The document discusses several species of trematodes (parasitic flatworms) that infect humans, including their life cycles, transmission, pathogenesis, clinical findings, and diagnosis. It covers the important trematodes Schistosoma (blood flukes), Clonorchis sinensis (liver fluke), Paragonimus westermani (lung fluke), Fasciola hepatica, and Fasciolopsis buski. It provides details on the life cycles, symptoms, and laboratory diagnosis of Schistosoma and Fasciola infections.
www.beefpoint.com.br - apresentação de Rashid Kadimi, presidente do All India Meat & Livestock Exporters Association (AIMLEA) e CEO do Allansons Limited, no 18º Congresso Mundial da Carne, sobre a produção e exportação de carne bovina da Índia.
Presented by Kristina Roesel and Delia Grace at “Microsporidia in the Animal to Human Food Chain: An International Symposium to Address Chronic Epizootic Disease”, Vancouver, Canada, 9-13 August 2015.
The document discusses the results of a study on the awareness levels of urban meat consumers in Visakhapatnam on meat hygiene. It found that most consumers purchase meat from well maintained shops, and their primary factors for purchase are price, quality, and hygiene. However, many consumers also cited concerns about the health of slaughtered animals, rearing practices, and lack of proper meat inspection and storage facilities. The document concludes it is crucial to understand consumer concerns about meat hygiene through participatory approaches involving producers, vendors, scientists, and consumers to address the major issues of hygiene, sanitation, safety, cold chain management, and regulation.
Heterophyes heterophyes and Metagonimus yokogawai are presented together as so many similarities exist between the two parasites. The two parasites are easily confused but a distinguishing factor is that they are found in different geographic locations of the world.
H. heterophyes, an organism that causes a disease known as heterophyiasis, is found primarily in both the Near and Far East as well as parts of Africa.
M. yokogawai is found in Asia and Siberia and is known as the causative agent for the disease metagonimiasis.
The two organisms are predominantly found as cat and dog parasites, as well as other fish-eating mammals, so heterophyiasis and metagonimiasis are known as zoonoses (animal related) when they infect humans.
Minute teardrop-shaped flukes found in the small intestines of fish-eating birds and mammals.
The eggs of H. heterophyes and M. yokogawai are indistinguishable from each other. They are small flukes known jointly as heterophyids (from the genus comprising these two species) and are approximately 30 μm by 15 μm.
The eggshells of M. yokogawai appear to be thinner than those of H. heterophyes, although this can only be determined by close microscopic attention. The mature flukes of both species are approximately 1 to 2 mm in length.
The adult flukes live burrowed between the villi of the host's small intestine
It only takes around 4 to 6 hours for H. heterophyes to get to the small intestines in the definitive host and even faster in hosts that it does not prefer.
The eggs that are laid contain a miracidium but do not hatch until they are ingested by a snail (Cerithideopsilla conica in Egypt or Cerithidia cingula in Japan).
Inside the snails gut, the miracidium becomes a sporocyst which then begin to produce rediae.
The rediae produce cercariae which then exit the snail, swim toward the surface of the water, and slowly fall back down.
On their way down, they contact a fish and penetrate into the epithelium of the fish.
Here, the cercariae encyst in the muscle tissue.
The second intermediate host include freshwater fish: Mugil cephalus, Tilapia nilotica, Aphanius fasciatus, and Acanthogobius sp.
The definitive host, such as humans or birds, eats the undercooked or raw meat of a fish and ingest the parasite. Natural definitive hosts are cats, dogs, foxes, wolves, pelicans, and humans.Each worm causes a mild inflammatory reaction at its site of contact with the intestine.
Heavy infections which are common cause damage to the mucosa and produce intestinal pain and are associated with diarrhea, mucus-rich feces, pain, dyspepsia, anorexia, nausea and vomiting.
The document summarizes the generalized life cycle of digenetic trematodes. Digenetic trematodes require two or three hosts to complete their life cycle. The first intermediate host is always a snail. The second intermediate host may be present in some species and is often a fish or aquatic invertebrate. The definitive host is usually a vertebrate where sexual reproduction occurs. Eggs are released from the definitive host and hatch into miracidium larvae that infect the first intermediate snail host. Within the snail, the miracidium develops into sporocysts or rediae which undergo asexual reproduction to produce cercariae larvae. Cercariae leave the snail and may infect a
The document discusses several species of trematodes (parasitic flatworms) that infect humans, including their life cycles, transmission, pathogenesis, clinical findings, and diagnosis. It covers the important trematodes Schistosoma (blood flukes), Clonorchis sinensis (liver fluke), Paragonimus westermani (lung fluke), Fasciola hepatica, and Fasciolopsis buski. It provides details on the life cycles, symptoms, and laboratory diagnosis of Schistosoma and Fasciola infections.
www.beefpoint.com.br - apresentação de Rashid Kadimi, presidente do All India Meat & Livestock Exporters Association (AIMLEA) e CEO do Allansons Limited, no 18º Congresso Mundial da Carne, sobre a produção e exportação de carne bovina da Índia.
Presented by Kristina Roesel and Delia Grace at “Microsporidia in the Animal to Human Food Chain: An International Symposium to Address Chronic Epizootic Disease”, Vancouver, Canada, 9-13 August 2015.
The document discusses the results of a study on the awareness levels of urban meat consumers in Visakhapatnam on meat hygiene. It found that most consumers purchase meat from well maintained shops, and their primary factors for purchase are price, quality, and hygiene. However, many consumers also cited concerns about the health of slaughtered animals, rearing practices, and lack of proper meat inspection and storage facilities. The document concludes it is crucial to understand consumer concerns about meat hygiene through participatory approaches involving producers, vendors, scientists, and consumers to address the major issues of hygiene, sanitation, safety, cold chain management, and regulation.
Heterophyes heterophyes and Metagonimus yokogawai are presented together as so many similarities exist between the two parasites. The two parasites are easily confused but a distinguishing factor is that they are found in different geographic locations of the world.
H. heterophyes, an organism that causes a disease known as heterophyiasis, is found primarily in both the Near and Far East as well as parts of Africa.
M. yokogawai is found in Asia and Siberia and is known as the causative agent for the disease metagonimiasis.
The two organisms are predominantly found as cat and dog parasites, as well as other fish-eating mammals, so heterophyiasis and metagonimiasis are known as zoonoses (animal related) when they infect humans.
Minute teardrop-shaped flukes found in the small intestines of fish-eating birds and mammals.
The eggs of H. heterophyes and M. yokogawai are indistinguishable from each other. They are small flukes known jointly as heterophyids (from the genus comprising these two species) and are approximately 30 μm by 15 μm.
The eggshells of M. yokogawai appear to be thinner than those of H. heterophyes, although this can only be determined by close microscopic attention. The mature flukes of both species are approximately 1 to 2 mm in length.
The adult flukes live burrowed between the villi of the host's small intestine
It only takes around 4 to 6 hours for H. heterophyes to get to the small intestines in the definitive host and even faster in hosts that it does not prefer.
The eggs that are laid contain a miracidium but do not hatch until they are ingested by a snail (Cerithideopsilla conica in Egypt or Cerithidia cingula in Japan).
Inside the snails gut, the miracidium becomes a sporocyst which then begin to produce rediae.
The rediae produce cercariae which then exit the snail, swim toward the surface of the water, and slowly fall back down.
On their way down, they contact a fish and penetrate into the epithelium of the fish.
Here, the cercariae encyst in the muscle tissue.
The second intermediate host include freshwater fish: Mugil cephalus, Tilapia nilotica, Aphanius fasciatus, and Acanthogobius sp.
The definitive host, such as humans or birds, eats the undercooked or raw meat of a fish and ingest the parasite. Natural definitive hosts are cats, dogs, foxes, wolves, pelicans, and humans.Each worm causes a mild inflammatory reaction at its site of contact with the intestine.
Heavy infections which are common cause damage to the mucosa and produce intestinal pain and are associated with diarrhea, mucus-rich feces, pain, dyspepsia, anorexia, nausea and vomiting.
The document summarizes the generalized life cycle of digenetic trematodes. Digenetic trematodes require two or three hosts to complete their life cycle. The first intermediate host is always a snail. The second intermediate host may be present in some species and is often a fish or aquatic invertebrate. The definitive host is usually a vertebrate where sexual reproduction occurs. Eggs are released from the definitive host and hatch into miracidium larvae that infect the first intermediate snail host. Within the snail, the miracidium develops into sporocysts or rediae which undergo asexual reproduction to produce cercariae larvae. Cercariae leave the snail and may infect a
This document discusses trematode infections, including their classification, life cycles, clinical manifestations, investigations, management, and prevention. It focuses on major human trematode infections caused by blood flukes (Schistosoma spp.), liver flukes (Clonorchis sinensis and Opisthorchis spp.), intestinal flukes (Fasciolopsis buski), and lung flukes (Paragonimus westermani). Symptoms vary depending on the infecting organism but can include dermatitis, abdominal pain, bloody stool, hepatosplenomegaly, cough, and pulmonary symptoms. Diagnosis involves microscopy of stool, urine, or sputum samples, serology to detect antibodies or
The efficient disposal of effluent from meat plants and meat-processing works is important because of the possible pollution of water – courses. Hence an effluent treatment plant (ETP) is necessary in all modern abattoirs/meat plants. The objective of effluent treatment is to produce a product that can be safely discharged into a waterway or sewer in compliance with the recommended limits for discharge.
Application of hurdle technology in poultry meat processing & preservationDr. IRSHAD A
This document discusses hurdle technology, which uses a combination of preservation methods or barriers to inhibit microbial spoilage. It defines hurdles as physical, chemical, or microbiological factors that microorganisms must overcome to grow. Examples of hurdles include reduced water activity, acidity, heat treatment, packaging, and use of preservatives. The document provides examples of hurdles used in various products and outlines guidelines for developing shelf-stable foods using hurdle technology, including testing products with spoilage microorganisms and modifying hurdles as needed. Overall, it presents hurdle technology as an effective approach for food preservation and stability that can help reduce waste and extend product shelf life.
Fasciola hepatica, commonly known as the common liver fluke or sheep liver fluke, is a parasitic flatworm that infects the livers of various mammals. It has a complex life cycle involving an intermediate snail host and transmission through metacercariae encysted on aquatic plants. In humans, F. hepatica infection can cause acute, chronic, or obstructive phases of disease depending on the fluke's life stage and location. Diagnosis is typically made by identifying eggs in stool or bile samples, though serological tests can detect antibodies earlier. Treatment involves anthelmintic drugs while prevention focuses on limiting the parasite's transmission between hosts.
The document discusses various methods for preserving meat, including freezing, cooking, drying, chemical preservation, fermentation, irradiation, canning, vacuum packing, and curing. It explains how each method works to inhibit bacterial growth and spoilage by removing water, raising or lowering the temperature, changing the pH, or using other techniques to make the environment inhospitable for microorganisms. The key factors in meat preservation are controlling temperature, moisture level, pH, and atmospheric conditions.
This document summarizes several important digenetic trematodes (flukes) that infect mammals in different organs. It describes the morphology, life cycles, pathology and epidemiology of liver flukes (Fasciola hepatica, Fascioloides magna), intestinal flukes (Fasciolopsis buski), lung flukes, and reproductive system flukes. Key details are provided for each fluke, including the definitive host, intermediate hosts, sites of infection, and symptoms caused.
The document summarizes key aspects of two classes of parasitic flatworms (phylum Platyhelminthes) - cestodes (tapeworms) and trematodes (flukes). It describes their morphology, life cycles, important orders/species that infect humans as intestinal or extraintestinal parasites, and highlights key distinguishing features of medically relevant tapeworms and flukes. Key tapeworms discussed are Taenia solium, T. saginata, Echinococcus granulosus, E. multilocularis, and Dipylidium caninum. Key flukes discussed are Schistosoma spp., Fasciola hepatica, Clonorchis sinensis, and Par
Infrastructure req of modern slaughterhousePavan Kumar
1. The document discusses the infrastructural requirements for modern slaughterhouses, including considerations for site selection, size requirements based on daily throughput, and essential areas and facilities.
2. It provides guidelines for key areas of a slaughterhouse including the lairage, slaughter hall with stunning and bleeding sections, chill rooms, and effluent treatment.
3. The document emphasizes hygienic design principles for floors, drains, lighting and layout to ensure forward product flow and separation of clean and dirty operations.
This document describes the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica. It details their taxonomy, life cycle, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Fasciola species have a complex life cycle involving an aquatic snail as the first intermediate host and water plants as the second intermediate host. Humans and ruminants can become infected by ingesting metacercariae on contaminated water plants or water. Infection causes fascioliasis and symptoms range from asymptomatic to abdominal pain. Diagnosis involves finding eggs in stool or through serology. Treatment includes drugs like bithionol and triclabendazole.
The document describes and classifies various medically important trematode parasites. It discusses their general characteristics, classification, life cycles, and morphology of adults and eggs. Key points include: trematodes are flatworms with oral and ventral suckers, require two intermediate hosts, and eggs are operculated; major groups discussed are blood flukes (Schistosoma), liver flukes (Fasciola, Clonorchis, Opisthorchis), intestinal flukes (Fasciolopsis, Heterophyids, Echinostoma), and lung flukes (Paragonimus). Adult and egg morphology and sizes are provided for identification purposes.
This document provides an overview of abattoirs and slaughterhouses. It discusses the history and design of slaughterhouses, hygiene and sanitation facilities, inspection processes before slaughter, common stunning techniques, the slaughter process, international variations, and waste management. The document covers a wide range of topics related to slaughterhouses at a high level across multiple paragraphs and sections.
This document provides an overview of meat and fish processing. It discusses the introduction of meat, including the definition and composition. It describes the types of muscle in animal tissue and the structure of meat muscle. The document outlines the nutritional composition of meat and various methods for classifying, aging, tenderizing, curing, cooking, chilling, freezing, and storing meat. It also provides an introduction to fish processing and classification of edible fish.
The document discusses meat hygiene and public health. It covers topics like the importance of meat as food, meat inspection processes, livestock production's role in the national economy, meat production statistics, the chemical composition of different meats, and prevailing issues in the meat sector such as unhygienic processing. It also describes ante-mortem examination of food animals and various slaughtering methods including Islamic, Jewish, Sikh, and humane methods involving stunning. The Islamic method aims to cause acute blood loss and instant loss of consciousness to minimize pain according to religious guidelines.
This document discusses three main reasons why humans eat meat: 1) it provides satiety, 2) can be prepared in various ways, and 3) provides nutrients in proportions needed by the human body. It then describes important characteristics of meat for processing, including high water-holding capacity, soluble proteins, and emulsion capacity. Various meat preservation techniques are outlined such as cold storage, dehydration, salting, curing, and smoking. Common materials used in meat processing include salt, sugar, nitrates, phosphates, spices, and binders. Finally, it briefly discusses foodborne diseases from pathogens in contaminated food or water.
This document discusses meat processing and value-added meat products. It begins with definitions of meat and meat processing. It then provides information on global and Indian meat production scenarios. It discusses SWOT analysis, preservation techniques, modern processing technologies, equipment used, and various processed meat products. It highlights advantages of meat processing and new trends. It concludes by discussing future projections of increased meat production and consumption to feed a growing global population.
The document discusses parasite-host relationships, defining a host as any organism that allows another to live on or in it, while the parasite lives off the host. It provides examples of parasite life cycles, noting parasites must find nutrition, protection, and a way to reproduce from the host. The complex life cycles allow parasites to constantly reinfect new hosts. Understanding these cycles is important for preventing and treating parasite infections and developing new drugs to combat resistant parasites.
This document discusses trematode infections, including their classification, life cycles, clinical manifestations, investigations, management, and prevention. It focuses on major human trematode infections caused by blood flukes (Schistosoma spp.), liver flukes (Clonorchis sinensis and Opisthorchis spp.), intestinal flukes (Fasciolopsis buski), and lung flukes (Paragonimus westermani). Symptoms vary depending on the infecting organism but can include dermatitis, abdominal pain, bloody stool, hepatosplenomegaly, cough, and pulmonary symptoms. Diagnosis involves microscopy of stool, urine, or sputum samples, serology to detect antibodies or
The efficient disposal of effluent from meat plants and meat-processing works is important because of the possible pollution of water – courses. Hence an effluent treatment plant (ETP) is necessary in all modern abattoirs/meat plants. The objective of effluent treatment is to produce a product that can be safely discharged into a waterway or sewer in compliance with the recommended limits for discharge.
Application of hurdle technology in poultry meat processing & preservationDr. IRSHAD A
This document discusses hurdle technology, which uses a combination of preservation methods or barriers to inhibit microbial spoilage. It defines hurdles as physical, chemical, or microbiological factors that microorganisms must overcome to grow. Examples of hurdles include reduced water activity, acidity, heat treatment, packaging, and use of preservatives. The document provides examples of hurdles used in various products and outlines guidelines for developing shelf-stable foods using hurdle technology, including testing products with spoilage microorganisms and modifying hurdles as needed. Overall, it presents hurdle technology as an effective approach for food preservation and stability that can help reduce waste and extend product shelf life.
Fasciola hepatica, commonly known as the common liver fluke or sheep liver fluke, is a parasitic flatworm that infects the livers of various mammals. It has a complex life cycle involving an intermediate snail host and transmission through metacercariae encysted on aquatic plants. In humans, F. hepatica infection can cause acute, chronic, or obstructive phases of disease depending on the fluke's life stage and location. Diagnosis is typically made by identifying eggs in stool or bile samples, though serological tests can detect antibodies earlier. Treatment involves anthelmintic drugs while prevention focuses on limiting the parasite's transmission between hosts.
The document discusses various methods for preserving meat, including freezing, cooking, drying, chemical preservation, fermentation, irradiation, canning, vacuum packing, and curing. It explains how each method works to inhibit bacterial growth and spoilage by removing water, raising or lowering the temperature, changing the pH, or using other techniques to make the environment inhospitable for microorganisms. The key factors in meat preservation are controlling temperature, moisture level, pH, and atmospheric conditions.
This document summarizes several important digenetic trematodes (flukes) that infect mammals in different organs. It describes the morphology, life cycles, pathology and epidemiology of liver flukes (Fasciola hepatica, Fascioloides magna), intestinal flukes (Fasciolopsis buski), lung flukes, and reproductive system flukes. Key details are provided for each fluke, including the definitive host, intermediate hosts, sites of infection, and symptoms caused.
The document summarizes key aspects of two classes of parasitic flatworms (phylum Platyhelminthes) - cestodes (tapeworms) and trematodes (flukes). It describes their morphology, life cycles, important orders/species that infect humans as intestinal or extraintestinal parasites, and highlights key distinguishing features of medically relevant tapeworms and flukes. Key tapeworms discussed are Taenia solium, T. saginata, Echinococcus granulosus, E. multilocularis, and Dipylidium caninum. Key flukes discussed are Schistosoma spp., Fasciola hepatica, Clonorchis sinensis, and Par
Infrastructure req of modern slaughterhousePavan Kumar
1. The document discusses the infrastructural requirements for modern slaughterhouses, including considerations for site selection, size requirements based on daily throughput, and essential areas and facilities.
2. It provides guidelines for key areas of a slaughterhouse including the lairage, slaughter hall with stunning and bleeding sections, chill rooms, and effluent treatment.
3. The document emphasizes hygienic design principles for floors, drains, lighting and layout to ensure forward product flow and separation of clean and dirty operations.
This document describes the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica. It details their taxonomy, life cycle, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Fasciola species have a complex life cycle involving an aquatic snail as the first intermediate host and water plants as the second intermediate host. Humans and ruminants can become infected by ingesting metacercariae on contaminated water plants or water. Infection causes fascioliasis and symptoms range from asymptomatic to abdominal pain. Diagnosis involves finding eggs in stool or through serology. Treatment includes drugs like bithionol and triclabendazole.
The document describes and classifies various medically important trematode parasites. It discusses their general characteristics, classification, life cycles, and morphology of adults and eggs. Key points include: trematodes are flatworms with oral and ventral suckers, require two intermediate hosts, and eggs are operculated; major groups discussed are blood flukes (Schistosoma), liver flukes (Fasciola, Clonorchis, Opisthorchis), intestinal flukes (Fasciolopsis, Heterophyids, Echinostoma), and lung flukes (Paragonimus). Adult and egg morphology and sizes are provided for identification purposes.
This document provides an overview of abattoirs and slaughterhouses. It discusses the history and design of slaughterhouses, hygiene and sanitation facilities, inspection processes before slaughter, common stunning techniques, the slaughter process, international variations, and waste management. The document covers a wide range of topics related to slaughterhouses at a high level across multiple paragraphs and sections.
This document provides an overview of meat and fish processing. It discusses the introduction of meat, including the definition and composition. It describes the types of muscle in animal tissue and the structure of meat muscle. The document outlines the nutritional composition of meat and various methods for classifying, aging, tenderizing, curing, cooking, chilling, freezing, and storing meat. It also provides an introduction to fish processing and classification of edible fish.
The document discusses meat hygiene and public health. It covers topics like the importance of meat as food, meat inspection processes, livestock production's role in the national economy, meat production statistics, the chemical composition of different meats, and prevailing issues in the meat sector such as unhygienic processing. It also describes ante-mortem examination of food animals and various slaughtering methods including Islamic, Jewish, Sikh, and humane methods involving stunning. The Islamic method aims to cause acute blood loss and instant loss of consciousness to minimize pain according to religious guidelines.
This document discusses three main reasons why humans eat meat: 1) it provides satiety, 2) can be prepared in various ways, and 3) provides nutrients in proportions needed by the human body. It then describes important characteristics of meat for processing, including high water-holding capacity, soluble proteins, and emulsion capacity. Various meat preservation techniques are outlined such as cold storage, dehydration, salting, curing, and smoking. Common materials used in meat processing include salt, sugar, nitrates, phosphates, spices, and binders. Finally, it briefly discusses foodborne diseases from pathogens in contaminated food or water.
This document discusses meat processing and value-added meat products. It begins with definitions of meat and meat processing. It then provides information on global and Indian meat production scenarios. It discusses SWOT analysis, preservation techniques, modern processing technologies, equipment used, and various processed meat products. It highlights advantages of meat processing and new trends. It concludes by discussing future projections of increased meat production and consumption to feed a growing global population.
The document discusses parasite-host relationships, defining a host as any organism that allows another to live on or in it, while the parasite lives off the host. It provides examples of parasite life cycles, noting parasites must find nutrition, protection, and a way to reproduce from the host. The complex life cycles allow parasites to constantly reinfect new hosts. Understanding these cycles is important for preventing and treating parasite infections and developing new drugs to combat resistant parasites.
3. Beef boning
In Australia, boning is usually conducted after
chilling, although the technique of hot-boning
(before-chilling boning) is used in some plants.
During boning, beef is subject to the most
handling and subsequent risk. Cross-
contamination and damage to the meat can
occur during this process. Damaged carcases
or meat cuts directly impact productivity and
therefore, profitability.
MLA's research and development during the
boning process focuses on:
Reducing contamination and meat damage
Improving productivity through automation
Minimising or removing occupational health
and safety risks
A key element in addressing the above
challenges has been the successful
development of manual assist devices.
Beef yield guide - This diagram illustrates from
where different cuts of meat are sourced on
the carcass. A Meat Technology Update on
Understanding Meat Yield is available.