This presentation describes the nutrient uptake in plants. it explains the passive and active uptake of nutrient uptake. which are further explained as diffusion, facilitated diffusion, carrier proteins, channel proteins, ion exchange & contact exchange.
This presentation describes the nutrient uptake in plants. it explains the passive and active uptake of nutrient uptake. which are further explained as diffusion, facilitated diffusion, carrier proteins, channel proteins, ion exchange & contact exchange.
Photosynthesis is an anabolic process by which simple inorganic substances like CO2 and H2O are converted into a complex substance like a carbohydrate in the presence of light and chlorophyll.
Define passive and active in terms of energy requirement. Describe t.pdfbanishkyliachomasl99
Define passive and active in terms of energy requirement. Describe the following types of
transport and identify if each type requires energy and in what form. Simple diffusion Facilitated
diffusion Osmosis Primary active transport Secondary active transport
Solution
Active transportneeds energy, and it help to move ions against their concentration gradients. The
concentration of some of the ions is more inside the cell and some is more outside the cell. For
example, the concentration of sodium ions is more outside the cell. Still, the sodium ions move
from the inside of cell to outside through ion channels, by means of active transport.
Passive transport of molecules is independent of energy requirement, and the transport or
diffusion of molecule across the channel is facilitated by the concentration gradient. Means, the
molecules move down their concentration gradients.
1). Simple diffusion:
Simple diffusion is a process of passive transport in which molecules diffuse down their
concentration gradient. Diffusion of molecules mainly depends on the lipid solubility and their
size and polarity. It does not require the carrier molecules as in case of facilitated diffusion.
Small molecules such as water, gases such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, ions such as hydrogen
ions, etc. can pass through the cell membranes and membranes of cellular organelles by means of
simple diffusion.
2). Facilitated diffusion involves the transport of transport of molecules using the membrane
bound proteins. For example, ion channels allow the transport of ions into and out of the cell,
which are otherwise, cannot pass through cell membrane. Glucose binds to the carrier molecule
present on the cell membrane, and enter into the cell; this process is facilitated by insulin.
3). In the primary active transport, the ATP is directly used for the transport of the molecule. For
example, The Na+/K+ ATPase pump transports sodium and potassium ions against their
concentration gradients. For every three sodium ions pumped out of the cell, two potassium ions
enter into the cell. Thus, the membrane potential is maintained.
4). The secondary active transport is an active transport in which the downhill movement of an
ion (either sodium or hydrogen) is coupled with the uphill movement of another molecule
(against its concentration) by the transporter protein. Thus, the electrochemical gradient of an ion
drives uphill transport of another molecule.
Eg: Glucose absorption along with the sodium is an example of secondary active transport..
Photosynthesis is an anabolic process by which simple inorganic substances like CO2 and H2O are converted into a complex substance like a carbohydrate in the presence of light and chlorophyll.
Define passive and active in terms of energy requirement. Describe t.pdfbanishkyliachomasl99
Define passive and active in terms of energy requirement. Describe the following types of
transport and identify if each type requires energy and in what form. Simple diffusion Facilitated
diffusion Osmosis Primary active transport Secondary active transport
Solution
Active transportneeds energy, and it help to move ions against their concentration gradients. The
concentration of some of the ions is more inside the cell and some is more outside the cell. For
example, the concentration of sodium ions is more outside the cell. Still, the sodium ions move
from the inside of cell to outside through ion channels, by means of active transport.
Passive transport of molecules is independent of energy requirement, and the transport or
diffusion of molecule across the channel is facilitated by the concentration gradient. Means, the
molecules move down their concentration gradients.
1). Simple diffusion:
Simple diffusion is a process of passive transport in which molecules diffuse down their
concentration gradient. Diffusion of molecules mainly depends on the lipid solubility and their
size and polarity. It does not require the carrier molecules as in case of facilitated diffusion.
Small molecules such as water, gases such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, ions such as hydrogen
ions, etc. can pass through the cell membranes and membranes of cellular organelles by means of
simple diffusion.
2). Facilitated diffusion involves the transport of transport of molecules using the membrane
bound proteins. For example, ion channels allow the transport of ions into and out of the cell,
which are otherwise, cannot pass through cell membrane. Glucose binds to the carrier molecule
present on the cell membrane, and enter into the cell; this process is facilitated by insulin.
3). In the primary active transport, the ATP is directly used for the transport of the molecule. For
example, The Na+/K+ ATPase pump transports sodium and potassium ions against their
concentration gradients. For every three sodium ions pumped out of the cell, two potassium ions
enter into the cell. Thus, the membrane potential is maintained.
4). The secondary active transport is an active transport in which the downhill movement of an
ion (either sodium or hydrogen) is coupled with the uphill movement of another molecule
(against its concentration) by the transporter protein. Thus, the electrochemical gradient of an ion
drives uphill transport of another molecule.
Eg: Glucose absorption along with the sodium is an example of secondary active transport..
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+12349014282
Abhay Bhutada Leads Poonawalla Fincorp To Record Low NPA And Unprecedented Gr...Vighnesh Shashtri
Under the leadership of Abhay Bhutada, Poonawalla Fincorp has achieved record-low Non-Performing Assets (NPA) and witnessed unprecedented growth. Bhutada's strategic vision and effective management have significantly enhanced the company's financial health, showcasing a robust performance in the financial sector. This achievement underscores the company's resilience and ability to thrive in a competitive market, setting a new benchmark for operational excellence in the industry.
Financial Assets: Debit vs Equity Securities.pptxWrito-Finance
financial assets represent claim for future benefit or cash. Financial assets are formed by establishing contracts between participants. These financial assets are used for collection of huge amounts of money for business purposes.
Two major Types: Debt Securities and Equity Securities.
Debt Securities are Also known as fixed-income securities or instruments. The type of assets is formed by establishing contracts between investor and issuer of the asset.
• The first type of Debit securities is BONDS. Bonds are issued by corporations and government (both local and national government).
• The second important type of Debit security is NOTES. Apart from similarities associated with notes and bonds, notes have shorter term maturity.
• The 3rd important type of Debit security is TRESURY BILLS. These securities have short-term ranging from three months, six months, and one year. Issuer of such securities are governments.
• Above discussed debit securities are mostly issued by governments and corporations. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS CDs are issued by Banks and Financial Institutions. Risk factor associated with CDs gets reduced when issued by reputable institutions or Banks.
Following are the risk attached with debt securities: Credit risk, interest rate risk and currency risk
There are no fixed maturity dates in such securities, and asset’s value is determined by company’s performance. There are two major types of equity securities: common stock and preferred stock.
Common Stock: These are simple equity securities and bear no complexities which the preferred stock bears. Holders of such securities or instrument have the voting rights when it comes to select the company’s board of director or the business decisions to be made.
Preferred Stock: Preferred stocks are sometime referred to as hybrid securities, because it contains elements of both debit security and equity security. Preferred stock confers ownership rights to security holder that is why it is equity instrument
<a href="https://www.writofinance.com/equity-securities-features-types-risk/" >Equity securities </a> as a whole is used for capital funding for companies. Companies have multiple expenses to cover. Potential growth of company is required in competitive market. So, these securities are used for capital generation, and then uses it for company’s growth.
Concluding remarks
Both are employed in business. Businesses are often established through debit securities, then what is the need for equity securities. Companies have to cover multiple expenses and expansion of business. They can also use equity instruments for repayment of debits. So, there are multiple uses for securities. As an investor, you need tools for analysis. Investment decisions are made by carefully analyzing the market. For better analysis of the stock market, investors often employ financial analysis of companies.
2. Elemental Economics - Mineral demand.pdfNeal Brewster
After this second you should be able to: Explain the main determinants of demand for any mineral product, and their relative importance; recognise and explain how demand for any product is likely to change with economic activity; recognise and explain the roles of technology and relative prices in influencing demand; be able to explain the differences between the rates of growth of demand for different products.
How to get verified on Coinbase Account?_.docxBuy bitget
t's important to note that buying verified Coinbase accounts is not recommended and may violate Coinbase's terms of service. Instead of searching to "buy verified Coinbase accounts," follow the proper steps to verify your own account to ensure compliance and security.
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Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the what'sapp contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
+12349014282
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A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the what's app number of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
+12349014282
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Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
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2. Mineral salt absorption:
Mineral salts are absorbed from the soil solution in the form of
ions. They are chiefly absorbed through the meristematic
regions of roots near the tips.
A net movement of mineral salt into cell takes place is termed
as absorption of salt.
There are two theories for absorption of mineral salts:
1. Passive absorption
2. Active absorption
3. ACTIVE ABSORPTION:
“The lipid protein membrane of a cell is largely permeable to the all free ions
energy is used to transport of such free ions across the membrane and that is
called active absorption.
Characteristics:
Active transport exhibit following characteristics:
A. it is non-spontaneous and independent of solute coceratation
B. it uses protein carriers driven by expenditure of chemical energy
C. it does not proceed towards an equilibrium
D. it is against a chemical protein gradient the driving force being metabolic
energy
4. FollowingEVIDENCESfavor this
view:
(i) The factors like low temp.,
deficiency of O2, metabolic inhibitors
etc. which inhibit metabolic activities
also inhibit accumulation of ions.
(ii) Rate of respiration is increased
when a plant is transferred from water
to salt solution(Salt Respiration
5. The major hypothesis that explain the mechanism of
active transport of ions are:
1. The Carrier Concept- transport by a protein
2. Carrier mechanism involve ATP theory
3. Cytochrome-pump theory
6. A. CARRIER CONCEPT THEORY:
This concept was proposed by Vaden Honert in 1937
According to this theory the plasma membrane is impermeable to
free ions. But some compound present in it acts as carrier and
combines with ions to form carrier-ion-complex which can move
across the membrane. On the inner surface of the membrane this
complex breaks releasing ions into the cell while the carrier goes
back to the outer surface to pick up fresh ions
8. Following observations strongly support the carrier concept of active
absorption of mineral salts:
(i) Isotopic Exchange:
Several times, it has been found that actively absorbed radioactive ion cannot
diffuse back with other ions so its not permeable to free ions.
(ii) Saturation Effects:
Beyond a certain limit, increased concentration of salts does not bring an
increase in the rate of mineral salt absorption because active sites on the carrier
compound become saturated with ions.
(iii) Specificity:
Active sites on carrier compound may be specific which can bind only some
specific ions. This also explains the selective and unequal absorption of ions.
9. There are two common hypotheses based on the carrier concept
to explain the mechanism of active salt absorption.
(1) Lundegardh’s Cytochrome Pump Theory:
Lundegardh’s and Burstrom (1933) believed that there was a definite
correlation between respiration and anion absorption. when a plant transferred
from water to a salt the rate of respiration increases. This increase in rate of
respiration over the normal respiration has been called as salt respiration.
Assumptions:
(i) The mechanism of anion and cation absorption is different.
(ii) Anions are absorbed through cytochrome chain by an active process.
(iii) Cations are absorbed passively
10. According to this theory:
(i) Dehydrogenase reactions on inner side of the membrane
give rise to protons (H+) and electrons (e–).
(ii) The electron travels over the cytochrome chain towards
outside the membrane, so that the Fe of the cytochrome
becomes reduced (Fe++) on the outer surface and oxidized
(Fe++) on the inner surface.
(iii)The electron thus released unites with H+ and oxygen to
form water
11. ■ Main defects of above theory are:
I.it envisages active absorption of only anions
II.it not explain selective uptake ions
III. It has found that cations stimulate respiration
12. 2) Benet-Clark’s Protein-Lecithin Theory:
In 1956, Benet-Clark suggested that because the cell membranes chiefly consist
of phospholipids and proteins and certain enzymes.
According to this theory the phosphate group in the phosphatide is regarded as
the active Centre binding the cations, and the basic choline group as the anion
binding.
13. Conclusion:
In this mechanism of salt absorption many theories have been
explained by different scientist but active absorption concept
more supported than passive absorption of salt. So, it have
been believed that one or both of these mechanism may be
involved in the salt absorption. But more work has to be done
to explain the mechanism in clear and correct manner.
