This presentation discusses masonry walls and their failure types. It begins with examples of historic masonry structures and defines masonry as a structure made of blocks like stone, brick or concrete bonded with mortar. The presentation outlines the main types of masonry as load-bearing or non-load bearing, and by construction material. Failure modes are described as 90-degree collapse, curtain fall, or inward/outward buckling. Advantages include thermal mass and fire resistance, while disadvantages center around water penetration risks. Major causes of failure are listed as issues with wall-floor-roof integrity, irregular configurations, large openings, lack of reinforcement or cross-walls.

1. PRESENTATION ON
MASONRY WALL AND ITS FAILURE
TYPES
PRESENTED BY:
Preshit Mahato
(EQ07811-PU)

2. BRIEF OUTLINE OF CONTENT
1. INTRODUCTION
2. TYPES OF MASONRY
FAILURE OF MASONRY
3.
4. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF MASONRY
 Background  What We are going to Learn ?  What is mean by Masonry Wall ?
 Based on Load Bearing  Based on Construction
5. MAJOR CAUSES OF FAILURE OF MASONRY BUILDING

4. INTRODUCTION-Background
 The Egyptian Pyramids, the Colosseum in Rome,
India’s Taj Mahal, the Great Wall of China – some
of the world’s most significant architectural
achievements have been built with masonry.
 Through civilization, Architects and Builders
have chosen masonry for its beauty, versality,
and durability.
 Masonry is resistant to fire, earthquakes, and
sound. Artistic and durable, masonry structures
can withstand the normal wear and tear of
centuries.
Figure1: Great Sphinx of Giza

5. INTRODUCTION-Background
Figure3: Great Wall of China
Figure2: Taj Mahal

6. What We Are Going to Learn
What is mean by Masonry Wall ?
Types of Masonry Wall.
Failure of Masonry Wall.
Advantages & Disadvantages of
Masonry Wall.
Major Causes of Failure of
Masonry Building.

7. INTRODUCTION-Definition
A Structure made up of individual blocks
of materials such as stone, brick,
concrete, hollow blocks, cellular
concrete.
Usually placed in horizontal
courses/ direction.
Cemented together with some form
of mortar Figure4: Masonry Materials

9. TYPES OF MASONRY
Based on Load Bearing:
Load Bearing Masonry Walls.
Non-load Bearing Masonry Walls.
Based on Construction:
Stone Masonry
Brick Masonry
Hollow Block Concrete Masonry
Reinforced Masonry
Composite Masonry
Figure5: Different Types of Masonry

10. TYPES OF MASONRY-Load Bearing
Based on Load Bearing Masonry :
 A load-bearing wall (or bearing
wall) is a wall that bears a load
resting upon it by conducting its
weight to a foundation structure.
 The materials most often used to
construct load-bearing walls in
large buildings are concrete, block,
or brick.
Figure6: Based on Load Bearing

11. TYPES OF MASONRY-Load Bearing
Based on Non-Load Bearing Masonry :
 Walls that are only intended to support
themselves and the weight of the
cladding or sheathings attached.
 Non-load bearing walls provide no
structural support and may be interior or
exterior walls.
Figure7: Based on Load and Non-Load Bearing

12. TYPES OF MASONRY
BASED ON CONSTRUCTION:
Figure8: Brick Masonry Figure9: Stone Masonry

13. TYPES OF MASONRY
BASED ON CONSTRUCTION:
Figure10: Hollow Block Concrete Masonry

14. TYPES OF MASONRY
BASED ON CONSTRUCTION:
Figure11: Reinforced Masonry

15. TYPES OF MASONRY
BASED ON CONSTRUCTION:
Figure12: Composite Masonry Figure13: Veneered Masonry

17. FAILURE OF MASONRY
 The wall may fall straight out
in a monolithic piece at a 90
degree angle, similar to a
falling tree;
 The wall may crumble straight
down in a so called "curtain"
fall collapse
 The wall may collapse in an
inward / outward fashion,
with the top falling inward
and the bottom outward.
Figure14: Masonry Failure Mechanism

18. FAILURE OF MASONRY
 90 DEGREE FAILURE:
Occurs at fires.
The wall falls straight out and the top of
the collapsing wall strikes the ground, a
distance equal to the height of the failing
section measured from the base of the
wall.
The wall begins to lean outward at the
top, separating from the other enclosing
walls, and falls straight out at a 90-
degree angle. Figure15: 90 Degree Angle Collapse

19. FAILURE OF MASONRY
 CURTAIN FALL COLLAPSE:
 The exterior masonry wall drops like
a falling curtain cut loose at the top.
 The wall crumbles and falls straight
down, with bricks and mortar
forming a pile on the ground near
the base of the wall.
 The collapse of the brick veneer,
brick cavity, or masonry-backed
stonewall often occurs in a curtain-
fall manner.
Figure16: Curtain Wall Collapse

20. FAILURE OF MASONRY
 INWARD/ OUTWARD
COLLAPSE:
 When a masonry wall becomes
unstable and begins to lean inward,
it does not always mean that the
wall will fall inward.
 When a section of the broken wall
falls inward, the lower portion of the
wall may kick outward, or the upper
portion may initially fall inward but
then slide down and outward into
the street, bottom first.
Figure17: Inward/ Outward Collapse

22. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
 ADVANTAGES OF MASONARY:
 Increase the thermal mass of a building.
 Provide a structure with reduced life-cycle costs.
 Very heat resistant & thus provides good fire protection.
 More resistant to projectiles.
 DISADVANTAGES OF MASONARY:
 Masonry walls are durable and long lasting, but they have
one weak point: Water Penetration.

24. Major Causes of Masonry Building
 Non-integrity of wall floor and roof.
 Configuration – irregularity of building causes torsional
effect.
 Large opening of the building.
 Inappropriate position of opening.
 Lack of cross wall in large length of wall.
 Lack of reinforcement make the masonry building brittle.
 Pounding effect.
 Lack of anchoring element between two walls.

25. THANK YOU !