating microscope magnification. The document aims to explain the key optical devices used for vision and magnification.
1. The specimen is cut, mounted, and ground using progressively finer abrasive papers to create a flat surface.
2. The specimen is then polished using diamond and alumina powders to remove fine scratches.
3. Etching with chemical reagents is used to reveal microscopic structures by imparting contrast to grain boundaries and other microstructural features. This final prepared specimen surface can then be examined under a microscope.
This document provides an introduction to the course GS400.02 Introduction to Photogrammetry. It discusses photogrammetry as an engineering discipline influenced by developments in computer science and electronics. The document notes that there is typically a gap between research findings, product development, and implementation in practice. It uses analytical plotters as an example, noting they were invented in the late 1950s but not widely manufactured and used until around 20 years later. The course will provide an overview of photogrammetry concepts and principles with an emphasis on understanding rather than detailed operational knowledge.
This document is a project report on the design of a multi-band rejection electromagnetic interference (EMI) shield using a frequency selective surface. It includes an abstract, table of contents, introduction on EMI and EMI shielding materials and techniques. It also provides background on frequency selective surfaces including their history, design principles, common element geometries and applications. The report was submitted by four students for their BTech final year project and approved by their supervisor and head of department. It details the design, simulation and fabrication of an ultra-thin, flexible EMI shield capable of rejecting multiple unwanted frequencies using a frequency selective surface approach.
The document outlines the design of an intelligent cruise control system for a family car. It includes 10 sensors that would collect information on various driving factors like speed, distance to other cars, road conditions etc. This information would be processed by 4 processors - the cruise control processor, electronic control unit, GPS processor and traction control processor. The processors would then control 5 actuators - the damper actuator, electro-hydraulic brake actuator, electronically limited throttle, automatic lights and iPod - to adjust the car's speed, braking, suspension, lighting and music based on the sensor readings. Diagrams are provided to illustrate the general mechatronic system design and information flow within the cruise control system.
Beeldmateriaal Drechterland Draait Door deel 1Loft25
Op 23 mei 2015 hield de gemeente Drechterland open huis vanwege de feestelijke opening van het nieuwe gemeentehuis in Hoogkarspel. Om het programma op te luisteren, werden twee live talkshows gehouden: Drechterland Draait Door. De ochtendshow werd ondersteund door beeldmateriaal, dat verzorgd werd door Loft25.
The document summarizes a proposed mixed-use development called Central Park project on 23 acres in Nairobi, Kenya. The development will include 1,500 apartment units, a 120-room 3-star hotel, commercial and retail space, schools, medical facilities, recreational amenities, and transportation improvements. It will be developed in two phases, with the first phase consisting of apartments, a hotel, and event space. The development aims to provide modern, eco-friendly residential and commercial spaces in a walkable community with parks, cafes, and transportation access.
The document discusses the history of chocolate production in Europe and the Americas. It details how chocolate was first cultivated and used by Mesoamerican cultures before being introduced to Europe in the 16th century. Cacao beans then became a popular commodity traded between European colonial powers and their colonies in places like West Africa, the Caribbean, and South America. Chocolate production has since expanded globally and become a multi-billion dollar industry.
This document discusses the design and research of an emergency braking system for mining monorail locomotives. It provides background on the development of monorail systems from the early 19th century experiments to modern mass transit systems. It notes that improving the efficiency and safety of auxiliary transport systems in coal mines has become a key issue. The document outlines the main research contents, which include analyzing common monorail brake mechanisms, selecting appropriate brake actuators and friction materials, designing the major brake parts through modeling and simulation software, and verifying that the braking performance meets safety regulations.
This document outlines seven critical success factors for implementing a Quick Response Manufacturing (QRM) system: 1) Product grouping into cells focused on market segments, 2) Optimized product flow within cells to minimize distances, 3) A decentralized organizational structure that empowers front-line workers, 4) Use of an economic order quantity approach for inventory, 5) Implementation of a production control strategy like POLCA, 6) Effective supply chain management, and 7) Continuous improvement through teamwork and communication. The document argues that adopting these factors can help organizations reduce lead times and better meet customer needs, which are the key goals of QRM.
This document summarizes a research project between the Weir Group PLC and the University of Strathclyde. The project aimed to identify design methods that could help Weir engineers solve problems in a more innovative way. The researcher conducted a review of 112 design methods and tools. They then mapped these methods to Weir's current design process and grouped their products to show which methods would be most suitable for different situations. The results were presented in four documents, including design matrices matching methods to Weir's divisions and products. The report also provides guidelines to help traditional engineers engage with innovative design practices. The project aims to help Weir optimize their innovative output when addressing engineering problems.
This document does not contain any meaningful information to summarize. It consists of random letters, symbols and formatting with no discernible topic, structure or content.
Dumile Wonderboy Dandala has submitted his curriculum vitae for a job opportunity. He has a National Diploma in Operations Management from Durban University of Technology and skills in computer programs, quality improvement processes, and lean manufacturing. His work experience includes roles in financial advising and in-service training. He believes he is well-qualified for the posted position based on his education, skills, and desire to continue gaining experience.
This document appears to be an artist's portfolio containing information about Michel, including their artist statement, examples of their work, resume, and contact information. Michel's work focuses on fusing elements from African, Latin, and Native American art and often includes social and political themes. Examples provided include paintings, photographs, and mixed media works in styles such as photorealism, abstract, and more. Price ranges for individual works are also listed. The resume outlines Michel's education and experience, including degrees in fine art and sign painting as well as instruction roles. Past exhibits featuring Michel's work are then listed.
This document summarizes an advertisement for a luxury condominium development called 88 Nairobi located in Upper Hill, Nairobi. It highlights the development's elegant 44-floor tower that will offer breathtaking views of the city from luxury apartments. Residents will have access to high-end amenities like 24/7 concierge services, security, valet parking, a restaurant, gym, spa, and pool. The development aims to set new standards for urban living in Nairobi.
Karen Hills is a gated community located in Karen, Nairobi, Kenya. It features 1 acre plots surrounded by indigenous trees with completed infrastructure like paved roads, security features, and recreational amenities. Homes can be custom designed and built ranging in style from classical to contemporary. The development is managed to maintain property values and provide a safe lifestyle near amenities like schools, shopping, and restaurants. Purchasing a home allows owners to realize a financial and lifestyle strategy with their investment.
The document discusses material selection for a cast iron companion flange used in heavy duty slurry pumps. It analyzes the functional requirements of the flange by examining the conditions in slurry pumping applications in mining and other industries. Key considerations for material selection include abrasion, erosion, corrosion and resistance to high concentrations of solids in slurries. Based on the analysis, ductile grey iron or cast iron were identified as materials suitable for the high pressures and flows required for the intended slurry pumping application.
This document groups companies and products within the three divisions of the Weir Group: Minerals, Oil and Gas, and Power and Industrial. Within each division, the products are organized into groups based on their service conditions and uses. The goal is to apply appropriate design methods to each group to facilitate innovative problem solving. Considering related products together allows innovations in one area to potentially benefit other areas.
This document is a stage 2 report for a design project to create a bicycle-adapted patient monitoring device. It includes acknowledgements, an abstract that outlines the identified problem and project objectives, and a section on the stage 2 outcome. It also includes lists of figures and references used in the report. The report provides details on concept development and evaluation in stage 2, exploring materials selection, prototyping, design analysis using techniques like FEA, and progress toward meeting the project objectives.
This document is Rubén Urcola Peláez's architecture portfolio. It summarizes his experience and qualifications. He has over 3 years of experience working on projects in different countries. His education includes a Master's Degree in Architecture from ULPGC in Spain. He is proficient in BIM modeling programs like Revit and has strong design, organization, and problem-solving skills. Notable projects in the portfolio include residential and commercial buildings in Dubai, Spain, and Argentina.
Literacies of Bilingual Youth: A profile of Txt, Social, and Bilingual LiteracyMichelle_JM
This document provides an overview of a study examining the literacies of bilingual youth through their use of text messaging. The study analyzed over 51,000 text messages sent in Spanish, English, and code-switched between the two languages by 17 bilingual students. The study had two parts: first, assessing relationships between academic skills, social skills, and preferred language of texting; second, providing a descriptive grammar analysis of code-switching and abbreviations used in bilingual youth texting. The analysis applied both formal linguistic and clinical speech pathology approaches.
This document discusses key considerations for machine vision systems. It explains that vision systems are unique to each application and require custom engineering. It then discusses important elements like lighting, lenses, camera sensors, and integration with control systems. Proper lighting and component selection are essential for system success. The document also outlines common vision system types and imaging options like 2D and 3D.
This document is a master's thesis that examines the accuracy of 3D geometric reconstruction using digital cameras. It discusses:
1) The construction of digital cameras and lens defects that cause distortions. It describes removing radial distortions to improve accuracy.
2) A geometric camera model using coordinate frames and calibration matrices to map 3D points to 2D images.
3) A calibration procedure and algorithm to compute camera intrinsic and extrinsic parameters like mirror angle, focal length, and principal point. Code is provided.
4) Experiments to measure the calibration and 3D reconstruction accuracy and factors that influence it like object position and camera resolution.
The thesis aims to develop a complete calibration method for metric 3D reconstruction
Beeldmateriaal Drechterland Draait Door deel 1Loft25
Op 23 mei 2015 hield de gemeente Drechterland open huis vanwege de feestelijke opening van het nieuwe gemeentehuis in Hoogkarspel. Om het programma op te luisteren, werden twee live talkshows gehouden: Drechterland Draait Door. De ochtendshow werd ondersteund door beeldmateriaal, dat verzorgd werd door Loft25.
The document summarizes a proposed mixed-use development called Central Park project on 23 acres in Nairobi, Kenya. The development will include 1,500 apartment units, a 120-room 3-star hotel, commercial and retail space, schools, medical facilities, recreational amenities, and transportation improvements. It will be developed in two phases, with the first phase consisting of apartments, a hotel, and event space. The development aims to provide modern, eco-friendly residential and commercial spaces in a walkable community with parks, cafes, and transportation access.
The document discusses the history of chocolate production in Europe and the Americas. It details how chocolate was first cultivated and used by Mesoamerican cultures before being introduced to Europe in the 16th century. Cacao beans then became a popular commodity traded between European colonial powers and their colonies in places like West Africa, the Caribbean, and South America. Chocolate production has since expanded globally and become a multi-billion dollar industry.
This document discusses the design and research of an emergency braking system for mining monorail locomotives. It provides background on the development of monorail systems from the early 19th century experiments to modern mass transit systems. It notes that improving the efficiency and safety of auxiliary transport systems in coal mines has become a key issue. The document outlines the main research contents, which include analyzing common monorail brake mechanisms, selecting appropriate brake actuators and friction materials, designing the major brake parts through modeling and simulation software, and verifying that the braking performance meets safety regulations.
This document outlines seven critical success factors for implementing a Quick Response Manufacturing (QRM) system: 1) Product grouping into cells focused on market segments, 2) Optimized product flow within cells to minimize distances, 3) A decentralized organizational structure that empowers front-line workers, 4) Use of an economic order quantity approach for inventory, 5) Implementation of a production control strategy like POLCA, 6) Effective supply chain management, and 7) Continuous improvement through teamwork and communication. The document argues that adopting these factors can help organizations reduce lead times and better meet customer needs, which are the key goals of QRM.
This document summarizes a research project between the Weir Group PLC and the University of Strathclyde. The project aimed to identify design methods that could help Weir engineers solve problems in a more innovative way. The researcher conducted a review of 112 design methods and tools. They then mapped these methods to Weir's current design process and grouped their products to show which methods would be most suitable for different situations. The results were presented in four documents, including design matrices matching methods to Weir's divisions and products. The report also provides guidelines to help traditional engineers engage with innovative design practices. The project aims to help Weir optimize their innovative output when addressing engineering problems.
This document does not contain any meaningful information to summarize. It consists of random letters, symbols and formatting with no discernible topic, structure or content.
Dumile Wonderboy Dandala has submitted his curriculum vitae for a job opportunity. He has a National Diploma in Operations Management from Durban University of Technology and skills in computer programs, quality improvement processes, and lean manufacturing. His work experience includes roles in financial advising and in-service training. He believes he is well-qualified for the posted position based on his education, skills, and desire to continue gaining experience.
This document appears to be an artist's portfolio containing information about Michel, including their artist statement, examples of their work, resume, and contact information. Michel's work focuses on fusing elements from African, Latin, and Native American art and often includes social and political themes. Examples provided include paintings, photographs, and mixed media works in styles such as photorealism, abstract, and more. Price ranges for individual works are also listed. The resume outlines Michel's education and experience, including degrees in fine art and sign painting as well as instruction roles. Past exhibits featuring Michel's work are then listed.
This document summarizes an advertisement for a luxury condominium development called 88 Nairobi located in Upper Hill, Nairobi. It highlights the development's elegant 44-floor tower that will offer breathtaking views of the city from luxury apartments. Residents will have access to high-end amenities like 24/7 concierge services, security, valet parking, a restaurant, gym, spa, and pool. The development aims to set new standards for urban living in Nairobi.
Karen Hills is a gated community located in Karen, Nairobi, Kenya. It features 1 acre plots surrounded by indigenous trees with completed infrastructure like paved roads, security features, and recreational amenities. Homes can be custom designed and built ranging in style from classical to contemporary. The development is managed to maintain property values and provide a safe lifestyle near amenities like schools, shopping, and restaurants. Purchasing a home allows owners to realize a financial and lifestyle strategy with their investment.
The document discusses material selection for a cast iron companion flange used in heavy duty slurry pumps. It analyzes the functional requirements of the flange by examining the conditions in slurry pumping applications in mining and other industries. Key considerations for material selection include abrasion, erosion, corrosion and resistance to high concentrations of solids in slurries. Based on the analysis, ductile grey iron or cast iron were identified as materials suitable for the high pressures and flows required for the intended slurry pumping application.
This document groups companies and products within the three divisions of the Weir Group: Minerals, Oil and Gas, and Power and Industrial. Within each division, the products are organized into groups based on their service conditions and uses. The goal is to apply appropriate design methods to each group to facilitate innovative problem solving. Considering related products together allows innovations in one area to potentially benefit other areas.
This document is a stage 2 report for a design project to create a bicycle-adapted patient monitoring device. It includes acknowledgements, an abstract that outlines the identified problem and project objectives, and a section on the stage 2 outcome. It also includes lists of figures and references used in the report. The report provides details on concept development and evaluation in stage 2, exploring materials selection, prototyping, design analysis using techniques like FEA, and progress toward meeting the project objectives.
This document is Rubén Urcola Peláez's architecture portfolio. It summarizes his experience and qualifications. He has over 3 years of experience working on projects in different countries. His education includes a Master's Degree in Architecture from ULPGC in Spain. He is proficient in BIM modeling programs like Revit and has strong design, organization, and problem-solving skills. Notable projects in the portfolio include residential and commercial buildings in Dubai, Spain, and Argentina.
Literacies of Bilingual Youth: A profile of Txt, Social, and Bilingual LiteracyMichelle_JM
This document provides an overview of a study examining the literacies of bilingual youth through their use of text messaging. The study analyzed over 51,000 text messages sent in Spanish, English, and code-switched between the two languages by 17 bilingual students. The study had two parts: first, assessing relationships between academic skills, social skills, and preferred language of texting; second, providing a descriptive grammar analysis of code-switching and abbreviations used in bilingual youth texting. The analysis applied both formal linguistic and clinical speech pathology approaches.
This document discusses key considerations for machine vision systems. It explains that vision systems are unique to each application and require custom engineering. It then discusses important elements like lighting, lenses, camera sensors, and integration with control systems. Proper lighting and component selection are essential for system success. The document also outlines common vision system types and imaging options like 2D and 3D.
This document is a master's thesis that examines the accuracy of 3D geometric reconstruction using digital cameras. It discusses:
1) The construction of digital cameras and lens defects that cause distortions. It describes removing radial distortions to improve accuracy.
2) A geometric camera model using coordinate frames and calibration matrices to map 3D points to 2D images.
3) A calibration procedure and algorithm to compute camera intrinsic and extrinsic parameters like mirror angle, focal length, and principal point. Code is provided.
4) Experiments to measure the calibration and 3D reconstruction accuracy and factors that influence it like object position and camera resolution.
The thesis aims to develop a complete calibration method for metric 3D reconstruction
The document describes the development of an augmented reality system for the Oculus Rift using a stereoscopic rendering engine. Two fish-eye cameras were installed on the Oculus Rift to capture the real world. The cameras were calibrated using an omnidirectional camera model to account for lens distortion. A graphics engine was developed to render 3D holograms and merge them with the camera feed. Stereoscopic rendering and head tracking were implemented to provide an immersive augmented reality experience within the Oculus Rift headset.
The document describes the design of an autonomous robot that clears undesirable objects from its area using four subsystems: a motion subsystem to move the robot, a detection subsystem using sensors to identify targets and boundaries, a catch and throw subsystem to collect and remove targets, and a power subsystem to supply energy to the other subsystems. The robot is controlled by two Arduino microcontrollers that coordinate the subsystems to autonomously scan its area, detect and capture targets, and remove them from the bounded field.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document discusses applications of machine vision in industry. It begins by defining machine vision as applying computer vision techniques using additional hardware for tasks like industrial automation. Common applications of machine vision include product inspection in manufacturing to automate and improve the accuracy and efficiency of inspection. The document then discusses the typical components of a machine vision system and how it operates by acquiring images, processing them, and analyzing patterns for tasks like object detection. Finally, it provides several examples of machine vision applications in various industries like automotive, food processing, and rail transport.
VISION ALGORITHM FOR SEAM TRACKING IN AUTOMATIC WELDING SYSTEMijmech
Arc welding is an important technology for joining metals and repairing metal products in manufacturing
industries. It is usually performed by a skilled worker. Due to the shortage of skilled workers and due to the
hazardous and unpleasant working conditions, the automation of arc welding is gaining importance
nowadays. Existing welding robots require that the dimensions, position and orientation to be programmed
prior to the process. These robots suffer from an evident lack of flexibility. This paper presents an
automatic welding system assisted by a machine vision system to compute the dimension, position and
orientation of the workpieces. By analysing the image taken by the camera, a simple algorithm is developed
to detect the dimension, position and orientation of the workpieces. The calculated data is then fed to a
controller which controls the welding electrode movement. Use of machine vision system has eliminated the
need to pre feed the workpiece data to the robot and hence the system is made flexible.
This document summarizes an interactive touch board that uses an infrared camera and infrared stylus. It can turn any projected display into an interactive surface. The system uses a low-cost infrared camera to detect the position of an infrared light from the stylus tip. An image processing algorithm analyzes the camera image to determine the stylus coordinates and move the mouse cursor accordingly. The algorithm was implemented using NI LabVIEW. Experimental results found average accuracy of 98.9% and latency of 0.28 seconds at a resolution of 800x600 pixels. This low-cost design could enable interactive whiteboard applications in education.
This paper proposes a method for eye gaze tracking using a low-cost webcam in a desktop environment, without specialized hardware. It extracts eye regions from video to detect the iris center and eye corners. A head pose model estimates head movement. Gaze tracking integrates eye vectors and head pose information. Experiments show average accuracy of 1.28° without head movement and 2.27° with minor movement, improving on existing methods that require infrared cameras, specific devices, or limited head motion.
The document presents a project that aims to neutralize image capturing devices. It discusses detecting cameras using LEDs and image processing, then disabling the camera with a laser. The system works by identifying cameras using their CCD sensor properties when exposed to light. Images are processed to locate cameras then a laser is aimed at the camera lens to overexpose the image sensor. The document outlines the system components, working, safety measures and potential for future development.
IRJET- Moving Object Detection with Shadow Compression using Foreground Segme...IRJET Journal
The document describes a study that investigates using foreground segmentation to extract moving objects from videos by detecting differences between frames, with the goal of tracking silhouettes of moving objects to create an interactive video display. The researchers propose using a statistical approach to segment foreground objects and apply filtering techniques to reduce noise from the extracted shadows. The results indicate the extraction process accurately tracks motion and outlines of foreground objects between frames.
IRJET- Smart Mirror using Eye Gaze TrackingIRJET Journal
This document describes a smart mirror that uses eye gaze tracking to determine the news stories a user is most interested in. The mirror displays news feeds divided into four quadrants. A webcam tracks the user's eye movements to identify which quadrant they look at the most, assuming this is the news they are most interested in. This quadrant is then enlarged for easier reading. The system was tested with four users and achieved 80% accuracy on average at determining the quadrant of interest based on gaze tracking. Some challenges were head movements and low screen resolution, but accuracy could be improved with a higher resolution camera.
The document provides explanations of camera technology terminology organized into five categories: Optical System, CCD Mechanism, Camera Functions, VTRs, and Others. It defines terms related to a camera's lens system like focal length, aperture, depth of field, and flare. It also explains terms related to the camera's image sensor like CCD, readout mechanism, and smear. Additionally, it covers functions like white balance, gain, gamma correction and more. The document aims to give readers a comprehensive understanding of professional video camera technology terminology.
This document discusses parameter estimation and controller design for an optical encoder. It describes using MATLAB to estimate parameters of an optical encoder and a gyroscope from experimental data. It also discusses tuning a PID controller using pole placement and references related work on optical encoders, gyroscopes, and parameter estimation techniques.
IRJET- Adroit Speculum for Institutional Updates (Smart Mirror)IRJET Journal
This document describes a smart mirror project that displays useful information to users, such as the weather, news headlines, time, and institutional updates. The smart mirror uses a Raspberry Pi single board computer connected to an LCD screen behind a one-way mirror to function. It retrieves weather and news data through APIs and displays them along with the time. The goal is to create a more useful and interactive mirror that can save users time by providing information without the need to check other devices. It was found to successfully and conveniently display the desired data and updates on the one-way mirror screen.
IRJET- Adroit Speculum for Institutional Updates (Smart Mirror)IRJET Journal
This document describes a smart mirror project that was developed using a Raspberry Pi. The smart mirror was created to display useful information to users such as the weather, news headlines, date, time and institutional updates. It functions as a normal mirror but has additional interactive capabilities. The system uses a Raspberry Pi connected to an LCD screen behind a one-way mirror to display information from weather APIs and news feeds. The goal was to create a more useful and convenient mirror that can save users time by providing information without the need to check other devices. It was concluded that the smart mirror was cost effective and time saving compared to other devices used for similar purposes.
IRJET- Tracking of Wall Mounted Solar Panels with Real Time MonitoringIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a student research project that designed and implemented a wall-mounted solar panel system with real-time tracking and monitoring capabilities. The system uses a single-axis solar tracker to orient the panels towards the sun throughout the day, increasing energy generation over stationary wall-mounted panels. It also includes a portable digital meter and data logger to measure and store the current, voltage, and power output of the panels in real-time, allowing remote monitoring of the system's performance and efficiency. The project details the hardware design of the solar tracker and wall mounting system, and discusses how the real-time data collection capabilities improve operation and maintenance monitoring compared to standard multimeters.
The vibration analysis of automobile outer rear view mirror with its developm...eSAT Journals
Abstract The external and internal mirrors used particularly in high mass recreational and commercial vehicles are prone to vibrations. Effect of undesired vibrations in the mirror assembly like blurring of image, breaking of the mirror glass, breaking of plastic mounting bracket due to resonance is a major challenge and requires vibration analysis based studies during the development stage of the mirror assembly. The purpose of this study was to carry out vibration analysis on a basic pre-existing mirror assembly from an OEM (original equipment manufacturer) and further develop this assembly to increase its first fundamental frequency above the target specified by the OEM. Finite element model for the automobile rear view mirror was created to predict mirror vibration response based on modal analysis study. The design changes in various parts of mirror assembly were done in solid works and the Hypermesh 9.0 was used to prepare the FEA model. The materials used in this FEA model were initially provided by the mirror manufacturer and also some modification was done based on the study. Hypermesh Optistruct solver was used to build the complete FEA ORVM model. Vibration modes were predicted for the mirror assembly with a special focus on the mirror mounting bracket as it’s the only part through which the vibrations transfers to mirror assembly in actual vehicle. The natural frequency of the first mirror FEA model was correlated with the first test results and then further iterations were done using this FEA model to predict the changes required in material and geometry to achieve the target frequency value.
Encouraging STEM Engagement among young people is important as demand for STEM skills grows. However, schools face shortages of STEM teachers, limiting their ability to provide STEM education. To promote STEM participation, an educational kit is needed for extra-curricular use by youth organizations for 14-19 year olds. Research found current products have problems and many youth do not engage in STEM activities. The proposed kit aims to address these issues.
This document presents a business plan for an educational toy company called CWS - Connect.With.STEM. The company aims to develop a profitable range of innovative, educational STEM kits and an online community to improve STEM engagement, with the following key objectives:
- Introduce educational kits representing science, technology, engineering and math subjects
- Improve learning through interactive and thought-provoking kit experiences
- Develop an online community for sharing, experimenting and learning via a companion app
The business opportunity is to inspire and involve young people in their local community through extracurricular STEM activities. Financial projections estimate the company will break even within 5 years of operation.
The document is a stage 2 report for an individual project that aims to encourage STEM engagement within extra-curricular groups. It provides an overview of the conceptual design phase where concepts were generated, evaluated, and refined. It also describes initial modeling and testing. The detailed design phase is discussed where embodiment design questions were considered and prototypes were developed and tested. The report outlines the progress made against the project methodology and provides documentation to support the design process.
This document is a stage 1 report for a project aiming to encourage STEM engagement within extra-curricular groups. It outlines the background, aims, objectives, deliverables, exclusions, constraints, stakeholders, risks and methodology of the project. The research phase utilized various design methods like literature reviews, surveys, interviews and testing to understand problems with currently available STEM resources. This identified key learning outcomes. The conceptual design phase used methods like concept generation, focus groups and word associations to develop initial design concepts. The report provides a detailed overview of the project planning and research conducted so far.
This project brief outlines a proposal to design and develop an educational STEM kit for use in extra-curricular clubs for young people aged 14-19. It reviews literature on low STEM participation rates and government initiatives to improve engagement. The goal is to create a durable, modular kit that uses electronic circuits to teach scientific principles in a hands-on way without expert supervision. Appendices provide details on STEM issues, the proposed methodology, a project plan, and initial ideas generated from focus groups and site visits. The deliverables will include design drawings, a project report, and prototype models for evaluation.
This document provides a stage 1 report for a design project to develop a bicycle-adapted patient monitoring device. It includes an introduction to the project, outlines the methodology being used, and summarizes the research conducted in stage 1. The research phase involved market research, developing a product design specification, conducting SWOT and PESTEL analyses, blogs/photo studies, technological reviews, a review of bicycle ambulances, competitor analysis, geographic ideation, and an interview. The concept generation phase used techniques like a function means tree, brainstorming, morphological charts, and modeling ideas to develop 11 initial concepts for the monitoring device. The report concludes by recapping the work completed in stage 1.
Final Submission - Team 19 Lidar Installation ReportKerrie Noble
The document provides details of a project to develop a solution for installing a lidar (light detection and ranging device) that eliminates risks associated with manual handling. It outlines the research, concept generation, prototyping, and design development stages. Key stages included identifying issues with the current installation process, generating concepts, evaluating concepts through methods like brainstorming and morphological charts, developing prototypes, performing calculations, and creating CAD models and drawings of a final design. The final design aims to provide a robust mechanism for lifting and positioning a lidar without risks of prolonged lifting or manual handling.
This document provides silver bullet matrices for analyzing innovative problem solving approaches for different divisions within the Weir Group PLC. It outlines suitable design methods and tools for each stage of the silver bullet process. The first matrix examines methods for understanding the current situation within the Weir Group's Minerals Division, which includes eight product groups. Methods such as SWOT analysis, parametric analysis, questionnaires/surveys, organizational documents, root cause analysis, and 5 whys are identified as particularly useful for gathering information on current strengths, weaknesses and problems within each group. The document aims to help align design approaches with specific product groups and stages of the innovation process.
This document reviews design methods and tools that can be used at different stages of the design process. It discusses strengths and weaknesses of various current situation assessment methods including SWOT analysis, PESTEL analysis, parametric analysis, fly on the wall observation, and observation/shadowing. These methods are used to understand the existing situation, identify opportunities and threats, and gain insights from customers to inform the design process.
This document summarizes the activities and discussions from an initial meeting between university students and a local school to plan a STEM engagement project. The meeting covered scheduling visits and activities, communication protocols, and potential activity ideas. It was decided that the students would focus on presentations, assemblies, and curriculum-linked activities to inspire students across subjects about STEM opportunities. A list of potential activities was developed covering various ages and topics. Reflections noted the importance of clear communication, balancing activity types and subject areas, and considering school and student schedules.
The document outlines meetings held with John Paul Academy to develop STEM engagement activities, including developing a shared timetable and improving communication methods. It also discusses organizing a university visit that included workshops on rapid prototyping and manufacturing processes, as well as departmental visits. The report reflects on lessons learned to improve planning and coordination of future STEM projects.
This project developed software to analyze 3D components for manufacturability based on design for manufacturing guidelines. The principal researcher compiled design guidelines for milling and defined the conditions, values, and limitations to inform the software's programming. Preliminary outcomes included 56 milling guidelines categorized into 4 manufacturing domains. Future work includes testing the software, incorporating other manufacturing processes, and improving the user interface to create a commercially viable product.
This document summarizes the market research and design process of a student team creating an advanced lunar rover. It discusses existing rover designs from NASA, including the Sojourner, Spirit, Athlete, and Curiosity rovers. These rovers informed the requirements for the new design, including flexibility to navigate different terrains, minimizing energy usage, and negotiating difficult surfaces. The document then covers the team's concept generation and selection of components, including wheels, suspension, power source, and materials. Design prototypes, calculations, and a management plan are also summarized to outline the comprehensive process undertaken to create a more advanced lunar rover design.
Samsung uses sustainable practices in its manufacturing processes. It aims to minimize environmental impacts while remaining economically sound. It considers the social, economic, and environmental impacts of its decisions. Samsung invests in clean energy technology and its focus on renewable energy has created jobs. It designs products with end-of-life strategies in mind, considering how parts can be remanufactured, repaired, reused or recycled. Life cycle analysis allows Samsung to evaluate the environmental impacts and inputs of each stage of production to make informed decisions.
The document provides a summary of a report analyzing the design for manufacturing and assembly (DFMA) features of an HP Deskjet printer. Key DFMA guidelines considered include minimizing parts, using standard parts, facilitating part handling, and encouraging modular assembly. The report examines the printer's design for automation and assembly, use of plastics, fastening methods, and sheet metal components. Figures are included to illustrate how the printer's design incorporates various DFMA principles such as pyramidal assembly, symmetry, and avoiding part jamming.
Production Techniques 2 - advanced machining techniques reportKerrie Noble
This document compares and contrasts four advanced machining processes: photo-chemical machining, electrical-discharge machining, laser-beam machining, and electro-chemical machining. It discusses the process capabilities and design considerations for each. Two case studies are presented on using electro-chemical machining for a biomedical implant and manufacturing small satellites. The document concludes that each process has strengths for different applications in industries like aerospace, electronics, automotive, and medical.
Rapid tooling uses 3D printing or other rapid prototyping techniques to quickly create molds, dies, or other tools for manufacturing parts in plastic or metal. There are direct methods that 3D print the tool and indirect methods that use a 3D printed pattern to create a traditional mold. Rapid tooling can reduce manufacturing time from months to weeks and is useful for prototyping or low-volume production. However, rapid tooling methods typically have shorter tool lifespans and lower accuracy than traditional metal tooling.
This document summarizes the company's work with various clients since 2008. It has helped companies like Fronteer Strategy, Phillips, Bugaboo, and others with organizational structures and business processes through innovation. The company aims to add value through developing clients' processes. It has experience restructuring teams and departments, developing new company structures, manufacturing systems, and management structures tailored to clients' goals.
Production and Operations management - assignment 1 - defining a systemKerrie Noble
This document discusses definitions of manufacturing systems and their components. It defines a manufacturing system as an open system that receives inputs, converts those inputs through processing, and discharges outputs. A system can be divided into major sub-systems like production, marketing, and accounting. These sub-systems interact at interfaces and are influenced by factors inside and outside the organization. The document also examines theories that view organizations as systems and emphasize elements like continuous improvement, quality control, and inventory management.
The document provides a design brief for developing commuter headphones. It includes background on the growing headphone market and target commuter demographic. Market research shows commuting time in the UK averages 27 minutes. The project aims to generate sales for commuters in "Travel to Work Areas" across the UK. Research on target customers, competitors, and industry trends is presented. Key requirements are that the headphones are desirable, easy to use, and eye-catching to encourage word-of-mouth marketing. The target market is identified as 25-35 year old commuters living in London and surrounding areas earning around £30,000 annually.
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Kerrie Noble 200948192 DM309 – Mechatronics Design andApplications 19/11/2011
Table of Contents
Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 2
A Brief Outline of Vision Systems............................................................................................... 2
New Technology Available In Vision Systems.............................................................................. 2
How Omnidirectional Vision Works........................................................................................... 2
Existing Applications of Omnidirectional Vision Systems............................................................. 4
Automated Manufacture with Omnidirectional Vision Systems..................................................... 5
Conclusion............................................................................................................................... 5
References................................................................................................................................ 6
Appendix 1 ............................................................................................................................... 7
Appendix 2 ............................................................................................................................... 8
Appendix 3 ............................................................................................................................... 9
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Kerrie Noble 200948192 DM309 – Mechatronics Design andApplications 19/11/2011
Introduction
In many circumstances the reality of robotic capability still lags behind the science fiction portrayal. [1] C-3PO,
the famous fictional character from the Star Wars saga, is a protocol droid who boasts that he is fluent ‘in over
six million forms of communication’. [2] In my opinion this epitomises the visionary expectations of robotic
and automated intelligence systems of the next century, as predicted by scientists fromthe 1970s. The reality is
much different, however many improvements have been made. There are three main aspects present within any
automated system, the strength relating to the physical payload the robot can move, the physical structure of a
robot in relation to its payload and robotic intelligence. The area in which the most significant technological
advances have been made within the last few years is the robotic intelligence field. The amount of manual
interaction needed by an automated system, and also the ability of the systemto think and carry out indepen dent
tasks has greatly improved and this is partly through the use of integrated vision systems and the development of
an omnidirectional vision system. [1]
A Brief Outline of Vision Systems
Machine vision systems can be developed and refined to meet the user’s specific application requirements and
so selecting the correct systemfor the operation required can be challenging. The wrong initial choice can result
in insufficient inspections, decreased productivity and increased rejections as well as incurring a large financial
cost to the company. Take for example a manufacturer of precision engineered engine parts for the aerospace
industry. Each product must be inspected to ensure the dimensions, shape and formation of the part is correct.
This requires image collection from the camera, which in turn will deploy a vision code to extract the edges of
the component. The programme then requires an additional efficient code to determine the exact spacing and
form of the component. Finally the programme must run an analysis phase to decide if the part is to be rejected
or moved further along the production process. This involves hundreds of engineering hours and due to the
rapid development of electronic systems available in PCs and cameras, duplicates which may be required to run
a system become unavailable. Consequently this requires the vision system to be modified, retested and any
advanced code to be debugged. [3] It is therefore no coincidence that the acceptance of machine vision systems
has been insignificant until recent technological developments and a resulting upgrade of the systemas a whole
has emerged. [4]
New Technology Available In Vision Systems
According to a recently published report, by Reportlinker.com, recent advancements in machine vision
technology, such as smart cameras and vision guided robotics, has increased the scope of the machine vision
market for a wider application in the industrial and non-industrial sectors. One of the most rapidly advancing
technologies is the technology behind 3D vision systems; more commonly termed omnidirectional vision
systems within the industry. These systems are used as a tool in solving complexand challenging vision tasks
within the automated manufacturing environment of many manufacturing lines in several different
manufacturing industry sectors. Enabling 3D vision within a machine will enhance flexibility and robotic
intelligence and consequently address some of the present issues which are obvious within current machine
vision systems. [5]
The most effective way of realising 3D vision within a manufacturing robotics system is using two cameras
which are placed side-by-side to produce stereo vision, producing an almost instantaneous estimate of distances
to an object placed within a scene. Distance detection is a primary cue for detecting things which stand out in
depth from the background. Stereo vision is also highly effective for segmenting objects and gauging their
shape and size. [6] This is only possible due to the technical workings of the system.
How Omnidirectional Vision Works
An omnidirectional vision system is composed of a CCD camera and a mirror which faces the camera. This
produces a range of viewing angles, between 360° in the horizontal direction and 120° in the vertical direction.
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Kerrie Noble 200948192 DM309 – Mechatronics Design andApplications 19/11/2011
There is therefore an inherent blind spot within the viewing range of this type of camera and so research and
prototypes have been developed to evolve a fully functioning multidirectional vision system without this blind
spot occurring.
The diagram below illustrates the structure of an omnidirectional vision system which has the occurrence of a
blind spot, obtaining a real-time, and 360° x 240°
omnidirectional images. The lens of the camera is fixed at
a single view point behind a hyperbolic mirror. As can be
seen on the diagram, there are two reflection mirrors. At
the centre of the primary reflection mirror there is a small
hole through which the camera shoots video information.
After the primary reflection mirror there is a secondary
reflection mirror. At the centre of the secondary reflection
mirror there is another small hole with an embedded wide-
angle lens. Therefore as the camera is shooting, the
information being gathered is undergoing two reflections.
The first reflection occurs in the wide-angle lens in the secondary reflection mirror, a second reflection then
occurs in the small hole within the primary reflection mirror before the image is captured on the camera. The
reflections which occur are there for the purpose of moving the position of the imaging point, the point at which
the image being captured is formed on the lens of the camera. This structure has two imaging points, the first is
between the wide-angle lens and the lens of the camera and the second is at the focus of the lens on the camera.
This use of the reflection of light and the hyperbolic mirrors therefore eliminate the occurrence of a dead -angle,
blind spot, before the primary reflection mirror, i.e. this ensures the image the camera is trying to capture is
channelled towards the camera lens. This therefore makes the design of the mirror component critical.
The design of the catadioptric mirror for this omnidirectional vision system adopts the use of average angular
resolution. The relationship between the point on the imaging plane and the incidence angle occurring on the
mirror is linear; this can be seen in appendix 1. As clearly shown in appendix 1, the incidence beam, V1, of a
light source, P, hits the primary reflection mirror and is reflected. This reflected beam of light, V2, strikes the
secondary reflection mirror and is again reflected. The reflected beam of light, V3, then enters the camera lens
with an incidence angle of ɸ1 and images on the camera unit. Through the use of equations outlined in
appendix 2, the curvature for the primary and secondary reflection mirrors can be accurately calculated, giving
the result shown in the diagram below.
Once the curvature of the mirrors has been established the next most
important factor to consider is the lens combination of the imaging
unit itself. The video information before the secondary reflection
mirror is invisible within the current design of the vision system. In
order to obtain information occurring before the secondary
reflection mirror a wide-angle lens must be used. The wide angle
lens and the camera lens together compose a combination lens
device as shown in figure 1.1. The wide-angle lens is situated in
front of the primary reflection mirror and in the secondary reflection
mirror. The central axis of the camera lens, the central axis of the
wide-angle lens, the primary reflection mirror and the secondary
reflection mirror are position along the same axis line, as displayed
in figure 1.3.
The projected
picture through the hole in the primary reflection mirror images
between the wide angle lens and the camera lens; this is known
as the first imaging point. The projected picture coming through
the camera lens images in the camera component. With all of
this information the lens diameter and focus of the camera can
FIG.1.1. the diagrammatical layout ofan
omnidirectional vision system. [PIC1]
FIG.1.2. the designed curvature ofthe
primaryand secondary reflection mirrors.
[PIC2]
FIG.1.3. A diagram showingthe positioning
of the camera, wide-angle lens and mirrors
within the system. [PIC3]
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Kerrie Noble 200948192 DM309 – Mechatronics Design andApplications 19/11/2011
then be determined and relationships between entities derived, this is summarised in appendix 3.
This camera design enables 240° x 360° viewpoints, however placing two of these omnidirectional vision
systems together in a back-to-back configuration can produce the desired 360° x 360° viewpoint with all images
being captured in real-time. The corresponding camera design and its associated image disposal flow are shown
below.
Each camera lens and wide-angle lens of the omnidirectional vision system captures images and automatically
detects the centre of that image. Before the unwrapping of the omnidirectional image occurs, the central part of
the image needs to be separated. This occurs to obtain the most real image possible; this also explains the use of
a connector to join the two omnidirectional vision systems together. Both of the systems are of the same
average angular resolution so as to incur no dead angle. The video cable and power cable exit through a hole
within the connector. Each video cable from the separate omnidirectional vision systems connects to a video
image access unit. As each camera within an omnidirectional vision system has a view range of 360° x 240°
and the same average angular resolution in the vertical direction, it can realise image information fussed
between two omnidirectional vision systems easily. The video access unit reads the image information from
both vision systems separately, storing the images in storage space constantly and then splitting the circular
video images captured by the combination lens. The separate images obtained by the two omnidirectional
vision systems are unwrapped through the use of an unwrapping algorithm. After unwrapping the two separate
images are stitched together and the result is shown in the picture below. [7] This type of imaging has been used
in many applications for a few years
now.
Existing Applications of
Omnidirectional Vision Systems
One of the most well-known robots to
use a 3D visioning system is Honda’s
humanoid robot, Asimo, which was first
unveiled at the turn of the millennium.
Asimo is now capable of identifying
people, their postures and gestures and
therefore moves independently in
response. The camera mounted in
Asimo’s head is capable of detecting the movements of multiple objects while assessing distance and direction,
much like the omnidirectional vision system outlined above. However, the intelligence which is most applicable
to a manufacturing setting is that of environment recognition. Asimo is capable of assessing the immediate
environment surrounding him and recognising the position of obstacles and avoiding themto prevent a collision,
this includes people and immoveable objects. [8] From a safety point-of-view this would be a desirable quality
for the manufacturing industry. Asimo however is not the only robot using this technology.
FIG.1.4. the diagram outlines
the layoutof a ‘back-to-back’
omnidirectional vision system
and its image disposal flow.
[PIC4]
FIG.1.5. this is an unwrapped image created usingthis vision system.
[PIC5]
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Kerrie Noble 200948192 DM309 – Mechatronics Design andApplications 19/11/2011
3D vision systems are an integral part of the autonomous intelligence within an unmanned aerial vehicle. The
GD170 is a sophisticated 2 axis, high resolution UAV vision system. This lightweight, stand-alone, gyro
stabilized daylight observation system protects against wind loads, humidity and dust with an optically perfect
Lexan dome. This vision systemassists with applications such as damage assessment, search and rescue, traffic
surveillance, coastal and border control, anti-terrorism operations, surveillance, anti-smuggling surveillance and
infrastructure inspection. [9] Some of these operations are very similar to those that occur within an industrial
manufacturing environment so it is easy to see how these types of vision system could be utilised within this
sector.
A novel but interesting application using a type of 3D vision system is a robot which is putting Lego together.
A video detailing the robot and how it works can be viewed at the following link;
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n6tQiJq9pQA . This robot has been designed to complete repetitive and
monotonous tasks, similar to what many people find themselves undertaking in the manufacturing industry . [10]
Therefore the intelligence used here is easily transferrable to a manufacturing environment.
Automated Manufacture with Omnidirectional Vision Systems
According to the video link, the technology used within the robot at the International Robot Exhibition 2009
was a world first. Within manufacturing and engineering there is a need to enhance automation standards and
this would be derived fromthe use of such systems as the one found in the robot building Lego. This intelligent
technology is now making the emergence of robots and machinery with this technology embedded within the
system, a superior alternative to human labour.
The ability of an omnidirectional vision system to deliver high accuracy while ensuring throughput on the
production line is enabling the sought after process and quality control needed to produce lean and flexible
manufacturing systems. The depth of vision and also the high quality image produced enables the 3D
omnidirectional vision systemto serve as an efficient quality control tool. [11]
Relating back to current applications of omnidirectional vision systems we can also quickly identify other
applications within manufacturing where this type of technology could be beneficial. The robot from the
International Robot Exhibition shows that people could be replaced easily with robots, however this is probably
not desirable because of sociological reasons but monotonous, repetitive and dangerous jobs could be done
using an automated system with omnidirectional vision, cutting cost and improving safety. As Asimo and
UAVs have shown people recognition is a key aspect of this type of robotic intelligence and this could be useful
within manufacturing in one of two ways; 1) the identification of people would dramatically improve safety as
many of the conventional automated systems have electronic safety precautions in place which still have a
certain amount of capacity in which an industrial accident could occur, 2) the ability to sense depth and distance
while avoiding obstacles could be utilised within automated guided vehicles and work towards making this
technology more efficient.
Conclusion
It is evident that the intelligence within machine vision systems is developing at a fast pace. An extensive
amount of research into the use of 3D omnidirectional vision systems is currently taking place across the globe
and is set to replace the old machine vision sensing techniques, e.g. the solid state camera. The incorporation of
the newly developed 3D vision technology will enhance flexibility within the manufacturing process and robotic
technologies whilst also improving upon some of the current issues with machine vision, including complexity,
cost and length of time to obtain information.
The design outlined above is the latest research depicting the most efficient and effective way of producing a
system displaying 360° x 360° 3D vision. It has been tried and tested but, as yet, has not been embedded and
used for any significant applications within manufacturing. However, vision systems similar to the design
depicted above have been used in applications such as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and humanoid robotic
systems. This technology can easily be placed within a manufacturing setting for applications such as quality
control, safety and the improvement of efficiency within automated guided vehicles. It is easy to see that this
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Kerrie Noble 200948192 DM309 – Mechatronics Design andApplications 19/11/2011
intelligence and technology could be of great use within the industry, however the beneficial results and
improvements must be considered alongside the sociological aspects which could result in the replacement of
human labour with that of an intelligent machine.
References
[1] http://www.jimpinto.com/writings/robotics.html - accessed 22/10/2011
[2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-3PO - accessed 22/10/2011
[3] http://www.controleng.com/search/search-single-display/inside-machines-embedded-machine-vision-
systems-an-alternative-to-pc-vision-systems/922912c575.html - accessed 1/11/2011
[4] http://www.frost.com/prod/servlet/report-brochure.pag?id=D366-01-00-00-00 – accessed 1/11/2011
[5] http://www.digikey.com/us/en/techzone/sensors/resources/articles/five-senses-of-sensors-vision.html-
accessed 1/11/2011
[6] http://www.tyzx.com/news/pdf/IEEE%20Computer%20article%20for%20post.pdf – accessed 8/11/2011
[7] http://www.intechopen.com/articles/show/title/design-of-stereo-omni-directional-vision-sensors-with-full-
sphere-view-and-without-dead-angle - accessed 17/11/2011
[8] http://world.honda.com/ASIMO/technology/intelligence.html - accessed 17/11/2011
[9] http://www.uavvision.com/gimbals/gd170.html - accessed 17/11/2011
[10] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n6tQiJq9pQA – accessed 17/11/2011
[PIC1] – http://www.intechopen.com/articles/show/title/design-of-stereo-omni-directional-vision-sensors-with-
full-sphere-view-and-without-dead-angle - accessed 17/11/2011
[PIC2] – http://www.intechopen.com/articles/show/title/design-of-stereo-omni-directional-vision-sensors-with-
full-sphere-view-and-without-dead-angle - accessed 17/11/2011
[PIC3] – http://www.intechopen.com/articles/show/title/design-of-stereo-omni-directional-vision-sensors-with-
full-sphere-view-and-without-dead-angle - accessed 17/11/2011
[PIC4] – http://www.intechopen.com/articles/show/title/design-of-stereo-omni-directional-vision-sensors-with-
full-sphere-view-and-without-dead-angle - accessed 17/11/2011
[PIC5] - http://www.intechopen.com/articles/show/title/design-of-stereo-omni-directional-vision-sensors-with-
full-sphere-view-and-without-dead-angle - accessed 17/11/2011
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Kerrie Noble 200948192 DM309 – Mechatronics Design andApplications 19/11/2011
Appendix 1 – The Relationship Between the Point on the Imaging Plane and The Angle of Incidence Occurring
on the Mirror
By building a relationship between the distance from the pixel, P, to the spindle, Z, and the incidence angle ɸ
∅ = 𝑎0 ∙ 𝑃 + 𝑏0
a0 and b0 are arbitrary parameters.
If f is the focus of the camera unit, P is the distance from pixel to spindle Z, P2(t2F2) is the reflex point on the
secondary reflection mirror. According to the imaging principle this gives;
P = f
𝑡2
𝐹2
Source : http://www.intechopen.com/articles/show/title/design-of-stereo-omni-directional-vision-sensors-with-
full-sphere-view-and-without-dead-angle - page 32/33 accessed 20/11/2011
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Kerrie Noble 200948192 DM309 – Mechatronics Design andApplications 19/11/2011
Appendix 2 – The Curvature of the Primary and Secondary Reflection Mirrors
By substituting;
P = f
𝑡2
𝐹2
into,
∅ = 𝑎0 ∙ 𝑃 + 𝑏0
We get;
∅ = 𝑎0 ∙ ( f
𝑡2
𝐹2
) + 𝑏0
According to catadioptric principle we get;
tan−1
(
𝑡1
𝐹1 − 𝑠
) = 𝑎0 ∙ ( f
𝑡2
𝐹2
) + 𝑏0
By using this equation above along with;
𝐹1
2
− 2𝛼𝐹1 − 1 = 0
and,
𝐹2
2
− 2𝛽𝐹2 − 1 = 0
Then a numerical solution for F1 and F2 can be found, hence giving the appropriate curvature values for both
reflection mirrors.
Source : http://www.intechopen.com/articles/show/title/design-of-stereo-omni-directional-vision-sensors-with-
full-sphere-view-and-without-dead-angle - page 32/33 accessed 20/11/2011
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Kerrie Noble 200948192 DM309 – Mechatronics Design andApplications 19/11/2011
Appendix 3 – The Relationship Between Lens Diameter and Focus
According to the lens imaging equation we get;
1
𝑓1
=
1
𝑠1
+
1
𝑠2
1
𝑓2
=
1
𝑠3
+
1
𝑠4
𝑑 = 𝑠2 + 𝑠3
By taking the combination lens focus into account we get;
1
𝑓3
=
(𝑓1 + 𝑓2 − 𝑑)
𝑓1 𝑓2
Also the lens diameter, D, has a magnification of;
𝑛 =
𝐷
𝑓3
In order for both entities to have the same average angle, the design must use the following equation;
𝑛 =
𝐷
𝑓3
= 2∅1 𝑀𝐴𝑋
∅1 𝑀𝐴𝑋
is the maximum angle between the secondary reflected light, V2 and the Z axis.
Source : http://www.intechopen.com/articles/show/title/design-of-stereo-omni-directional-vision-sensors-with-
full-sphere-view-and-without-dead-angle - page 34 accessed 20/11/2011