This document discusses inflation, including types of inflation, causes of inflation, and measures to control inflation. It defines inflation as a sustained increase in general price levels over time. The main types are creeping, walking, running, and hyperinflation. Causes include demand-pull and cost-push factors. Measures to control inflation involve monetary policies like changing reserve requirements or interest rates, fiscal policies like adjusting government spending/taxation, and other supply-side policies. Extreme examples of hyperinflation in countries like Hungary, Zimbabwe, Yugoslavia, Germany, and Greece are provided where monthly inflation rates exceeded thousands of percent and prices doubled within days.

1. Inflation
Control
Subtitle

2. Content
• Introduction
• Types of Inflation
• Causes of Inflation
• Measures to Control Inflation
• Example & Cases
Introduction

3. Inflation

4. • Inflation is a sustained increase in the general price level of the goods
and services in an economy over a period of time.
• Reduction in the purchasing power per unit of money-a loss of real
value in the medium of exchange and unit of account within the
economy.
• Measured as percentage rate of change of price index.
• The annualised inflation rate in India is 5.4% as of June 2015, as per
the Indian Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation.
Types of Inflation

5. Types of Inflation
• prices rise by not more than 3% per annum (year)
Creeping Inflation
• If creeping inflation persist (continues to increase) for a longer period of time
Chronic Inflation
• rate of rising prices is more than the Creeping Inflation
• prices rise by more than 3% but less than 10% per annum(single digit)
Walking or Moderate Inflation

6. Causes of Inflation
There are two theories related to the causes of the inflation
• price rise between 10% to 20% per annum (double digit inflation rate)
Running Inflation
• prices rise by more than 20% but less than 1000% per annum(double or triple
digit inflation rates)
Galloping Inflation
• prices rise so fast that it becomes very difficult to measure its magnitude
• prices rise above 1000% per annum (quadruple or four digit inflation rate)
Hyperinflation

7. 1. Demand pull inflation
• Excess aggregate demand in the overall economy
• Business respond to high demand by raising prices to increase profit
margin
Causes of Inflation
2. Cost push inflation
Cost of production or operation are increasing due to
• Increase in wages
• Increase in cost of production inputs

8. • Increased cost of imported components
Measures to Control Inflation

9. The basic causes of the Inflation are
1.Excess money supply in an
Economy
2.Excess purchasing power in the
hands of public.
So it is more important to deal with
these factors to bring inflation in
control.
Monetary
Measures
• Adopted by the Central Bank
of a Country (RBI)
Monetary Measures
• Adopted by the Government
Fiscal Measures
Other Measures

10. To control the Money Supply
Bank Rate Policy or Credit Control
Cash Reserve Ratio
Open Market Operation
Maintaining Gold Standard
Fixed Exchange Rates
Bank Rate Policy
• Bank rate-Interest rate at which RBI lends money to the domestic banks
Increase in bank rates leads to – Increase in deposit rate

11. - Increase in lending rate
• Discourages businessmen and consumers to take loans
• Hence the controlled supply of money reduces the inflationary pressure
on the economy
Open Market Operations
• Sales and purchase of government securities and bonds by the central
bank.
• Gov. securities- Bonds & Debentures with certain maturity period are
issued by a government to raise the fund necessary to pay for its
expenses.

12. • Sale of the securities in the open market helps to regulate the inflation.
Cash Reserve Ratio
• Banks are required to hold a certain proportion of the deposit in the
form of cash.
• Higher the Cash Reserve Ratio=> Lower the amount for lending and
investments with the banks.
• Tool for the RBI to control the amount that banks lent
i.e. to control the liquidity in the banking system and the country.

13. Maintaining Gold Standard & Fixed
Exchange Rates
• Fix the prices of their domestic currencies in terms of a specified
amount of gold.
• National money and other forms of money (bank deposits and notes)
were freely converted into gold at the fixed price.
• A country's exchange rate regime under which the government or
central bank ties the official exchange rate to another country's currency
• Because exchange rates were fixed, the gold standard caused price
levels around the world to move together.

14. Fiscal Measures
• Government Expenditure-Gov. has to reduce their expenditure and
increase their savings to control the supply of money
• Taxation-Increasing some tax rates and imposing some new taxes
• Public Borrowings- the objective is to take away from the public excess
purchasing power. Public borrowing may be voluntary or compulsory.
• Debt Management-Stop the repayment of public debt to control the
inflationary pressure
• Adopt surplus budget

15. Fiscal Measures
Over-valuation-To control the over valuation of money it is essential to
encourage imports and discourage exports
Overvaluation of domestic currency in terms of foreign currencies will
serve as an anti-inflationary measure as
(i) it will discourage exports and thereby result in an increased
availability of good and services at home
(ii) encourage imports – add to domestic stock of goods and services,
(iii) by lowering the price of foreign inputs, it will help in checking the
upward cost-price spiral.

16. Other Measures
Expansion of Output
• This lowers the excess demand of a commodity and lowers its price.
Rational Wage Policy
• Wages should be allowed to rise only if there is an increase in the productivity
• In such a situation, higher wages will not give rise to higher costs and hence to
higher prices
Price Control & Rationing
• The objective of price control is to lay down the upper limit beyond which, the
price of a particular commodity will not be allowed to rise.
• Demand can also be controlled through rationing of essential commodities

17. 5 Extreme Cases of
hyperinflation

18. HUNGARY

19. Littered Hungarian pengő currency being swept from the street
after a new currency was introduced.
Highest monthly inflation rate:
13,600,000,000,000,000%
Highest currency denomination: One trillion
Time it took prices to double: 15.6 hours

20. HUNGARY
• Hungary’s hyperinflation of 1945-46 was the most severe instance of
hyperinflation in history. Costs of preparing for World War II led to
loose monetary policy and depreciation of the Hungarian pengő
currency. At the end of the war the Hungarian government began
rampantly printing money. Denominations got so high that milpengő (1
million pengő) and bilpengő (1 billion pengő) denominations were
introduced to reduce the number of zeros and make calculations easier.
Prices could more than double in just one day. A new currency called the
forint was introduced in 1946, and old pengő were littered in the
streets.

21. ZIMBABWE

22. Highest monthly inflation rate: 79,600,000,000%
Highest currency denomination: 100 trillion
Time it took prices to double: 24.7 hours

23. December,2008:
Inflation at 6.5
quindecillion
novemdecillion
percent(65 followed
by 107 zeroes)

24. Inflation in Zimbabwe

25. Causes
• Post Independence Land Re-distribution System-During the reform
program most of the farm lands were taken over by local people and

26. other government officials who had only little knowledge about the
agriculture and related activities.
• War Funding-Mugabe government printed more money to help
financing the war
• Economic Mismanagement-Over-printing of money-To deal with the
issue of financial crunch which the war brought, the govt printed money
and a lot of them
Causes

27. • Governments often implement price controls in an attempt to control
inflation. This frequently leads to shortages, as producers opt for
alternative markets to avoid the mandated price ceilings that don’t
cover production costs.

28. Effects of Hyperinflation in
Zimbabwe
• Severe Unemployment
• Severe food crisis
• Population Displacement-
Yugoslavia/Republika Srpska

29. 500 billion dinar banknote
Highest monthly inflation rate:
313,000,000%
Highest currency denomination:
500 billion
Time it took prices to double: 1.4 days

30. GERMANY
50 million mark banknote

31. Highest monthly inflation rate: 29,500%
Highest currency denomination:
100 trillion
Time it took prices to double: 3.7 days

32. Greece
Highest monthly inflation rate: 13,800%

33. Highest currency denomination: 100
billion
Time it took prices to double: 4.3 days
POLICY IN INDIA REGARDING INFLATION
• The Reserve Bank of India’s (RBI) has a target of 8% by January 2015
and 6% by January 2016.
• Recently, while cutting the CRR rates by 0.25 basis points, RBI said
higher diesel prices would increase inflation in the short term, but the
reform measures were “significant” as they would strengthen the
country’s economic fundamentals.
• The central bank said the government’s recent actions had paved the
way for more favourable economic conditions by initiating a shift in

34. expenditure away from consumption by reducing fuel subsidies and
toward investment, including through foreign direct investment.
Further, RBI is supposedly did not reduced the interest rates just to not
to put pressure on the inflation.
References:
• Wikipedia
• https://www.globalfinancialdata.com/gfdblog/?p=2382
• http://www.cnbc.com/id/41532451
• http://www.businessinsider.com/worst-hyperinflation-episodes-in-history-2014-4
• http://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/31/world/where-zillion-loses-meaning.html

35. Thank You