Matter can exist in several states including solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. The document defines these states and their key properties. Solids have a definite shape and volume, with particles that cannot move freely. Liquids flow and take the shape of containers but maintain a relatively constant density. Gases have the greatest distance between particles and are highly compressible with particles in random motion. Higher temperatures can change the state from solid to liquid to gas or ionize it into plasma.

1. Matter in surrounding us

7. GAS The gaseous state of matter is found between the liquid and plasma states, the latter of which provides the upper temperature boundary for gases At a low temperature gas molecules travel, on the average, at slower speeds than they travel at a high temperature. So, at a low temperature the molecules have, on the average, less kinetic energy than they do at a high temperature. Lower speeds, lower kinetic energies. Gases are random groups of atoms

8. PLASMA Plasma is a state of matter similar to gas in which a certain portion of the particles are ionized. The basic premise is that heating a gas dissociates its molecular bonds, rendering it into its constituent atoms. Further heating leads to ionization , turning it into a plasma: containing charged particles, positive ions and negative electrons. The presence of a non-negligible number of charge carriers makes the plasma electrically conductive so that it responds strongly to electromagnetic fields

9. BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE A Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) is a state of matter of a dilute gas of weakly interacting bosons confined in an external potential and cooled to temperatures very near absolute zero (0 K or −273.15 °C). Under such conditions, a large fraction of the bosons occupy the lowest quantum state of the external potential, at which point quantum effects become apparent on a macroscopic scale. This state of matter was first predicted by Satyendra Nath Bose and Albert Einstein in 1924–25

14. INTERCOVERSION OF THREE STATES OF MATTER