Measures to reduce income inequality
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This document outlines several measures that could be used to reduce income inequality: 1) A progressive tax system where tax rates increase with income could generate government revenue to fund services for low-income groups like healthcare, housing, and education. 2) Transfer payments like child support and disability payments that are made without an exchange of services increase the income of underprivileged households. 3) Subsidies for education can promote equal access and increase graduation rates, helping to reduce future inequality.
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Taxes are necessary to pay the government in order for states to have the necessary things to keep.
Gender and Taxation
Governance and Democracy Division policy measure) affects men’s and women’s well-being. In coun- tries that allow a joint filing in personal income tax systems with a progressive rate structure, for instance, the low income earner is effectively taxed at a higher marginal tax rate. This of- ten affects women more than men because women’s income is usually lower than their husband’s income. This income differ- ence is partly due to discrimination against women in the labour market and partly due to former discrimination in education. Even though joint filing results in a financial gain for the household in total – because the combined income is in a lower tax bracket than compared to individual filing – it is not necessarily the case that women have a say in how this financial gain is used. The higher taxation of women’s income may influence their labour market participation, child bearing behaviour and their economic welfare in case of a divorce. Some tax reforms may be superior to others in terms of gender equality. The design of the tax system in a country may impact both the distribution of income between women and men (dis- tributional effect) as well as the distribution of paid and unpaid work (allocative effect). For quite some time gender equality and taxation have been key topics in the development policy debate on public finance, finan- cing for development and as well in the debate on the responsibility of the government towards its citizens. It is widely recognized that developing countries must raise adequate revenue from taxes in order to ensure sustainable financing of their poverty reduction and growth strategies. Moreover, relying on taxation for financing government expenditures can have a governance dividend by fostering domes- tic accountability between government and citizens. Gender equality and women’s empowerment is a development goal in its own right, as articulated e.g. in the third Millennium Deve- lopment Goal. The importance of gender equality and taxation, taken individually, has been widely acknowledged. However, they have rarely been discussed together and potential and existing links have largely been ignored in development cooperation. In order to promote sustainable economic growth and poverty re- duction, development efforts must ensure that policy interventions in the area of taxation do not negatively affect desired outcomes in the area of gender equality. For instance, efforts in practice to increase female labour force participation may be thwarted by tax policies that are motivated by objectives entirely unrelated to gender issues. As well may the way a government raises revenues have a different impact on women and men. Mainstreaming a gender equality perspective into general tax policy analysis can significantly improve the quality of public policy.
What is Tax and its Types.pptx
Taxes are mandatory fees collected by governments to fund public programs and infrastructure. There are two main types of taxes: direct taxes, which are paid directly to the government based on income or wealth, and indirect taxes, which are consumption-based and collected from sellers to be passed to buyers. Recent reforms in India have aimed to simplify the tax system, such as the introduction of Goods and Services Tax (GST) to replace multiple state and central taxes. Taxes play an important role in society by funding infrastructure, public services, social programs, and economic stability.
Fiscal policy
Fiscal policy uses government spending, taxes, and borrowing to influence macroeconomic variables. Expansionary fiscal policy, such as tax cuts or increased spending, increases aggregate demand to boost a recession-plagued economy. Contractionary fiscal policy, like tax increases or spending cuts, decreases aggregate demand to curb inflation. Automatic stabilizers like unemployment insurance and the progressive tax system counter cyclical changes automatically. Discretionary policy actively manipulates fiscal tools but faces time lags and crowding out effects.
Nation's perception on the proposed new tax system in the philippines.
Nation's perception on the proposed new tax system in the philippines.MamWamar_SHS Teacher/College Instructor at ESTI
This is a simple research survey on the perception of selected people in Marinduque on their perception on the president Duterte's proposed new tax system of the country.Chapter 3.pptx
This document discusses social welfare administration, including its types, funding mechanisms, and global impact. It describes several key types of social welfare programs like healthcare, education, unemployment benefits, housing assistance, and food assistance. Countries highlighted for their effective social welfare systems include Canada, the UK, Finland, Germany, Singapore, and the US. Funding mechanisms explored are taxes, social insurance, private sector donations, and public-private partnerships. The global impact of social welfare programs is reducing poverty, improving health outcomes, promoting education equality, and contributing to economic stability and social cohesion.
Fiscal policy
Fiscal policy refers to a government's taxing and spending policies and is used to influence macroeconomic conditions. The key instruments of fiscal policy are public expenditure, taxation, and public borrowing. The main objectives of fiscal policy are to mobilize resources, efficiently allocate financial resources, reduce income inequality, expand employment, maintain price stability and control inflation, and correct imbalances in the balance of payments.
Impact of Tax Relief on Your Personal Finances..pdf
The payment of taxes is an integral part of our monetary existence and cannot be avoided. Taxes are an essential method of funding public services and infrastructure, but they also have the potential to eat up a sizable portion of your income.
zero rate tax and high rate tax.pptx
Zero-rate tax refers to a tax rate of 0% applied to certain goods and services, exempting them from taxation. Reasons for implementing zero-rate tax include ensuring affordability of essential goods, stimulating economic growth by incentivizing sectors, supporting international trade, simplifying tax systems, and encouraging social and environmental objectives. In contrast, reasons for high-rate taxes include generating government revenue, fiscal policy and budgetary control, redistributing wealth and promoting social equity, and influencing behavior.
Fiscal policy
Fiscal policy deals with government taxation and spending decisions. The key instruments of fiscal policy are the budget, taxation, public expenditure, public revenue, public debt, and fiscal deficit. Fiscal policy can be either expansionary, which stimulates economic growth through tax cuts or increased spending, or contractionary, which slows growth through tax increases or spending cuts. The current US fiscal policy has led to massive government debt levels, with mandatory spending on programs like Social Security, Medicare and Medicaid accounting for most of the budget. The objectives of fiscal policy include mobilizing resources, reducing inequality, price stability, employment generation, balanced regional development, improving the balance of payments, increasing national income, developing infrastructure, and earning foreign exchange.
Macroceconomics.ppt
This document outlines different demand-side and supply-side economic policies. It discusses fiscal policy, monetary policy, expansionary and contractionary policies. It also examines interventionist supply-side policies like investment in education and infrastructure, as well as market-based policies such as reducing taxes and deregulation to increase competition.
macroeconomic policies.pptx
This document outlines different demand-side and supply-side economic policies. It discusses fiscal policy, monetary policy, expansionary and contractionary policies. It also examines interventionist supply-side policies like investment in education and infrastructure, as well as market-based policies such as reducing taxes and deregulation to increase competition.
GOVERNMENT ASSISTANCE TO BUSINESSES.ppt
The document discusses various forms of government assistance to businesses and social services provided by the government. It describes four main forms of assistance the government provides to businesses: 1) lending capital and technical assistance through institutions like the Small Business Association, 2) training and human resource development through technical schools and agencies, 3) establishing research and information centers to help businesses, and 4) providing subsidies and grants to help cut costs and production. It also outlines key social services the government funds, such as healthcare, national insurance, education, and transportation infrastructure to benefit citizens and support economic growth.
Guaranteed Income Final
Chandra Pasma's presentation on Guaranteed Income at the BIEN Canada conference in Ottawa, October 2009.
A Taxation and Benefits System to End Child Poverty - John Dickie
John Dickie, head of the Child Poverty Action Group Scotland, talks about how a different taxation and benefits system can help end child poverty.
The Whose Economy? seminars, organised by Oxfam Scotland and the University of the West of Scotland, brought together experts to look at recent changes in the Scottish economy and their impact on Scotland's most vulnerable communities.
Held over winter and spring 2010-11 in Edinburgh, Inverness, Glasgow and Stirling, the series posed the question of what economy is being created in Scotland and, specifically, for whom?
To find out more and view other Whose Economy? papers, presentations and videos visit:
http://www.oxfamblogs.org/ukpovertypost/whose-economy-seminar-series-winter-2010-spring-2011/
TAX ANALYSIS (CASE OF RWANDA).pptx
This document provides information about taxation in Rwanda. It discusses Rwanda's history and challenges after the 1994 genocide. It then outlines Rwanda's taxation system, including the types of taxes collected like income tax, VAT, and excise taxes. It explains that tax revenues contribute 15.8% of Rwanda's GDP and discusses the purposes of taxation, including funding infrastructure, education, health, and social services. Finally, it discusses principles of taxation like ability to pay and benefit received, and how taxes can impact economic outcomes.
Fiscal policy by Aakash Tiwari
The document defines and discusses fiscal policy. It notes that fiscal policy is concerned with government revenue collection and spending, as implemented through the annual budget. The main objectives and types of fiscal policy are then outlined. Expansionary fiscal policy aims to stimulate the economy through increased spending or tax cuts, while contractionary policy aims to slow economic growth through spending cuts or tax increases. In India specifically, the key goals of fiscal policy are mobilizing resources, allocating funds efficiently, reducing inequality, maintaining price stability, generating employment, balanced regional development, and increasing national income and foreign exchange earnings.
Child Poverty – A National Perspective
The document discusses child poverty in the UK, including targets set by previous governments to reduce it and measures taken that achieved some success. However, it notes that recent government policies, including significant cuts to benefits and tax credits, are expected to cause child poverty levels to substantially increase again. It argues more investment is needed to both improve living standards and support families' ability to work if the goal of ending child poverty is to be achieved.
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Direct vs indirect taxes
This document distinguishes between direct and indirect taxes. Direct taxes include income tax, corporation tax, capital gains tax, and capital transfer tax, which are paid by individuals and businesses directly. Indirect taxes are levied on the consumption of goods and services, through taxes like customs duty, excise duty, stamp duty, and sales/consumption taxes that are paid by manufacturers and importers and passed on to consumers. Examples are provided of calculating income tax, capital gains tax, customs duties, and excise taxes to illustrate how these different types of direct and indirect taxes are applied.
Methods of discharge/termination of contracts
This document discusses various methods by which contracts can be discharged or terminated, including performance, breach, agreement between parties, impossibility or frustration of purpose, lapse of time, death, and other methods such as bankruptcy, waiver, or merger into a new contract. It defines types of performance like partial, substantial, and complete, and categories of breach such as anticipatory and actual. In summary, it provides an overview of the key ways that contracts can no longer be enforced once obligations have been fulfilled or circumstances prevent fulfillment.
Economic Systems CAPE
The document discusses four main types of economic systems: traditional, command/planned, free market, and mixed. It defines each system, describes their key features such as motivation and ownership, and analyzes their advantages and disadvantages. Traditional systems are based on customs and subsistence production. Command economies involve centralized state planning and ownership. Free markets rely on private ownership and the mechanism of supply and demand. Mixed systems combine public and private aspects. Examples of each type are also provided.
The supply of land
Land is a naturally occurring resource that differs from capital and labor in that its overall supply cannot be increased to meet demand. While the total supply of land is fixed, the supply available for a specific use or industry is not, as land use can shift between agricultural, recreational, and residential depending on who offers the highest price. As the price paid for land increases, more land will be supplied for that particular use, resulting in an upward-sloping and elastic supply curve for land available to individual markets.
Shifts vs changes in slopes
A shift in a production possibility curve occurs when resources for both goods change, causing the entire curve to shift. A change in slope happens when resources for one good change, causing the maximum output of that good to increase or decrease while the other good's maximum remains the same, represented by a rotation of the curve. The document provides an example of Canada obtaining more corn from South America, allowing for increased tortilla production but unchanged oven output.
Private sector intervention to correct market failure
The private sector uses four main measures to address market failures:
1. Corporate codes of conduct that set standards for product safety and quality as well as social and environmental issues to address information failures.
2. Corporate social responsibility programs that voluntarily reduce negative externalities and increase positive ones to improve social welfare.
3. Voluntary agreements with governments where firms commit to gradually reduce pollution emissions over time.
4. Corporate ethics codes that establish norms of behavior for employees to internalize external costs as private costs.
While these measures can improve welfare by reducing market failures, they also increase business costs, which may be passed onto consumers as higher prices.
Market failure explanation
Market failure occurs when the free market does not allocate resources efficiently to maximize societal welfare. It happens when the market output level does not coincide with where marginal social costs equal marginal social benefits. This means the market overproduces or underproduces a product compared to the efficient level where welfare is maximized. Market failure definitionally refers to situations where the allocation of resources by the market mechanism is inefficient.
Marginal costs and benefits private external and social
This document defines and compares private, external, and social marginal costs and benefits. Private marginal costs are costs to firms, reflected in supply curves. External marginal costs are borne by third parties not involved in the transaction. Social marginal cost is the total cost to society, which equals private marginal cost plus external marginal cost. Similarly, private marginal benefits accrue to consumers, external marginal benefits are enjoyed by third parties, and social marginal benefit is the total benefit to society.
Labour mobility and wages
Labour mobility refers to the ease with which workers can move between jobs either geographically or occupationally. Geographical mobility involves moving between jobs in different locations, while occupational mobility is moving between different jobs within an industry. Higher labour mobility leads to a convergence of wages across markets as workers move from low wage to high wage areas. However, in reality complete wage convergence does not occur due to barriers like a lack of information about other labour markets or difficulties transferring human capital between occupations.
Costs of poverty
This document outlines four key costs of poverty: 1) unemployed human resources as poverty leads to a lack of jobs and unemployed individuals, 2) lower potential output as unemployed individuals are unable to contribute to economic growth and GDP, 3) inefficient allocation of government expenditure as funds must be spent on welfare programs rather than productive investments, and 4) social and environmental costs such as increased crime, health issues, and environmental degradation as poverty exacerbates social problems.
Size and functional distribution of income
Economists have tried to explain how income is distributed by looking at both the size and functional distribution of income. The functional distribution divides national income according to the main sources of income - rents, profits/interest, and wages. It focuses on three social classes. However, by the late 19th century the lines between classes were blurring. The size distribution instead looks at inequality between individual income earners regardless of source, and can include those with multiple sources of income across different classes.
Costs of production
This document defines and provides examples of different types of costs including fixed costs, variable costs, total costs, average costs, and marginal costs. Fixed costs remain constant regardless of production quantity, such as rent. Variable costs change with output level, like packaging. Total cost is the sum of fixed and variable costs. Average costs are calculated by dividing total costs by units of output. Marginal cost represents the change in total cost from producing one additional unit.
Sub-Accounts of the Balance of Payments
The document discusses the balance of payments of a country. It is a record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world, including payments made (outflows) and received (inflows). The balance of payments has two main accounts - the current account, which records trade in goods and services, income, and transfers; and the capital account, which covers capital flows from private and government sources like foreign direct investment. When the current and capital accounts are not balanced, it affects a country's official foreign reserves.
Demand for money
This document discusses the three motives that drive individuals' demand for money: transactionary, precautionary, and speculative. Transactionary demand refers to money held for regular purchases and bills that are paid periodically but not simultaneously to when individuals are paid. Precautionary demand is money held for unforeseen life events. Speculative demand arises from hoping to profit from changes in bond prices, with higher interest rates reducing speculative money holding as bonds become more attractive. Overall, demand for money results from the combination of needs for transactions, precautions, and speculation.
Land as a factor of production
An outline of land including its definition, characteristics, types (or uses), importance and productivity.
Characteristics of market structures
Market structure refers to the characteristics that determine how firms in an industry behave, including the number of firms, type of product, control over price, and freedom of entry and exit. The number of firms ranges from many to few or one. Products can be standardized or differentiated in physical or perceived ways. Firms have varying levels of control over price depending on competition. Barriers to entry like licenses or high costs can impact the freedom firms have to enter or exit an industry.
Quality of life
The document defines quality of life according to the World Health Organization as an individual's perception of their position in life based on their culture, goals, and health. It is affected by physical and mental health, independence, social relationships, beliefs, and environment. The document then lists six key indicators that were identified with over 83% accuracy: 1) extent of security, 2) availability of health, education, and recreation facilities, 3) diet and nutrition, 4) life expectancy, 5) infant mortality rate, and 6) access to public utilities and technology. Examples are provided for each indicator explaining how it impacts an individual's quality of life.
Terms of sale
This document outlines several common terms of sale: cash payments involve immediate payment with various methods and are common for small purchases, while credit allows purchasing high-priced items by paying an additional interest charge over time. Hire purchase is similar to credit but the supplier retains ownership until full payment. Layaway allows reserving an item by making deposits until it's paid off without interest, and consignment involves a dealer selling goods for the supplier and only paying for what they sell.
Functions of retailing
Retailers provide outlets for manufacturers' products, hold stocks of goods to meet consumer demand, and make goods available to consumers in preferred quantities. They are located conveniently for consumers and provide advice, after-sales services, and feedback from consumers to manufacturers.
Characteristics of a successful entrepreneur
Successful entrepreneurs exhibit creativity by developing new ideas and concepts to solve problems or discover niche markets. They are also innovative in converting new ideas into successful products or services. Entrepreneurs must be flexible and multi-skilled to carry out various tasks across different business areas like human resources, accounting, and promotion. They are also goal-oriented in setting clear targets for themselves and employees to achieve the business aims. Entrepreneurs persevere through challenges by continuing their efforts in the face of adversity and rethinking ideas when businesses seem to be failing. They also take calculated risks by pursuing ventures only if costs and benefits analysis show potential for profit.
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Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
My study abroad in Bali, Indonesia, inspired this research topic as I noticed how globalization is changing the culture of its people. I learned their language and way of life which helped me understand the beauty and importance of cultural preservation. I believe we could all benefit from learning new perspectives as they could help us ideate solutions to contemporary issues and empathize with others.Who Is Abhay Bhutada, MD of Poonawalla Fincorp
Abhay Bhutada, the Managing Director of Poonawalla Fincorp Limited, is an accomplished leader with over 15 years of experience in commercial and retail lending. A Qualified Chartered Accountant, he has been pivotal in leveraging technology to enhance financial services. Starting his career at Bank of India, he later founded TAB Capital Limited and co-founded Poonawalla Finance Private Limited, emphasizing digital lending. Under his leadership, Poonawalla Fincorp achieved a 'AAA' credit rating, integrating acquisitions and emphasizing corporate governance. Actively involved in industry forums and CSR initiatives, Abhay has been recognized with awards like "Young Entrepreneur of India 2017" and "40 under 40 Most Influential Leader for 2020-21." Personally, he values mindfulness, enjoys gardening, yoga, and sees every day as an opportunity for growth and improvement.
BONKMILLON Unleashes Its Bonkers Potential on Solana.pdf
Introducing BONKMILLON - The Most Bonkers Meme Coin Yet
Let's be real for a second – the world of meme coins can feel like a bit of a circus at times. Every other day, there's a new token promising to take you "to the moon" or offering some groundbreaking utility that'll change the game forever. But how many of them actually deliver on that hype?
The Impact of GST Payments on Loan Approvals
Understanding how timely GST payments influence a lender's decision to approve loans, this topic explores the correlation between GST compliance and creditworthiness. It highlights how consistent GST payments can enhance a business's financial credibility, potentially leading to higher chances of loan approval.
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Pensions and housing - Pensions PlayPen - 4 June 2024 v3 (1).pdf
Wayhome's analysis of the UK market and how pension schemes can help solve the problems it presents younger people
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专业服务，请勿犹豫联系我
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诚招代理：本公司诚聘当地代理人员，如果你有业余时间，或者你有同学朋友需要，有兴趣就请联系我
你赢我赢，共创双赢
你做代理，可以帮助伯明翰大学同学朋友
你做代理，可以拯救伯明翰大学失足青年
你做代理，可以挽救伯明翰大学一个个人才
你做代理，你将是别人人生伯明翰大学的转折点
你做代理，可以改变自己，改变他人，给他人和自己一个机会大块就啃啃得满嘴满脸猴屁股般的红艳大家一个劲地指着对方吃吃地笑瓜裂得古怪奇形怪状却丝毫不影响瓜味甜丝丝的满嘴生津遍地都是瓜横七竖八的活像掷满了一地的大石块摘走二三只爷爷是断然发现不了的即便发现爷爷也不恼反而教山娃辨认孰熟孰嫩孰甜孰淡名义上是护瓜往往在瓜棚里坐上一刻饱吃一顿后山娃就领着阿黑漫山遍野地跑阿黑是一条黑色的大猎狗挺机灵的是山娃多年的忠实伙伴平时山娃上学阿黑也摇头晃脑地跟去暑假用不着上学阿钩
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Measures to reduce income inequality
- 1. MEASURES TO REDUCE INCOME INEQUALITY PREPARED BY SANDREA BUTCHER
- 2. A PROGRESSIVE TAX SYSTEM In this system, tax rates increase as income increases. Workers with low incomes do not pay income taxes.
- 3. Income tax represents a high source of revenue for the government. The income is redistributed because the government will spend the money on services that benefit low income earners. The government will provide free/subsidized services like healthcare, housing and education.
- 4. Progressivity could be strengthened by cutting back tax expenditures that benefit mainly high-income groups (for example, tax relief on mortgage interest). It would also reduce tax avoidance instruments for top- income earners.
- 5. TRANSFER PAYMENTS These are payments made to underprivileged households with no exchange for services. Examples include child support payments, disability payments. The inequality is reduced as the recipients have more income that they did not earn.
- 6. SUBSIDIES Subsidies can be used to provide facilities for education. Education policies matter. Policies that increase graduation rates from upper secondary and tertiary education, and that also promote equal access to education, help reduce inequality in the future.
- 7. WELL-DESIGNED LABOUR MARKET POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONS Well-designed labour market policies and institutions can reduce inequality. A relatively high minimum wage narrows the distribution of income, but if set too high it may reduce employment, which dampens its inequality-reducing effect.
- 8. Institutional arrangements that strengthen trade unions also tend to reduce labour earnings inequality by ensuring a more equal distribution of earnings. Job protection reforms that make permanent and temporary contracts more even (or fairer) in their provisions, lower income inequality through smaller wage dispersion (variation) and also possibly via higher employment.