This document contains 6 questions and answers related to capital budgeting and working capital concepts. Question 1 asks to calculate the weighted average cost of capital for a company given equity, debt, and tax rate information. Question 2 provides a table and asks to calculate the degree of financial leverage. Question 3 asks to calculate the value of two identical companies that differ only in their debt levels. Question 4 examines the importance of capital budgeting decisions. Question 5 briefly explains the process of capital rationing, including external and internal factors. Question 6 explains the concepts of gross working capital, net working capital, permanent working capital, and temporary working capital.

1. Q1.The following data is available in respect of a company :
Equity Rs.10lakhs,cost of capital 18%
Debt Rs.5lakhs,cost of debt 13%
Calculate the weighted average cost of funds taking market values as weights assuming tax rate as
40%
Hint: Use the equation
WACC = We Ke + WpKp +Wr Kr + WdKd + WtKt
A.1 COMING SOON
Q2. ABC Ltd. provides the information as shown in table 6.21 regarding the cost, sales, interests and
selling prices. Calculate the DFL.
A. 2 EBIT = output*(selling price – variable cost) – fixed cost
EBIT = 20000*(0.20-0.05) – 3500 = -500
Dp/(1-T) = 0 as we don’t have any dividend preferred and no tax rate
In our case interest(I) is 0
There for :
DFL = -500/(-500-0-0) = -500/-500 = 1
DLF for the problem with provided data will be 1

2. Q3.Two companies are identical in all respects except in the debt equity profile. Company X has 14%
debentures worth Rs. 25,00,000 whereas company Y does not have any debt. Both companies earn
20% before interest and taxes on their total assets of Rs. 50,00,000. Assuming a tax rate of 40%, and
cost of equity capital to be 22%, find out the value of the companies X and Y using NOI approach?
Hint: use the formula K0 = [B/(B+S)]Kd + [S/(B+S)]Ke
A.3 Solution:
S= 1000,000/.22 =4545454.5
B=25,00,000
=K0=[25,00,000/[2500000+4545454.5)].14+[4545454.5/2500000+4545454.5)].22
0.0496+.142 =.1915 or 19.15%
V = 5000000/0.1915 = 26,109,660.57
Q4. Examine the importance of capital budgeting.
A4. Capital budgeting decisions are the most important decisions in Corporate financial
management. These decisions make or mar a business organization. These decisions commit a firm to invest its
current funds in the operating assets (i,elongterm assets) with the hope of employing them most efficiently to
generate a series of cash flows in future.
These decisions could be grouped into
1. Replacement decisions: These decisions may be decision to replace the equipments for maintenance of current
level of business or decisions aiming at cost reductions.
2. Decisions on expenditure for increasing the present operating level or expansion
through improved network of distribution.
3. Decisions for products of new goods or rendering of new services.
4. Decisions on penetrating into new geographical area.
5. Decisions to comply with the regulatory structure affecting the operations of the company. Investments in assets
to comply with the conditions imposed by Environmental Protection Act come under this category.
6. Decisions on investment to build township for providing residential accommodation to
employees working in a manufacturing plant.
Q5. Briefly explain the process of capital rationing.
A5. Capital Rationing may be due to
a. External factors b. Internal constraints imposed by management
External Capital Rationing: External Capital Rationing is due to the imperfections of capitalmarkets
Imperfection may be caused by:

3. a. Deficiencies in market information
b. Rigidities that hamper the force flow of Capital between firms.
Whencapital marketsarenot favourable to the company the firm cannot tap the capital market for executing new
projects even though the projects have positive net present values. The following reasons attribute to the external
capital rationing:
1. Inability of the firm to procure required funds from Capital market because the firm does
not command the required investor’s confidence.
2. National and international economic factors may make the market highly volatile and instable.
3. Inability of the firm to satisfy the regularity norms for issue of instruments for tapping the market for funds.
4. High Cost of issue of Securities I,e High floatation cost. Smaller firms smaller firms may have to incur high costs of
issue of securities. This discourages small firms from tapping the capital markets for funds.
Internal Capital Rationing: Impositions of restrictions by a firm on the funds allocated for fresh investment is
called internal capital rationing. This decision may be the result of a conservative policy pursued by
a firm. Restriction may be imposed on divisional heads on the total amount that they can commit on new projects.
Another internal restriction for Capital budgeting decision may be imposed by a firm based on the
need to generate a minimum rate of return. Under this criterion only projects capable of
generating the management’s expectation on the rate of return will be cleared. Generally internal
capital rationing is used by a firm as a means of financial control.
Q6. Explain the concepts of working capital .
A6 . There are two important concepts of Working Capital – gross and net
Gross Working Capital: Gross Working Capital refers to the amounts invested in the various
components of current assets. This concept has the following practical relevance.
a. Management of current assets is the crucial aspect of Working Capital Management.
b. It is an important component of operating capital. Therefore, for improving the profitability on its
investment a finance manager of a company must give top priority to efficient management of current assets.
c. The need to plan and monitor the utilization of funds of a firm demands working capital
management as applied to current assets.
d. It helps in the fixation of various areas of financial responsibility.
Net Working Capital
Net Working Capital is the excess of current assets over current liabilities and provisions. Net Working Capital is
positive. when current assets exceed current liabilities and
negative when current liabilitiesexceed current assets. This concept has the
following practical relevance.
1. It indicates the ability of the firm to effectively use the spontaneous finance in managing the firm’s
Working Capital requirements.
2. A firm’s short term solvency is measured through the net Working Capital position it
commands.
Permanent Working Capital

4. Permanent Working Capital is the minimum amount of investment required to be made in current assets at all times
to carry on the day to day operation of firm’s business. This minimum level of current asset has been given the name
of core current assets by the Tandon Committee. It is also known as fixed Working Capital.
Temporary Working Capital
It is also known as Variable Working Capital or fluctuating Working Capital. The firm’s working capital
requirements vary depending upon the seasonal and cyclical changes in demands for a firm’s products. The extra
Working Capital required as per the changing production and sales levels of a firm is known as Temporary Working
Capital.