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Introduction to Reliability Evaluation Techniques –
Reliability Models for Hardware Redundancy –
Permanent faults only - Transient faults.
Introduction to clock synchronization –
A Non-Fault-Tolerant Synchronization Algorithm –
Fault-Tolerant Synchronization in Hardware –
Completely connected zero propagation time system –
Sparse interconnection zero propagation time system –
Fault tolerant analysis with Signal Propagation delays.
Real Time Systems – Issues in Real Time Computing – Structure of a real time system – Process – Task – Threads.
Classification of Tasks – Task Periodicity – Periodic Tasks- Sporadic Tasks – Aperiodic Tasks – Task Scheduling –
Classification of Scheduling Algorithms – Event Driven Scheduling – Rate monotonic scheduling – Earliest deadline first scheduling.
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Introduction to Reliability Evaluation Techniques –
Reliability Models for Hardware Redundancy –
Permanent faults only - Transient faults.
Introduction to clock synchronization –
A Non-Fault-Tolerant Synchronization Algorithm –
Fault-Tolerant Synchronization in Hardware –
Completely connected zero propagation time system –
Sparse interconnection zero propagation time system –
Fault tolerant analysis with Signal Propagation delays.
Real Time Systems – Issues in Real Time Computing – Structure of a real time system – Process – Task – Threads.
Classification of Tasks – Task Periodicity – Periodic Tasks- Sporadic Tasks – Aperiodic Tasks – Task Scheduling –
Classification of Scheduling Algorithms – Event Driven Scheduling – Rate monotonic scheduling – Earliest deadline first scheduling.
Inter Process Communication:- Shared data problem, Use of Semaphore(s), Priority Inversion Problem and Deadlock Situations -
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Recently published information on the cybersecurity assessment of railway computer and communication-based control systems (CBCS) identified several weaknesses and vulnerabilities, which allow threat agents to not only degrade system reliability and bypass safety mechanisms, but to carry out attacks which directly affect the rail traffic safety 1. Despite these findings, remarkably these systems meet all relevant IT security and functional safety requirements and have the required international, national and industrial certificates. To reduce the risks associated with cyberattacks against CBCS and their components, we recommend that system certification procedures be designed to include elements of security assessment and penetration testing.
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The report is including a detailed technical and cost comparison with state of the art 3x3mm MEMS gyros from STMicroelectronics, Bosch Sensortec and InvenSense. Surprisingly, Maxim is able to provide a very competitive component due to an important silicon are a reduction.
Discover all the details in the report: http://www.i-micronews.com/reports/Maxim-Integrated-MAX21000-3-Axis-MEMS-Gyroscope/1/449/
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This presentation highlights a project in which a high-fidelity operator training simulator was implemented in a North American combined cycle power plant prior to commissioning.
For more information, go to GSES.com, email info@gses, and follow us on Twitter @GSESystems and at Facebook.com/GSESystems. Thanks for viewing!
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The first MEMS Gyroscope from Maxim Integrated in the industry smallest 3x3mm package
Following the purchase of MEMS manufacturer SensorDynamics in 2011, Maxim releases its first MEMS Gyroscope reference with a very accurate and cost effective component.
The MAX21000 continues to use the PSM-X2 process jointly developed by SensorDynamics and the Fraunhofer Institute for Silicon Technology. This technology platform includes a proprietary surface micromachining process to build the mechanical structures and a gold silicon eutectic wafer bonding allowing an hermetic encapsulation of the gyro sensor.
Assembled in a LGA 3.0x3.0x0.9mm package, the MAX21000 is a low power consumption (5.4mA) and high accuracy 3-axis gyroscope targeted for mobile applications.
The report is including a detailed technical and cost comparison with state of the art 3x3mm MEMS gyros from STMicroelectronics, Bosch Sensortec and InvenSense. Surprisingly, Maxim is able to provide a very competitive component due to an important silicon are a reduction.
Discover all the details in the report: http://www.i-micronews.com/reports/Maxim-Integrated-MAX21000-3-Axis-MEMS-Gyroscope/1/449/
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SAP Sapphire 2024 - ASUG301 building better apps with SAP Fiori.pdfPeter Spielvogel
Building better applications for business users with SAP Fiori.
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• How a better user experience drives measurable business benefits
• How to get started with SAP Fiori today
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In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
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A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
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Major cyber events in 2024
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Cyber risk predictions
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https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
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Dynamic QR codes: These also have all the advanced features but are subscription-based. They can directly link to PDF files, images, micro-landing pages, social accounts, review forms, business pages, and applications. In addition, they can be branded with CTAs, frames, patterns, colors, and logos to enhance your branding.
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Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
MCS2SIM - Method Allowing Application of PSA Results in Simulators
1. MCS2SIM - Method Allowing
Application of PSA Results in
Simulators
info@gses.com
2. Agenda
•
Introduction to the basic idea of MCS2SIM method
(Minimum Cut Set Usage in Simulators)
PSA (MCS)
?
Simulator
•
Prerequisites needed for the application of the MCS2SIM for the
actual safety studies of NPPs
•
Example of MCS2SIM application in R1 simulator
•
Conclusions drawn after the pilot tests using the MCS2SIM
•
R2 simulator: Example of the suitable simulator for the MCS2SIM
application. What is so special about this simulator?
2
3. Basic Idea of the MCS2SIM:
Minimum Cut Set (MCS) Usage in Simulators
•
MCS2SIM method is based on the idea of coupling the
Probabilistic Safety Analysis (PSA) and full-scope simulators
•
The coupling is possible using the PSA results in the form of
Minimal Cut Sets (MCS) and translating these to the equivalent
malfunctions used in the simulators
•
What is the point?
–
PSA is an excellent tool for identifying combinations of failures. However, PSA
can’t provide information about the physical mechanisms of failures and
consequences
–
By knowing combinations of failures, it is straightforward to simulate the physical
failure mechanisms in simulators - Perform DSA (Deterministic Safety Analysis)
–
Simulators in combination with the PSA studies can become powerful tools for
the advanced safety assessment, not just complex tools for the classical
training of operators
3
4. Basic Idea of the MCS2SIM:
Actual System
•
Arbitrary system is assumed
containing two tanks: T1 and T2
•
Water can be pumped from T1 to T2
using pumps P1 or P2
•
Imagine that water flow to T2
cannot be established for some
unknown reason
•
What is wrong? How can the reason
for the failure of the system be
identified?
4
5. Basic Idea of the MCS2SIM:
Application of Fault Tree Analysis Method
•
1st step is to troubleshoot the whole
system to identify what malfunctions
may be causing the failure of the system
•
How to deal with that effectively?
–
•
By using PSA-code like RiskSpectrum or
similar and designing the fault tree model
by defining the top event - No water flow
into tank T2
Let the PSA code calculate the
combinations of malfunctions and figure
out the most probable combinations
5
6. Basic Idea of the MCS2SIM:
Verification and Study in Simulator
•
Assume that a high-fidelity
simulator of this system is available
•
Translate the most probable
combinations of MCS into the
equivalent malfunctions and activate
these in the simulator
•
Run the simulator and review the
physical parameters to verify
consequences and learn details of
the failure mechanism
6
7. Basic Idea of the MCS2SIM:
MCS Usage in Simulators
PSA
Simulator
7
8. MCS2SIM Prerequisites
• High-fidelity fault tree and event tree models for PSA
studies of a specific plant
• High-fidelity, full-scale simulator for a specific plant
• Execution faster than real time
• A team of safety analysts experienced in PSA studies and
operation of simulators
• Effective tools for automated analysis and automated
documentation of the simulation results
8
9. Example of the MCS2SIM Application in
R1 Simulator
• PSA fault tree analysis results of the 323-system
(core spray system failure) were used in the R1-simulator
• MCS-002 was selected, which states that 323-system will fail
if combination of faulty signals from the flow transmitters
323K301 and 323K302 would occur
• In the simulator there is a considerably higher number of
available malfunctions than only “signal is not available.”
Therefore, as a first step, an investigation was conducted into
what kind of malfunction of transmitters is critical
9
10. Example of the MCS2SIM Application in
R1 Simulator
PSA states that 323-system will fail
if combination of the faulty signals from the
flow transmitters 323K301 and 323K302
would occur.
What is going to happen if the equivalent
malfunctions would be activated in the
simulator?
10
11. Application in R1 Simulator:
Results
• If signals coming from the transmitters would be indicating
faulty 0.0 mA current then the consequences would not be
significant
• If the current of the signals would be high or maximum, it
can lead to the total loss of the safety function of the
323-system
• Simulation of consequences in case of a 20% LOCA
in combination with the MCS-002 was performed
11
13. Application in R1 Simulator:
Results
Simulation results of the 20% LOCA where 323-system is functioning
as intended. The similar behavior would be if transmitters would be
indicating faulty 0.0 kg/s flow.
13
14. Application in R1 Simulator:
Results
Simulation results of the 20% LOCA where transmitters 323K301
and 323K301 are indicating faulty 300.0 kg/s flow as it is predicted
by the PSA.
14
15. Application in R1 Simulator:
Results
Simulation results of the 20% LOCA where transmitters 323K301 and
323K301 are indicating faulty 300.0 kg/s flow as it is predicted by
the PSA.
Core Spray
Visualization of the Void
distribution inside the RPV.
RPV-model is simulated
using GSE’s RELAP5-HD
Core
LOCA
15
16. Other Examples of the
MCS2SIM Application
• Tests were conducted in R1 (BWR) and R3 (PWR) simulators
– R1: Verification of event tree PSA results in simulator, considering
station blackout and combination of MCS predicted by the PSA
– R3: Verification of fault tree PSA results in simulator, considering
top event that FUNK-W will not be available and combination of MCS
predicted by the PSA
– R3: Verification of event tree PSA results in simulator considering loss of
400 kV grid due to the failure of the external grid and combination of
MCS predicted by the PSA
•
The results of the tests were conclusive and triggered a number of
additional questions leading to a better understanding of the failure
mechanisms, possible improvements, and increased quality and
confidence in both the PSA results and simulator behaviour
16
17. Conclusions
• Conversion of MCS to malfunctions used in simulators
is possible
• Simulations based on MCS are providing information about
the physics of the failure mechanisms and severity of
the consequences
• It is possible to identify weaknesses and errors both in PSA
studies and simulators
• This method is valuable for the identification of complex
failure cases and for the training of operators to handle
such cases
17
18. Conclusions
•
The simulator is an excellent environment for identifying if the
combinations of failures would be detectable during the plant
operation
•
This method requires gathering a team of specialist with different
areas of expertise - A PSA specialist and a simulator engineer are
needed
•
Some technical improvements are needed in order to make this
method effective and easily applicable by the safety analysts
who are not are experienced simulator engineers
•
Quality and requirements for the simulation of the critical systems
should be increased to the level of usage of the engineering codes
like RELAP5, SIMULATE3, MAAP5, MELCOR, etc.
18
19. R2 Simulator: Example of the Simulator
Suitable for the MCS2SIM Application
•
R2 simulator was upgraded by GSE using the latest
HDS technology facilitating the usage of the engineering codes:
– Simulation of the 3D thermal hydraulics in RCS and SG:s using two
RELAP5-HD models
– Simulation of 3D neutron dynamics using SIMULATE3-R code,
Studsvik Scandpower
– Simulation of containment, RCS and SG:s, by switching to the PSA-HD
code after the severe accident conditions are reached. PSA-HD is
based on the MAAP5.01 (Modular Accident Analysis Program)
•
All the engineering codes were integrated into the SimExec
environment, allowing coupling and synchronization of these
engineering codes and BOP models
19
20. R2 Simulator: HDS Structure
(High Definition Servers)
SimExec 2: Calculation Servers
SimExec 1: Client
r5s1_inputs.txt
Simulator (BOP):
- Topmeret,
- Hand written Code,
- Other models
r5s1_outputs.txt
r5s2_inputs.txt
r5s2_outputs.txt
ExecNameifc.ini
Relapifcn (20Hz)
s3r_inputs.txt
relap5s1 (100 Hz)
(RELAP5-HD Calculation Server 1)
relap5s2 (100 Hz)
(RELAP5-HD Calculation Server 2)
s3rs (10 Hz)
s3r_outputs.txt
(S3R Calculation Server)
mps1_inputs.txt
pmaap5s1 (10 Hz)
mps1_outputs.txt
MST
jts1_inputs.txt
jts1_outputs.txt
(PSA-HD based on the MAAP5.01
Calculation Server)
jtops1 (20 Hz)
(JTopmeret Calculation Server)
20
21. R2 Simulator: RPV Nodalization
(RELAP5-HD)
3
Sectors, Reac
tor Head
6
Sectors, Uppe
r Plenum
1D Bypass
6
Sectors, Dow
ncomer
4
Sectors, Core
4 Sectors,
Lower Plenum
21
28. For more information:
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