Mechanizmy OdpornośCi RośLin Na Patogeny
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2. Dozens of R-genes have been cloned from various plants using map-based cloning, transposon tagging, or a new method called MutRenSeq that enriches for R-gene sequences.
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Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a plant's defense response that confers long-lasting, broad-spectrum resistance against pathogens following initial infection. SAR involves the signal molecule salicylic acid (SA) and accumulation of pathogenesis-related proteins. Upon primary infection, SA and other signals like jasmonates are produced at the infection site and translocate systemically via the phloem to activate defenses elsewhere. This results in increased levels of antimicrobial proteins that protect the plant even in uninfected tissues. SA is essential for SAR induction, as transgenic plants unable to produce SA do not exhibit SAR. The onset of SAR involves the generation of mobile signals that activate defenses within hours, though full resistance may take days to
SAR ppt
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a whole-plant immune response that is activated upon localized infection by a pathogen. It provides long-lasting, broad-spectrum resistance against secondary infections. SAR involves the production of mobile signaling molecules like methyl salicylate, azelaic acid, and glycerol-3-phosphate in infected tissues that activate defenses in distant, uninfected tissues. This results in increased expression of pathogenesis-related proteins and other defenses. The NPR1 protein is a master regulator of the SAR response.
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The document discusses systemic acquired resistance (SAR), which confers long-lasting protection against a broad spectrum of pathogens. SAR is induced by initial infection and involves the signaling molecule salicylic acid, leading to accumulation of pathogenesis-related proteins throughout the plant. Key regulators of SAR include NPR1, which is required for SAR, and salicylic acid, which is involved in transmitting the defense signal systemically.
Credit seminar
Plants have array of defense response against biotic stresses which could be either structural reinforcement, release of chemicals, and defense gene expression against invading organisms. The physical barriers are trichoms, waxy cuticle, thick cell wall. Once the pathogen overcomes the first line of defense, basal or innate defense response comes into play. Pathogens secrete some conserved molecules known as Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern (PAMP/MAMP), which are recognized by transmembrane receptors present in the plasma membrane and initiate a series of signal cascade reaction which ultimately leads to activation of various defense related genes. Apart from inducing the expression of defense related genes, it also triggers a hypersensitive reaction (HR) which cause deliberate cell death at the site of infection and limit the pathogen access to water and nutrient by sacrificing a few cells in order to save the rest of the plant. Once HR is triggered, plant tissue may become highly resistant to a broad range of pathogens for an extended period of time. This phenomenon is called Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR).
Plants respond to herbivory is a similar manner as described above. The biochemical mechanisms of defense against the herbivores are wide-ranging, highly dynamic, and are mediated both by direct and indirect defenses. The defensive compounds are either produced constitutively or in response to plant damage, and affect feeding, growth, and survival of herbivores. In addition, plants also release volatile organic compounds that attract the natural enemies of the herbivores. These strategies either act independently or in conjunction with each other. However, our understanding of these defensive mechanisms is still limited. Induced resistance could be exploited as an important tool for the pest management to minimize the amounts of insecticides used for pest control. Host plant resistance to insects, particularly, induced resistance, can also be manipulated with the use of chemical elicitors of secondary metabolites, which confer resistance to insects. By understanding the mechanisms of induced resistance, we can predict the herbivores that are likely to be affected by inducing responses. The elicitors of induced responses can be sprayed on crop plants to build up the natural defense system against damage caused by herbivores. The induced responses can also be genetically engineered, so that the defensive compounds are constitutively produced in plants challenged by the herbivory. Induced resistance can be exploited for developing crop cultivars, which readily produce the inducible response upon mild infestation, and can act as one of components of integrated pest management for sustainable crop production.
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This document summarizes a seminar on breeding crops for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. It discusses how abiotic stresses like high/low temperatures, drought, salinity, and toxicity reduce crop yields worldwide by 65-87% on average. It describes how stresses cause oxidative stress in plants by producing reactive oxygen species. It then outlines various abiotic stress factors and how they impact plants, as well as stress tolerance mechanisms employed by plants, such as osmoprotectants and heat avoidance through transpirational cooling or leaf rolling. Finally, it provides examples of crop varieties that are tolerant to high temperatures, humidity, drought, and other stresses.
R Gene Expression and Transcription Profiling
R Gene expression and transcription profiling in plants. Incorporating gene resistance and its transcription database.
Gene for gene system in plant fungus interaction
1. Plant-fungus interactions can be characterized by gene-for-gene systems where a plant resistance gene corresponds to a fungal avirulence gene. Vertical or race-specific resistance follows this pattern and is not durable due to high selection pressure.
2. R proteins in plants recognize specific pathogen effectors or avirulence proteins through direct or indirect models. Direct models involve recognition of effectors by R protein receptors. Indirect models involve the effector targeting or modifying a host protein that is then recognized by the R protein.
3. Understanding gene-for-gene systems and how plants recognize pathogens at the molecular level can enable new strategies for disease control through deployment of resistance genes and exploitation of avirulence
Variability in fungi
1. What is pathogen variability?
2. Significance of pathogen Variability
3. Stages of variation
4. Mechanism of Variability in fungi
5. Characterization of variability among plant pathogens
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Molecular basis of plant resistance and defense responses to pathogens
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Defensins: Antimicrobial peptide for the host plant resistance
Since the beginning of the 90s lots of cationic plant, cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptides (AMP) have been studied. However, Broekaert et al. (1995) only coined the term “plant defensin,” after comparison of a new class of plant antifungal peptides with known insect defensins. From there, many plant defensins have been reported and studies on this class of peptides encompass its activity toward microorganisms and molecular features of the mechanism of action against bacteria and fungi. Plant defensins also have been tested as biotechnological tools to improve crop production through fungi resistance generation in organisms genetically modified (OGM). Its low effective concentration towards fungi, ranging from 0.1 to 10 μM and its safety to mammals and birds makes them a better choice, in place of chemicals, to control fungi infection on crop fields. Herein, is a review of the history of plant defensins since their discovery at the beginning of 90s, following the advances on its structure conformation and mechanism of action towards microorganisms is reported. This review also points out some important topics, including: (i) the most studied plant defensins and their fungal targets; (ii) the molecular features of plant defensins and their relation with antifungal activity; (iii) the possibility of using plant defensin(s) genes to generate fungi resistant GM crops and biofungicides; and (iv) a brief discussion about the absence of products in the market containing plant antifungal defensins.
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The document discusses various types of abiotic stresses that negatively impact plant growth and productivity. It defines abiotic stress and describes different abiotic stresses including water stress, temperature stress, light stress, wind stress, salt stress, and heavy metal stress. It discusses the effects of these stresses on plants and mechanisms plants have evolved to respond to stresses. The document also covers the role of plant tissue culture in introducing stress resistance to plants through genetic engineering techniques like gene transfer.
How Plants defend themselves against pathogens.
Plants have several defense mechanisms against pathogens. They have structural barriers like waxes and cell walls that inhibit pathogen entry. They also produce biochemical defenses like phenolic compounds, tannins and fatty acids that are toxic to pathogens or neutralize their toxins. Plant resistance is controlled by genes and can be polygenic involving many genes or monogenic involving a single resistance gene. Systemic acquired resistance allows plants to develop generalized resistance systemically in response to infection or chemical treatment.
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This document discusses molecular approaches for improving plant resistance to insects, including introducing resistance genes from wild plant relatives through wide hybridization and marker-assisted selection. It provides examples of wild relatives that are sources of resistance genes for crops like sorghum, groundnut, pigeonpea, and chickpea. The use of marker-assisted selection and genetic engineering techniques like expressing Bt toxins, proteinase inhibitors, amylase inhibitors, and lectins in transgenic plants is described. Gene pyramiding, or stacking multiple resistance genes, can provide durable and stable insect resistance.
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This document discusses variability in the fungus Rhizoctonia solani which infects many different host crops. It describes how R. solani exists as vegetative hyphae and sclerotia in soil and infects plants through soil or plant debris. Symptoms vary by crop but include damping off, root rot, stem canker and leaf blights. The document outlines 13 anastomosis groups of R. solani which vary in pathogenicity and host range. Studies examined cultural and physiological differences between isolates from soybeans as well as genetic variability of isolates from rice and potato crops. R. solani was found to have significant morphological, physiological and genetic variability depending on its host.
Multiple disease resistance in plants
Description related to disease resistance and multiple diseases resistance (MDR) and its importance in plant diseases management
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The document discusses plant disease resistance genes (R-genes) and their importance in crop breeding for disease resistance. It contains the following key points:
1. R-genes encode receptors that recognize pathogen effector proteins and trigger plant immune responses. Most R-genes contain nucleotide binding and leucine-rich repeat domains.
2. Dozens of R-genes have been cloned from various plants using map-based cloning, transposon tagging, or a new method called MutRenSeq that enriches for R-gene sequences.
3. Introducing R-genes from wild crop relatives into domestic crops can provide natural and sustainable resistance to diseases while avoiding pesticide use and potential environmental damage.
Induced resistance
This document summarizes induced plant resistance against pathogens. It discusses the historical background of induced resistance being first observed over 100 years ago. It describes different types of induced resistance including systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and induced systemic resistance (ISR). SAR is mediated by salicylic acid and involves pathogenesis-related proteins, while ISR is mediated by jasmonic acid and ethylene. Biological agents like PGPR bacteria and plant extracts can also induce resistance. Signal transduction pathways underlying these responses are triggered upon pathogen recognition. While induced resistance offers opportunities for crop protection, practical applications are currently limited to some plants.
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This document evaluates plant breeding techniques for their compatibility with organic agriculture. It begins by explaining that seeds are the basis of agricultural production but most organic farmers know little about how their seedstocks have been produced. It then provides an overview of standard plant breeding and multiplication techniques, distinguishing those that act at the plant, cell, and DNA levels. The aim is to inform ongoing discussions around organic plant breeding by explaining each technique and assessing its suitability according to organic principles.
4_Загальна та сільськогосподарська фітопатологія. Хвороби томату
4_Загальна та сільськогосподарська фітопатологія. Хвороби томатуDepartment of Mycology and Plant Resistance
Презентація до курсу "Загальна та сільськогосподарська фітопатологія", що його викладають на кафедрі мікології та фітоімунології біологічного факультету Харківського національного університету імені В.Н. Каразіна, УкраїнаSystemic acquired resistance (SAR): A novel strategy for plant protection.
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a plant's defense response that confers long-lasting, broad-spectrum resistance against pathogens following initial infection. SAR involves the signal molecule salicylic acid (SA) and accumulation of pathogenesis-related proteins. Upon primary infection, SA and other signals like jasmonates are produced at the infection site and translocate systemically via the phloem to activate defenses elsewhere. This results in increased levels of antimicrobial proteins that protect the plant even in uninfected tissues. SA is essential for SAR induction, as transgenic plants unable to produce SA do not exhibit SAR. The onset of SAR involves the generation of mobile signals that activate defenses within hours, though full resistance may take days to
SAR ppt
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a whole-plant immune response that is activated upon localized infection by a pathogen. It provides long-lasting, broad-spectrum resistance against secondary infections. SAR involves the production of mobile signaling molecules like methyl salicylate, azelaic acid, and glycerol-3-phosphate in infected tissues that activate defenses in distant, uninfected tissues. This results in increased expression of pathogenesis-related proteins and other defenses. The NPR1 protein is a master regulator of the SAR response.
Systemic acquired Resistance
The document discusses systemic acquired resistance (SAR), which confers long-lasting protection against a broad spectrum of pathogens. SAR is induced by initial infection and involves the signaling molecule salicylic acid, leading to accumulation of pathogenesis-related proteins throughout the plant. Key regulators of SAR include NPR1, which is required for SAR, and salicylic acid, which is involved in transmitting the defense signal systemically.
Credit seminar
Plants have array of defense response against biotic stresses which could be either structural reinforcement, release of chemicals, and defense gene expression against invading organisms. The physical barriers are trichoms, waxy cuticle, thick cell wall. Once the pathogen overcomes the first line of defense, basal or innate defense response comes into play. Pathogens secrete some conserved molecules known as Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern (PAMP/MAMP), which are recognized by transmembrane receptors present in the plasma membrane and initiate a series of signal cascade reaction which ultimately leads to activation of various defense related genes. Apart from inducing the expression of defense related genes, it also triggers a hypersensitive reaction (HR) which cause deliberate cell death at the site of infection and limit the pathogen access to water and nutrient by sacrificing a few cells in order to save the rest of the plant. Once HR is triggered, plant tissue may become highly resistant to a broad range of pathogens for an extended period of time. This phenomenon is called Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR).
Plants respond to herbivory is a similar manner as described above. The biochemical mechanisms of defense against the herbivores are wide-ranging, highly dynamic, and are mediated both by direct and indirect defenses. The defensive compounds are either produced constitutively or in response to plant damage, and affect feeding, growth, and survival of herbivores. In addition, plants also release volatile organic compounds that attract the natural enemies of the herbivores. These strategies either act independently or in conjunction with each other. However, our understanding of these defensive mechanisms is still limited. Induced resistance could be exploited as an important tool for the pest management to minimize the amounts of insecticides used for pest control. Host plant resistance to insects, particularly, induced resistance, can also be manipulated with the use of chemical elicitors of secondary metabolites, which confer resistance to insects. By understanding the mechanisms of induced resistance, we can predict the herbivores that are likely to be affected by inducing responses. The elicitors of induced responses can be sprayed on crop plants to build up the natural defense system against damage caused by herbivores. The induced responses can also be genetically engineered, so that the defensive compounds are constitutively produced in plants challenged by the herbivory. Induced resistance can be exploited for developing crop cultivars, which readily produce the inducible response upon mild infestation, and can act as one of components of integrated pest management for sustainable crop production.
Abiotic stress classification and factors
This document summarizes a seminar on breeding crops for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. It discusses how abiotic stresses like high/low temperatures, drought, salinity, and toxicity reduce crop yields worldwide by 65-87% on average. It describes how stresses cause oxidative stress in plants by producing reactive oxygen species. It then outlines various abiotic stress factors and how they impact plants, as well as stress tolerance mechanisms employed by plants, such as osmoprotectants and heat avoidance through transpirational cooling or leaf rolling. Finally, it provides examples of crop varieties that are tolerant to high temperatures, humidity, drought, and other stresses.
R Gene Expression and Transcription Profiling
R Gene expression and transcription profiling in plants. Incorporating gene resistance and its transcription database.
Gene for gene system in plant fungus interaction
1. Plant-fungus interactions can be characterized by gene-for-gene systems where a plant resistance gene corresponds to a fungal avirulence gene. Vertical or race-specific resistance follows this pattern and is not durable due to high selection pressure.
2. R proteins in plants recognize specific pathogen effectors or avirulence proteins through direct or indirect models. Direct models involve recognition of effectors by R protein receptors. Indirect models involve the effector targeting or modifying a host protein that is then recognized by the R protein.
3. Understanding gene-for-gene systems and how plants recognize pathogens at the molecular level can enable new strategies for disease control through deployment of resistance genes and exploitation of avirulence
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1. What is pathogen variability?
2. Significance of pathogen Variability
3. Stages of variation
4. Mechanism of Variability in fungi
5. Characterization of variability among plant pathogens
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Mechanizmy OdpornośCi RośLin Na Patogeny
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- 7. Na czym polega aktywacja białka?
- 12. Domeny
- 16. HR - zaprogramowana śmierć komórki (nadwrażliwość komórek) Oksydaza NADPH O 2 O 2 • — SOD H 2 O 2 OH 2 • OH • Peroksydacja lipidów błonowych Lipoksygenaza Lignifikacja J Ucieczka jonów
- 18. Apoptoza
- 19. Objawy nekrozy na liściach jęczmienia porażonego przez grzyba Bipolaris sorokiniana (apoptoza komórek)
- 22. Rola SA w SAR Malamy et al., (1990) Metraux et al., (1990).
- 23. ISR SAR
- 24. Inicjacja sygnałów PIP 2 - fosfatydyloinozytolo(4,5)bisfosforan, DAG - diacyloglicerol, IP 3 - trifosfoinozytol R Oksydaza NADPH Ca 2+ Kinaza białkowa kalmodulinozależna Kinaza białkowa C Białko G Flipaza C E PIP 2 DAG IP 3 Błona komórkowa O 2 O 2 • —
- 25. Transdukcja sygnałów w komórce
- 26. Pythium na jęczmieniu
- 27. Infekcja wywołana przez kompleks Pythium spp . Typhula incarnata na rajgrasie włoskim
- 28. Pleśń śniegowa wywołana przez Typhula ishikariensis na pszenicy ozimej