The document provides a comprehensive overview of maternal health, midwifery, and relevant legislation in India, outlining the historical evolution of midwifery and the development of maternal health care practices. It details definitions of maternal morbidity and mortality, maternity benefits, and the Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act aimed at enhancing maternal health outcomes. Additionally, it presents current practices, interventions, and incentives related to family planning and maternal well-being in the context of health service delivery.

1. MATERNAL HEALTH NURSING

2. INTRODUCTION
• Maternal health refers to the health of women
during pregnancy, childbirth and the postnatal
period.
• maternal health nursing involves the care of woman
and family throughout the pregnancy & child birth
and the health promotion & illness care for the
children and families

3. midwife
• A midwife is a person who having been regularly admitted
to a midwifery education,but recognized bythe country in
which it is located, has successfully completed the
prescribed course of studies in midwifery and has aquire
the requisite to be registered and or legally licenced to
practice midwifery

4. HISTORICAL REVIEW
• midwifery has an old history
• mentioned in old testament
• in 460 BC, Hippocrates organised training and supervised midwives
• Aristotle (384 - 322 BC), the father of embryology also descibed
qualities for a midwife
• Soranus was the first one to specialise in obstetrics & gynaecology
• Leonardo da Vinci made anatomical drawings of gravid uterus

5. • in 1513, first book on midwifery was printed in Germany
• Ambroise Pare (1510-1590) laid the foundations for
modern obstetrics. he performed internal podalic version
and sutured perineal lacerations. he founded school for
midwives in Paris
• William Harvey described fetal circulation & placenta
• Chemberlain designed obstetric forceps
• Fielding ould described normal mechanism of labour and
performed first episiotomy

6. • in 1862, Florence Nightingale organised training
school for midwives at King’s college Hospital
• in 1902, the first English midwives act was passed
• Munro Kerr in 1926 introduced the present
technique of LSCS

7. In INDIA
• 1885: an association for medical aid by the women of India was
established by Countess of Dufferin
• 1918: Lady Reading health school was started in Delhi, offering
health visitor’s course
• 1921: Lady Chelmsford League was formed for developing maternal
& child health services
• 1931: the Indian Redcross society established MCH bureau
• 1949: INC was constituted

8. In Kerala
• Ancient Times- Untrained Dais
• 1901-dais given Skill Training for 1 year
• 1939- JPHN Course of 1 ½ year duration started , later to
2year
• 1972- Bsc. Nursing started In Kerala At Govt.Hospital
Trivandrum
• 2011- 1year Course of Independent Nurse Midwifery
Practice/Training at Govt Hospital Trivandrum.

9. PLANNED PARENTHOOD

10. preconception care
• Set of interventions that aims to identify & modify biomedical,
behavioural & social risks to a woman’s health or pregnancy outcome
through prevention & management.
• components
 Early detection & prevention of health risks
 Management high risks before conception
 Active management of fertility
 Creation of awareness among women about contraception

11. • objectives
 Maximise the health of prospective parents and hence their babies
 Reduce perinatal mortality& morbidity
 Provide information to prospective parents to make informed
choices & make them ready to be parents
 Evaluate need for genetic counselling
 Reduce unplanned pregnancies
 Inform about maternity services

12. • Activities
 history collection
 physical examination
 determination of preexisting illness
 genetic counselling
 nutrition advises & lifestyle modifications
 contraception and planning pregnancy
 physical preparation of couple
 psychological preparation of the family
 financial planning
 preparatory classes for couple, sibling and significant others

13. MATERNAL MORBIDITY AND
MORTALITY

14. Maternal morbidity
• Maternal morbidity is defined as “any condition that
is attributed to or aggravated by pregnancy and
childbirth which has a negative impact on the
woman's wellbeing and/or functioning.”

15. maternal mortality
• The annual number of female deaths from any cause
related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its
management (excluding accidental or incidental
causes) during pregnancy and childbirth or within 42
days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the
duration and site of the pregnancy.

16. maternal mortality ratio
• The maternal mortality ratio (MMR) is defined as the
number of maternal deaths during a given time period per
100,000 live births during the same time period.
• Maternal Mortality Ratio(MMR) of India for the period
2016-18, as per the latest report of the national Sample
Registration system (SRS) data is 113/100,000 live births

17. LEGISLATIONS RELATED TO
MATERNITY BENEFITS

18. maternity benefit act
• 1961
• • OBJECT: To regulate the employment of women in certain establishments for certain
periods before and after childbirth and to provide for maternity benefits and certain
otherbenefits.
• • APPLICABILITY: It extends to the whole of India and applies to i) every factory, mine,
plantations, establishments for the exhibition of equestrain,acrobatic and other
performances.
to every shop or establishments defined under any law applicable to such establishments
in a state in which persons are employed on any day of the preceding twelve months.

19. • PROHIBITED PERIOD OF EMPLOYEMENT OR WORK: The employment of
women, or work by women in any establishment during the six weeks
immediately following the day of her delivery or her miscarriage (section-
4).
• PAYMENT OF MATERNITY BENEFIT: Every women shall be entitled to, and
her employer shall be liable for, the payment of maternity benefit at the
rate of average daily wage for the period of her actual absence, and any
period of her actual absence, and any period immediately following the
date of delivery and including the actual day for her delivery (Section –5).
In addition to the maternity benefit, every women shall also be entitled to
receive a medical bonus of Rs.250/- if no prenatal confinement and post
natal care is provided free of charge (section-8)

20. • ELIGIBILITY FOR MATERNITY BENEFIT:
• A women shall be entitled to maternity benefit only
if she has actually worked in an establishment of the
employer for a period of not less then eighty days in
the twelve months immediately proceeding the date
of her expected delivery (section-5[2])

21. • MAXIMUM PERIOD OF MATERNITY BENEFIT:
• Maximum twelve weeks of which not more then six weeks shall proceed
the date of her expected delivery (section- 5[5])
• • OTHER BENEFITS: Act also provides provisions for leave for miscarriage,
leave for illness arising out of pregnancy or delivery, premature birth of
child or miscarriage and nursing breaks for nursing the child until the child
attained the age of 15 months
• • DISMISSAL, DEDUCTION WAGES, ETC: No employer shall discharge or
dismiss a women for her absence form work in accordance with the
provisions of this Act and no deduction shall be made from the normal;
and usual daily wages of a women entitled to maternity benefits.

22. • MATERNITY BENEFIT AMENDMENT ACT 2017
• Amended certain terms
• included those women who use their egg to fertilise in a surrogate mother
• the leave days extended to 26 weeks, out of which 8 weeks can be taken
just before delivery
• for women having 2 or more children, the leave days will be 12 weeks, of
which not more than 6 weeks before delivery
• a woman who legally adopts a child below 3 months or a commissioning
mother shall be entitled to maternity benefits for a period of 12 weeks
from the date the child is handed over to the adopting mother or
commissioning mother, as the case may be

23. • in case, where the nature of work assigned to a woman is of such nature
that she may work from home, the employer may allow her to do so after
availing of the maternity benefit for such period and on such conditions as
the employer and the woman may mutually agree
• every establishment having fifty or more employees shall have a facility of
creche within such distance as may be prescribed, either separately or along
with the common facility; provided that the employer shall allow 4 visits a
day to the creche by the woman which shall also include the interval for rest
allowed to her
• every establishment shall intimate in writng and electronically to every
woman at the time of her initial appointment regarding every benefit
available under the Act

24. the employees’ state insurance act
• maternity benefit:
• 24 weeks paid leave (6 weeks antenatal and 18
weeks postnatal)
• for 2 births
• expense of hospitalization

25. MTP ACT

26. objectives
• Aims to improve the maternal health scenario by preventing large
number of unsafe abortions and consequent high incidence of
maternal mortality & morbidity
• Legalizes abortion services
• Promotes access to safe abortion services to women
• Offers protection to medical practitioners who otherwise would be
penalized under the Indian Penal Code (sections 315-316)

27. legal abortions
• Abortions are termed legal only when all the following conditions
are met:
– Termination done by a medical practitioner approved by the Act
– Termination done at a place approved under the Act
– Termination done for conditions and within the gestation prescribed
by the Act
– Other requirements of the rules & regulations are complied with

28. applications
• Continuation of pregnancy constitutes risk to the life or
grave injury to the physical or mental health of woman
• Substantial risk of physical or mental abnormalities in the
fetus as to render it seriously handicapped
• Pregnancy caused by rape (presumed grave injury to
mental health)
• Contraceptive failure in married couple (presumed grave
injury to mental health)

29. place of conducting abortion
• A hospital established or maintained by Government
or
• A place approved for the purpose of this Act by a District-
level Committee constituted by the government with the
Chief Medical Health Officer as Chairperson

30. MTP act amendment 2002
• Decentralizes site registration to a 3-5 member district level
committee chaired by the CMO/DHO
• Approval of sites that can perform MTPs under the act can
now be done at the district level
• Stricter penalties for MTPs being done in a unapproved site
or by a persons not permitted by the act

31. medical abortions
• MTP using Mifepristrone (RU 486) & Misoprostol approved for up to 7
weeks termination
• Only a Registered Medical Practitioner (as defined by the MTP Act) can
prescribe the drugs
• Has to follow MTP Act, Rules & Regulations
• Can prescribe in his/her clinic, provided he/she has access to an approved
place
• Should display a certificate from owner of approved place agreeing to
provide access

32. who can perform MTP
A medical practitioner (RMP)
– who has a recognized medical qualification as defined in
clause (h) of section 2 of Indian Medical Council Act, 1956
– Whose name has been entered in a State Medical Register
and
– Who has such experience or training in Gynecology and
Obstetrics as prescribed by Rules made under the Act

33. For termination up to 12 weeks:
– A practitioner who has assisted a registered medical
practitioner in performing 25 cases of MTP of which at
least 5 were performed independently in a hospital
established or maintained or a training institute
approved for this purpose by the Government

34. For termination up to 20 weeks
– A practitioner who holds a post-graduate degree or diploma in
Obstetrics and Gynecology
– A practitioner who has completed six months house job in Obstetrics
and Gynecology
– A practitioner who has at least one-year experience in practice of
Obstetrics and Gynecology at a hospital which has all facilities
– A practitioner registered in state medical register immediately before
commencement of the Act, experience in practice of Obstetrics and
Gynecology for a period not less than three years.

35. approval of place
for sites upto 12 weeks for sites upto 20 weeks
• Gynecology examination/
labor table
• sterilization equipment
• Drugs & parental fluids
• Back up facilities for treatment
of shock
• Facilities for transportation
All requirements for up to 12 weeks +
• Operation table and instruments for
performing abdominal or gynecological surgery
• Anesthetic equipment, resuscitation
equipment and sterilization equipment
• Drugs & parental fluids notified for
emergency use, notified by Government of
India from time to time

36. regulatory body: District Level Committee
District level MTP Committee
– Minimum of 3 & Maximum of 5 members including chairperson (CM H O)
Composition of the committee:
– One medical person (Gyne/Surgeon/Anestheist)
– One member from local medical profession; NGO & Panchayati Raj Institution of the
district.
– At least one member shall be a woman.
Tenure
2 calendar years
– NGO members shall not have more than 2 terms

37. implications of amendment
• Simplifies registration of sites which can be done at district level now
• Providers can get their sites approved for providing abortions under the
MTP Act for 1st trimester only or up to 20 weeks and thereby come under
the protective cover of the MTP Act
• Offers potential to increase number of approved sites, which would
enable women to access safe abortion services
• Effective implementation will help to bring all abortions within legal frame
work

38. INCENTIVES FOR FAMILY PLANNING

39. incentives for local sellers for temporary
contraception
The Social Marketing Organisations are given Deluxe Nirodh
condom at Rs.2.00 per packet of 5 pieces and this is sold @
Rs.3/- per packet of 5 pieces to the consumer.
One cycle of Oral Pills, which is required for one month, is
given to the SMOs @ Re.1.60/- and it is sold to the consumer
@ Rs.3/- per strip (cycle) under the brand name- “Mala–D”.

40. incentive for ensuring spacing at birth
• implemented in in 18 states including Empowered Action Group
states like Bihar, UP etc, Gujarat, Haryana and north east states
• Rs. 500/- to ASHA for delaying first child birth by 2 years after
marriage;
• Rs. 500/- to ASHA for ensuring spacing of 3 years after the birth of
1st child and
• Rs. 1000/- in case the couple opts for a permanent limiting method
up to 2 children only

41. compensation schemes for permanent method -
public facilities
states type of operation acceptor ASHA/ health
worker
others total
11 High Focus States
(UP, BH, MP,
RJ, CG, JH, OD, UK, AS,
HR, GJ)
vasectomy 2000 300 400 2700
tubectomy 1400 200 400 2000
Other High Focus
States (NE States,
J&K, HP)
vasectomy 1100 200 200 1500
tubectomy 600 150 250 1000
Non High Focus States vasectomy 1100 200 200 1500
tubectomy
[BPL+SC/ST only]
600 150 250 1000
tubectomy [APL] 250 150 250 650

42. compensation scheme for permanent method -
private facility
states type of operation facility others/
Acceptor
total
11 High Focus States (UP,
BH, MP,
RJ, CG, JH, OD, UK, AS, HR,
GJ)
vasectomy 2000 1000 3000
tubectomy 2000 1000 3000
Other High Focus States (NE
States,
J&K, HP)
vasectomy 1300 200 1500
tubectomy 1350 150 1500
Non High Focus States vasectomy 1300 200 1500
tubectomy 1350 150 1500