Marketing Environment
Philip Kotler : “A company marketing environment consists of the factors and forces that affect the company’s ability to develop and maintain successful transactions and relationships with its target customers”.
Marketing Environment is the combination of external and internal factors and forces which affect the company's ability to establish a relationship and serve its customers. The marketing environment of a business consists of an internal and an external environment.
Service Marketing Environment All organizations operate within the marketing environment. The marketing environment is made up of two parts – • Macro environment • Micro environment
Marketing Research Project Report on consumer buying behaviour of D-Mart. Final year project of Bachelor of Business Administration. For that project we have prepared a questionnaire and collected the information. Based on this we have analysed the collected information and obtain the position of the company and its findings.
The Porter Prize recognizes Indian corporations that demonstrate exemplary strategic acumen. It evaluates business models based on competitive advantage, competitiveness, and sustainability. Winning companies not only excel in their industries but also contribute to India's prosperity. The award aims to propel companies to compete through value creation, innovation, and strategy. It acknowledges efforts to create sustainable competitive advantage and shared value.
Talk on 24th May PESIT-Building Businesses in India-a BOP perspectiveDeepak Dev
This document summarizes Deepak Dev's talk on building businesses in and for India. Some key points discussed include:
1) Most new Indian businesses cater to the top of the pyramid (TOP) and leave the vast majority of the population untouched, so businesses should target the bottom of the pyramid (BOP) to access a large untapped market.
2) Successful BOP business models focus on awareness, access, affordability, and availability rather than the traditional marketing concepts. Innovation must occur within the constraints of BOP markets.
3) Examples like GE Healthcare's low-cost ECG machine and modular shelters in Delhi demonstrate how to profitably serve BOP customers through disruptive innovation.
4) Ent
Project We Like is featuring a few best entrepreneurs who have succeeded in their businesses wonderfully. Their introduction and their lifetime work is shown in brief.
The document discusses the role of insurance in the healthcare sector in India. It begins with a brief history of insurance in India, mentioning its origins in ancient texts and the establishment of the first insurance companies in the 18th and 19th centuries. It then discusses the fundamental basis of insurance as pooling resources that can be redistributed during times of calamity or need.
1. Omni-channel retail strategies that seamlessly integrate online and offline shopping channels are becoming essential as customers browse and shop across different channels. Marketers need hybrid models to meet customer expectations of convenience. Smaller cities are seeing growth in niche product categories available online but not in local stores.
2. Malls are struggling as key customer groups like women and teens are visiting less frequently and choosing alternative shopping options like discount and specialty stores or restaurants. Over 2 dozen malls have closed in the last 4 years.
3. Reaching rural customers for financial services presents challenges like infrastructure needs and income volatility. Banks are using vernacular language audio-visual campaigns, local entertainment, and group meetings instead of
Marketing Environment is the combination of external and internal factors and forces which affect the company's ability to establish a relationship and serve its customers. The marketing environment of a business consists of an internal and an external environment.
Service Marketing Environment All organizations operate within the marketing environment. The marketing environment is made up of two parts – • Macro environment • Micro environment
Marketing Research Project Report on consumer buying behaviour of D-Mart. Final year project of Bachelor of Business Administration. For that project we have prepared a questionnaire and collected the information. Based on this we have analysed the collected information and obtain the position of the company and its findings.
The Porter Prize recognizes Indian corporations that demonstrate exemplary strategic acumen. It evaluates business models based on competitive advantage, competitiveness, and sustainability. Winning companies not only excel in their industries but also contribute to India's prosperity. The award aims to propel companies to compete through value creation, innovation, and strategy. It acknowledges efforts to create sustainable competitive advantage and shared value.
Talk on 24th May PESIT-Building Businesses in India-a BOP perspectiveDeepak Dev
This document summarizes Deepak Dev's talk on building businesses in and for India. Some key points discussed include:
1) Most new Indian businesses cater to the top of the pyramid (TOP) and leave the vast majority of the population untouched, so businesses should target the bottom of the pyramid (BOP) to access a large untapped market.
2) Successful BOP business models focus on awareness, access, affordability, and availability rather than the traditional marketing concepts. Innovation must occur within the constraints of BOP markets.
3) Examples like GE Healthcare's low-cost ECG machine and modular shelters in Delhi demonstrate how to profitably serve BOP customers through disruptive innovation.
4) Ent
Project We Like is featuring a few best entrepreneurs who have succeeded in their businesses wonderfully. Their introduction and their lifetime work is shown in brief.
The document discusses the role of insurance in the healthcare sector in India. It begins with a brief history of insurance in India, mentioning its origins in ancient texts and the establishment of the first insurance companies in the 18th and 19th centuries. It then discusses the fundamental basis of insurance as pooling resources that can be redistributed during times of calamity or need.
1. Omni-channel retail strategies that seamlessly integrate online and offline shopping channels are becoming essential as customers browse and shop across different channels. Marketers need hybrid models to meet customer expectations of convenience. Smaller cities are seeing growth in niche product categories available online but not in local stores.
2. Malls are struggling as key customer groups like women and teens are visiting less frequently and choosing alternative shopping options like discount and specialty stores or restaurants. Over 2 dozen malls have closed in the last 4 years.
3. Reaching rural customers for financial services presents challenges like infrastructure needs and income volatility. Banks are using vernacular language audio-visual campaigns, local entertainment, and group meetings instead of
This document provides lecture notes on green business management. It discusses key concepts like the definition of green business, corporate sustainability strategies, and challenges and opportunities of implementing sustainable business practices. Some highlights include:
1. A green business aims to have minimal negative environmental or social impacts while striving for profit. It incorporates sustainability into decisions and supplies eco-friendly products.
2. Corporate sustainability strategies can include innovation, collaboration, process improvement, and sustainability reporting. Goals are incorporated into missions to take advantage of opportunities while mitigating risks.
3. Implementing sustainability comes with challenges like transitioning business models but also opportunities like attracting talent and customers who demand green products. Leading green businesses are taking advantage of
This document summarizes a presentation on a study about employee perceptions of training and development programs at Jubilant Organosys Ltd. in Gajraula, India. The study found that most employees learn about programs through emails and notices but not personal calls. Training frequency varies but is mostly every 90 days. The main reasons for not attending were timing conflicts and recommendations by colleagues. Lack of practical exposure during sessions had a negative impact. Most employees were satisfied overall but some felt not all employees received opportunities. Suggestions included improving attendance, notice, planning, and making sessions more practical.
The document defines business environment as the set of external and internal factors that influence business decisions. It discusses the micro and macro environment. The micro environment includes factors directly related to the business such as suppliers, customers, and competitors that the business can control. The macro environment includes broader factors in the political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal spheres that the business cannot control but must adapt to. These factors create opportunities and threats for businesses.
The document discusses the role of warehousing in supply chain management. It notes that the Indian logistics sector is estimated to reach $200 billion by 2020 but currently faces challenges around insufficient facilities, lack of technology, and expertise. Warehousing is a key part of logistics and is estimated to grow by 25% annually. Effective warehousing aims to minimize costs while maximizing serviceability, transportation availability, and suitable infrastructure, connectivity, environmental factors, and government regulations.
Mba marketing-research-project-on-customer-preferenceTabish Ahmed
This document provides information about a project report on customer preferences for choosing Big Bazaar, an Indian retail store located in RTC 'X' Roads, Hyderabad. It includes a declaration, acknowledgements, table of contents, and introductory chapters on the methodology, research design, objectives, and limitations of the study. It also provides a profile of the Indian retail industry and history of retailing in India. The report aims to analyze factors influencing customer preferences and retention at Big Bazaar through primary and secondary research.
The document outlines 7 ways to revive India's labour market and livelihoods in a post-COVID world, including loosening fiscal restraints to support businesses, providing wage subsidies, enabling universal social safety nets, simplifying tax compliance, prioritizing education access, and finalizing clear labour codes.
FellowBuddy.com is a platform which has been setup with a simple vision, keeping in mind the dynamic requirements of students.
Our Vision & Mission - Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief - “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom-446240585585480
This document contains summaries of presentations from 5 different speakers on various financial topics:
1) Nilesh Sawant and Rajendra Agarwal spoke about their careers in law and the textile industry respectively, emphasizing the importance of understanding clients, quality service, and adapting to changes.
2) Anil Sachidanand discussed his career progression at DHFL and differences between the working cultures in India and the US.
3) The first video discussed retirement planning, asset allocation, and medical expenses increasing with age.
4) The second video covered capital markets, stock exchanges, and participants in the market like FIIs and retail investors.
5) The last video defined mutual funds and their different types based
Hi Friends
This is supa bouy
I am a mentor, Friend for all Management Aspirants, Any query related to anything in Management, Do write me @ supabuoy@gmail.com.
I will try to assist the best way I can.
Cheers to lyf…!!!
Supa Bouy
The document provides an overview of organizational behavior and human resource management. It discusses how organizations are systems that convert various inputs into outputs through coordinated processes. The key points made are:
1) Human resources are an organization's most valuable asset and human resource management involves developing employees' skills while also achieving organizational goals.
2) Organizational behavior studies how individuals and groups act within organizations from various perspectives.
3) Organizations can be viewed as systems that take various inputs like resources, processes them, and produce outputs and outcomes to accomplish overall goals.
A Study on Students Buying Behavior towards LaptopsShashank Tripathi
This document provides a summary of a study on student buying behavior toward laptops. It discusses key concepts in consumer behavior like the factors that influence consumer decisions. The study aims to identify the most important factors in students' laptop purchasing decisions. It also seeks to understand if there are differences in these factors between groups of customers like those who have always purchased the same brand versus those who switched brands. The methodology section outlines the research objectives, scope, design, and limitations of the study.
The document provides details about the author's internship at Jubilant Life Sciences. It discusses:
1) The author's responsibilities in controlling machines like pumps, boilers, and compressors to regulate mass flow rates, temperatures, and pressures.
2) A challenging situation where boiler furnace temperature increased drastically due to high coal mass flow, which was solved by shutting down some nozzles.
3) Maintenance tasks performed on equipment like testing and maintaining a heat exchanger, setting up a new refrigeration system, and replacing compressor parts.
My Welingkars 2nd semester presentationPawan Tejwani
The presentation discusses different modes of entry into international business such as exporting, licensing, franchising, specialized entry modes like management contracts and turnkey projects. It also summarizes discussions on topics like the Internet of Things, Sun Tzu's Art of War, PERT technique for project management, asset management, the importance of customer service operations, and leveraging experience in strategic roles.
This document provides a summary of research conducted on employee engagement at Big Bazaar. It defines employee engagement, discusses the differences between engaged, disengaged, and actively disengaged employees. Diagnostic tools for measuring engagement are identified, as well as factors that predict organizational success. The scope of study, research methodology, and conclusions of the research are summarized. Employee satisfaction versus engagement is explored, and engagement is found to positively correlate with business performance.
Best NMIMS Assignment Solutions Dec 21palaniappann
Sir / Madam,
Prof.Dr.N.Palaniappan.,MBA.,MCom.,MPhil.,PhD. has 15 years of teaching experience in MBA Business schools. For last fifteen years Prof.Dr.N.Palaniappan.,MBA.,MCom.,MPhil.,PhD has taught various subjects from Marketing, Finance, Human Resource Management, Information Systems, International Business and General Specializations. He has written many research papers and case studies.
Prof.Dr.N.Palaniappan.,MBA.,MCom.,MPhil.,PhD organizes online MBA subject coaching / MBA Assignment help and MBA Project help. Many clients national and international has appreciated Prof.Dr.N.Palaniappan.,MBA., MCom.,MPhil.,PhD for his timely help in the assignments and projects and MBA subject coaching.
You can call him on his mobile no. 09025810064 (whatsapp available) or mail him at palaniappanmail@gmail.com. He does help/guide for the below question. If urgent or any query’s, Please feel free to call him on his mobile no. 9025810064 (whatsapp available) or do mail on palaniappanmail@gmail.com. He does help/guide for the below question
Contact:
Prof.Dr.N.Palaniappan.,MBA.,MCom.,MPhil.,PhD
Mail ID: palaniappanmail@gmail.com
Ph: - 9025810064 (whatsapp available)
1. The document outlines the agenda for Project WeLike2 which includes sessions on winning strategies from Mahabharata, the magic of voice and accent, growing a business from Rs. 900 to Rs. 90 lacs, effective presentation skills, and winning approaches to retail selling.
2. It also includes segments on guest speakers from Aramex, Perna Global Logistics, and Billbachao in the "We Lounge" section and a list of trending news topics in the "News Wire" section.
3. The document provides an undertaking that the project work was conducted by the student as part of their coursework and was not sourced from any outside agency.
Green Home Construction Company (Pvt) Ltd will offer green home construction services in Bangladesh, targeting high and middle-income customers concerned about the environment. The business plan outlines the company's mission to provide affordable, high-quality green homes through sustainable materials and methods. Key aspects of the plan include market segmentation focused on urban areas, financial projections estimating increasing market share and sales, and compliance with Bangladeshi regulations for registering a private limited company.
This document provides information about a summer internship project conducted at Reliance Trends to study customer satisfaction and promotional activities. It includes an introduction, declaration, acknowledgements, executive summary and table of contents. The intern conducted primary and secondary research to assess customer satisfaction levels and ways to meet customer expectations. A questionnaire was used to collect data from 50 respondents in Bangalore, which was then analyzed using bar diagrams. The findings and recommendations from the research aim to help Reliance Trends improve customer satisfaction and drive more customers through effective promotional strategies.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in business and entrepreneurship including:
- Definitions of business, entrepreneur, revenue, profit, and loss.
- Examples of famous entrepreneurs like Bill Gates, Warren Buffet, Oprah Winfrey, and Steve Jobs.
- How businesses add to quality of life and standard of living through job creation and goods/services.
- Key factors that affect businesses like the economic, legal, technological, competitive, social, and global environments.
The document discusses a study on consumers' perceived value and buying behavior of store brands. It aims to provide an understanding of how consumers in Indonesia perceive store brand values and how this influences their buying behavior. The study uses various data analysis methods, including factor analysis and multiple linear regression, to analyze survey responses from 300 grocery shoppers in Jakarta. The findings show that consumers' perceived value contributes positively to their perceptions of store brands. Those with more knowledge and experience purchasing store brands have more positive perceptions, increasing the likelihood they will repurchase store brand products in the future. Demographic factors like income are also found to influence consumers' willingness to buy store brands over national brands.
Business environment means all of the internal and external factors that affect how the company functions including employees, customers, management, supply and demand and business regulations. An example of a part of a business environment is how well customers' expectations are met.
Business Economics
• According to Mc Nair and Meriam, Business economic consists of the use of economic modes of thought to analyse business situations. • Siegel man has defined business economic (or business economic) as the integration of economic theory with business practice for the purpose of facilitating decision-making and forward planning by management
This document provides lecture notes on green business management. It discusses key concepts like the definition of green business, corporate sustainability strategies, and challenges and opportunities of implementing sustainable business practices. Some highlights include:
1. A green business aims to have minimal negative environmental or social impacts while striving for profit. It incorporates sustainability into decisions and supplies eco-friendly products.
2. Corporate sustainability strategies can include innovation, collaboration, process improvement, and sustainability reporting. Goals are incorporated into missions to take advantage of opportunities while mitigating risks.
3. Implementing sustainability comes with challenges like transitioning business models but also opportunities like attracting talent and customers who demand green products. Leading green businesses are taking advantage of
This document summarizes a presentation on a study about employee perceptions of training and development programs at Jubilant Organosys Ltd. in Gajraula, India. The study found that most employees learn about programs through emails and notices but not personal calls. Training frequency varies but is mostly every 90 days. The main reasons for not attending were timing conflicts and recommendations by colleagues. Lack of practical exposure during sessions had a negative impact. Most employees were satisfied overall but some felt not all employees received opportunities. Suggestions included improving attendance, notice, planning, and making sessions more practical.
The document defines business environment as the set of external and internal factors that influence business decisions. It discusses the micro and macro environment. The micro environment includes factors directly related to the business such as suppliers, customers, and competitors that the business can control. The macro environment includes broader factors in the political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal spheres that the business cannot control but must adapt to. These factors create opportunities and threats for businesses.
The document discusses the role of warehousing in supply chain management. It notes that the Indian logistics sector is estimated to reach $200 billion by 2020 but currently faces challenges around insufficient facilities, lack of technology, and expertise. Warehousing is a key part of logistics and is estimated to grow by 25% annually. Effective warehousing aims to minimize costs while maximizing serviceability, transportation availability, and suitable infrastructure, connectivity, environmental factors, and government regulations.
Mba marketing-research-project-on-customer-preferenceTabish Ahmed
This document provides information about a project report on customer preferences for choosing Big Bazaar, an Indian retail store located in RTC 'X' Roads, Hyderabad. It includes a declaration, acknowledgements, table of contents, and introductory chapters on the methodology, research design, objectives, and limitations of the study. It also provides a profile of the Indian retail industry and history of retailing in India. The report aims to analyze factors influencing customer preferences and retention at Big Bazaar through primary and secondary research.
The document outlines 7 ways to revive India's labour market and livelihoods in a post-COVID world, including loosening fiscal restraints to support businesses, providing wage subsidies, enabling universal social safety nets, simplifying tax compliance, prioritizing education access, and finalizing clear labour codes.
FellowBuddy.com is a platform which has been setup with a simple vision, keeping in mind the dynamic requirements of students.
Our Vision & Mission - Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief - “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom-446240585585480
This document contains summaries of presentations from 5 different speakers on various financial topics:
1) Nilesh Sawant and Rajendra Agarwal spoke about their careers in law and the textile industry respectively, emphasizing the importance of understanding clients, quality service, and adapting to changes.
2) Anil Sachidanand discussed his career progression at DHFL and differences between the working cultures in India and the US.
3) The first video discussed retirement planning, asset allocation, and medical expenses increasing with age.
4) The second video covered capital markets, stock exchanges, and participants in the market like FIIs and retail investors.
5) The last video defined mutual funds and their different types based
Hi Friends
This is supa bouy
I am a mentor, Friend for all Management Aspirants, Any query related to anything in Management, Do write me @ supabuoy@gmail.com.
I will try to assist the best way I can.
Cheers to lyf…!!!
Supa Bouy
The document provides an overview of organizational behavior and human resource management. It discusses how organizations are systems that convert various inputs into outputs through coordinated processes. The key points made are:
1) Human resources are an organization's most valuable asset and human resource management involves developing employees' skills while also achieving organizational goals.
2) Organizational behavior studies how individuals and groups act within organizations from various perspectives.
3) Organizations can be viewed as systems that take various inputs like resources, processes them, and produce outputs and outcomes to accomplish overall goals.
A Study on Students Buying Behavior towards LaptopsShashank Tripathi
This document provides a summary of a study on student buying behavior toward laptops. It discusses key concepts in consumer behavior like the factors that influence consumer decisions. The study aims to identify the most important factors in students' laptop purchasing decisions. It also seeks to understand if there are differences in these factors between groups of customers like those who have always purchased the same brand versus those who switched brands. The methodology section outlines the research objectives, scope, design, and limitations of the study.
The document provides details about the author's internship at Jubilant Life Sciences. It discusses:
1) The author's responsibilities in controlling machines like pumps, boilers, and compressors to regulate mass flow rates, temperatures, and pressures.
2) A challenging situation where boiler furnace temperature increased drastically due to high coal mass flow, which was solved by shutting down some nozzles.
3) Maintenance tasks performed on equipment like testing and maintaining a heat exchanger, setting up a new refrigeration system, and replacing compressor parts.
My Welingkars 2nd semester presentationPawan Tejwani
The presentation discusses different modes of entry into international business such as exporting, licensing, franchising, specialized entry modes like management contracts and turnkey projects. It also summarizes discussions on topics like the Internet of Things, Sun Tzu's Art of War, PERT technique for project management, asset management, the importance of customer service operations, and leveraging experience in strategic roles.
This document provides a summary of research conducted on employee engagement at Big Bazaar. It defines employee engagement, discusses the differences between engaged, disengaged, and actively disengaged employees. Diagnostic tools for measuring engagement are identified, as well as factors that predict organizational success. The scope of study, research methodology, and conclusions of the research are summarized. Employee satisfaction versus engagement is explored, and engagement is found to positively correlate with business performance.
Best NMIMS Assignment Solutions Dec 21palaniappann
Sir / Madam,
Prof.Dr.N.Palaniappan.,MBA.,MCom.,MPhil.,PhD. has 15 years of teaching experience in MBA Business schools. For last fifteen years Prof.Dr.N.Palaniappan.,MBA.,MCom.,MPhil.,PhD has taught various subjects from Marketing, Finance, Human Resource Management, Information Systems, International Business and General Specializations. He has written many research papers and case studies.
Prof.Dr.N.Palaniappan.,MBA.,MCom.,MPhil.,PhD organizes online MBA subject coaching / MBA Assignment help and MBA Project help. Many clients national and international has appreciated Prof.Dr.N.Palaniappan.,MBA., MCom.,MPhil.,PhD for his timely help in the assignments and projects and MBA subject coaching.
You can call him on his mobile no. 09025810064 (whatsapp available) or mail him at palaniappanmail@gmail.com. He does help/guide for the below question. If urgent or any query’s, Please feel free to call him on his mobile no. 9025810064 (whatsapp available) or do mail on palaniappanmail@gmail.com. He does help/guide for the below question
Contact:
Prof.Dr.N.Palaniappan.,MBA.,MCom.,MPhil.,PhD
Mail ID: palaniappanmail@gmail.com
Ph: - 9025810064 (whatsapp available)
1. The document outlines the agenda for Project WeLike2 which includes sessions on winning strategies from Mahabharata, the magic of voice and accent, growing a business from Rs. 900 to Rs. 90 lacs, effective presentation skills, and winning approaches to retail selling.
2. It also includes segments on guest speakers from Aramex, Perna Global Logistics, and Billbachao in the "We Lounge" section and a list of trending news topics in the "News Wire" section.
3. The document provides an undertaking that the project work was conducted by the student as part of their coursework and was not sourced from any outside agency.
Green Home Construction Company (Pvt) Ltd will offer green home construction services in Bangladesh, targeting high and middle-income customers concerned about the environment. The business plan outlines the company's mission to provide affordable, high-quality green homes through sustainable materials and methods. Key aspects of the plan include market segmentation focused on urban areas, financial projections estimating increasing market share and sales, and compliance with Bangladeshi regulations for registering a private limited company.
This document provides information about a summer internship project conducted at Reliance Trends to study customer satisfaction and promotional activities. It includes an introduction, declaration, acknowledgements, executive summary and table of contents. The intern conducted primary and secondary research to assess customer satisfaction levels and ways to meet customer expectations. A questionnaire was used to collect data from 50 respondents in Bangalore, which was then analyzed using bar diagrams. The findings and recommendations from the research aim to help Reliance Trends improve customer satisfaction and drive more customers through effective promotional strategies.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in business and entrepreneurship including:
- Definitions of business, entrepreneur, revenue, profit, and loss.
- Examples of famous entrepreneurs like Bill Gates, Warren Buffet, Oprah Winfrey, and Steve Jobs.
- How businesses add to quality of life and standard of living through job creation and goods/services.
- Key factors that affect businesses like the economic, legal, technological, competitive, social, and global environments.
The document discusses a study on consumers' perceived value and buying behavior of store brands. It aims to provide an understanding of how consumers in Indonesia perceive store brand values and how this influences their buying behavior. The study uses various data analysis methods, including factor analysis and multiple linear regression, to analyze survey responses from 300 grocery shoppers in Jakarta. The findings show that consumers' perceived value contributes positively to their perceptions of store brands. Those with more knowledge and experience purchasing store brands have more positive perceptions, increasing the likelihood they will repurchase store brand products in the future. Demographic factors like income are also found to influence consumers' willingness to buy store brands over national brands.
Business environment means all of the internal and external factors that affect how the company functions including employees, customers, management, supply and demand and business regulations. An example of a part of a business environment is how well customers' expectations are met.
Business Economics
• According to Mc Nair and Meriam, Business economic consists of the use of economic modes of thought to analyse business situations. • Siegel man has defined business economic (or business economic) as the integration of economic theory with business practice for the purpose of facilitating decision-making and forward planning by management
The document is from Chanderprabhu Jain College and discusses various topics related to business studies. It covers definitions of business and what businesses do, different business objectives, the scope of business, and forms of business organization. It also discusses entrepreneurship and the entrepreneurial process, characteristics of entrepreneurs, and sources of business finance. The document appears to be course materials for a second semester business studies class covering various foundational business concepts.
Business Environment and Ethical Practices (BBA LLB 213 )cpjcollege
The objective of the course is to familiarize students with the different aspects of business environment and ethical practices to be adopted by organizations in conducting their business.
WHAT IS A SERVICE • It is the part of the product or the full product for which the customer is willing to see value and pay for it. • It is intangible. • It does not result in ownership. • It may or may not be attached with a physical product
WHAT IS A SERVICE • It is the part of the product or the full product for which the customer is willing to see value and pay for it. • It is intangible. • It does not result in ownership. • It may or may not be attached with a physical product • Health Care – hospital, medical practice, dentistry, eye care • Professional Services – accounting, legal, architectural • Financial Services – banking, investment advising, insurance • Hospitality – restaurant, hotel/motel, bed & breakfast • Travel – airline, travel agency, theme park
Business is influenced not only by what decisions are taken within the firm but also by the general business environment. General decisions are based on two factors : • External Factors : This includes all those factors which are outside the control of business. The firm can only make timely adjustment to these external factors. • Internal Factors : This includes all those factors which are within the control.
The document discusses key concepts in business economics and consumer behavior. It defines business economics as the integration of economic theory with business practice to facilitate management decision-making. Consumer behavior is analyzed using utility theory and indifference curve analysis. The law of demand, elasticity, and demand forecasting are also covered. Production factors, the production function, laws of returns to scale and variable proportions are explained in the context of the theory of the firm. Cost concepts like fixed vs variable costs are also introduced.
Business Economics
• According to Mc Nair and Meriam, Business economic consists of the use of economic modes of thought to analyse business situations. • Siegel man has defined business economic (or business economic) as the integration of economic theory with business practice for the purpose of facilitating decision-making and forward planning by management.
The document discusses key concepts in business economics including definitions of business economics, the scope of business economics, applications of business economics, economic concepts used, consumer behavior theory, demand analysis, production theory, costs, and market structures. It provides definitions and explanations of concepts such as utility, indifference curves, demand elasticity, production functions, laws of returns, and perfect competition. The document is serving as a reference material for a business economics course covering these fundamental topics.
UnitManagerial Economics for BbALlB.pptxDrAmitJain13
The document is a lesson plan for a course on Managerial Economics at Chanderprabhu Jain College. It covers several key topics in the introduction to managerial economics, including the circular flow of economic activity, the nature and objectives of firms, profit concepts, and the principal-agent problem. The document provides definitions and explanations of these fundamental economic concepts and how they relate to business decision making. It also outlines the contents to be covered in the unit on the introduction to managerial economics.
The document discusses the business environment and its types. It defines business environment as the set of external forces and factors that affect a business outside of its control. The business environment is categorized into internal environment and external environment. The internal environment includes factors within the firm's control like value systems and management. The external environment includes the micro environment of suppliers, customers, and competitors, as well as the macro environment of economic, political, technological, social, and global conditions.
Strategic Management
A set of managerial decisions and actions that determines the long-run performance of a corporation. Includes: Internal and external environment scanning Strategy formulation Strategy implementation Evaluation and control.
Definition of Values
• They are the ideas and beliefs about life that guide us to do what we do and be what we are… • They can be about: – Politics Family – Sex Friends – Religion Dishonesty – Being of service Taking Risks – Education Respect – Money Leisure
Strategic Management
A set of managerial decisions and actions that determines the long-run performance of a corporation. Includes: Internal and external environment scanning Strategy formulation Strategy implementation Evaluation and control.
Business Ethics And Corporate Social Responsibility cpjcollege
Definition of Values • They are the ideas and beliefs about life that guide us to do what we do and be what we are… • They can be about: – Politics Family – Sex Friends – Religion Dishonesty – Being of service Taking Risks – Education Respect – Money Leisure
Business Ethics And Corporate Social Responsibility cpjcollege
Different kinds of Values • Moral Values: – Values you hold for yourself but don’t force on others such as right vs. wrong, honesty vs. dishonesty, being of service to others • Aesthetic Values: – Personal standards of beauty as seen in nature, art, music, personal appearance • Performance Values: – Benchmarks you set for yourself such as accuracy, speed, reward for achievement, self-discipline and overall accomplishment
Definition of Globalization
The broadening set of interdependent relationships among people from different parts of a world that happens to be divided into nations.
International Business Meaning
• International business consists of trades and transactions at a global level. These include the trade of goods, services, technology, capital and/or knowledge."International business" is also defined as the study of the internationalization process of multinational enterprises.
The document is a lecture note on basic concepts of taxation from Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law. It defines key terms like taxes, direct and indirect taxes, income, assessment year, financial year. It distinguishes between capital and revenue receipts and discusses the differences between direct and indirect taxes. It also explains the concepts of application of income versus diversion of income and gives examples. Finally, it provides an overview of the different sections related to assessment under the Income Tax Act.
Socio-Legal Dimensions of Gender (LLB-507 & 509 )cpjcollege
This paper intends to sensitize the students about the changing
dimensions of gender and also familiarizes them with the subtle manifestations of inequality rooted in our society.
The objective of the paper is to apprise the students with the laws relating to marriage, dissolution, matrimonial remedies, adoption, contemporary trends in family institutions in India, in particular the Hindus and Muslims.
Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) [LLB -309] cpjcollege
Alternative Dispute Resolution has become the primary means by which cases are resolved now days, especially commercial, business disputes. It has emerged as the preferred method for resolving civil cases, with litigation as a last resort. Alternative Dispute Resolution provides an overview of the statutory, procedural, and case law underlining these processes and their interplay with litigation. A significant theme is the evolving role of
professional ethics for attorneys operating in non-adversarial settings. Clients and courts increasingly express a preference for attorneys who are skilled not only in litigation but in problem-solving, which costs the clients less in terms of time, money and relationship. The law of ADR also provides an introduction to negotiation and mediation theory.
Environmental Studies and Environmental Laws (: LLB -301)cpjcollege
The objective of this paper is to acquaint the students with the environmental issues and the measures taken for its protection along with the norms prevailing at international and national
level
The paper will focus on the civil procedures followed in instituting a suit. The students will be familiarised with certain important concepts and practical skill development activity will provide insights into the actual working of the court procedures.
The objective of this paper is to provide an understanding of basic concepts of Indian Constitution and various organs created by the Constitution and their functions.
The document discusses various topics related to corporate law including types of companies, forms of business organization, shares, debentures, and securities. It provides information on sole proprietorships, partnerships, corporations, limited liability companies (LLCs), and different types of companies such as private companies and public companies. The document also defines key terms like shares, share capital, debentures, debenture bonds, and classifications of company securities.
It is an indispensable complementary part of our legal system without the study of which no advocate is suitably equipped with the basic requisites required to go to the court.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in international relations discussed in a political science class, including:
- Democracy and its key principles such as majority rule, protection of minority rights, and consent of the governed.
- Federalism and its features such as division of powers between central and state/provincial governments.
- The parliamentary system in India and features such as a ceremonial head of state, executive drawn from the legislature, and collective responsibility of ministers.
- Concepts in international relations like power, sovereignty, and the elements and limitations of national power, including international law, morality, and world public opinion.
This paper focuses on various aspects of health care law including the constitutional perspective, obligations, and negligence of medical professionals and remedies available to
consumers of health care.
The object of this paper is to focus on land reforms in India, Constitutional provisions related to land reforms, Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation, and Resettlement Act,2013, Urban Real Estate Development Laws and the Provisions of the Rent Laws under the
Delhi Rent Control Act, 1958.
The document provides information about human resource management (HRM) including definitions of HRM, its components, nature, scope, importance, evolution, policies, challenges, and trends. It also discusses the differences between personnel management and HRM as well as HRM and strategic HRM. Additionally, it covers topics related to human resource planning such as meaning, importance, job analysis, and future personnel needs. The document appears to be lecture notes on an introduction to HRM course provided by Ms. Pallavi Sharma.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
1. Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
Second semester
Marketing Management
Marketing Environment
2. Marketing Environment
Philip Kotler :
“A company marketing environment consists
of the factors and forces that affect the
company’s ability to develop and maintain
successful transactions and relationships with
its target customers”.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
3. 3
Marketing Environment
Micro environment Macro environment
Internal environment
Organization Suppliers Demographic
Customers Competitors Economic
Public Intermediaries Technological
Political & legal
Natural
Socio-cultural
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
4. 4
Suppliers
• Supply raw materials, plant and equipments, human
resources, technology.
• Their strategies affect ours as if they increase prices,
we have to revise price structure.
• Decisions like ‘make or buy’ depend upon suppliers.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
5. 5
Intermediaries
• Wholesalers, retailers, agents, transporters, etc.
• This is a choice of channel of distribution.
• An intermediary (or go-between) is a third
party that offers intermediation services between
two parties.
• For example, banks act as intermediaries between
depositors seeking interest income and borrowers
seeking debt capital.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
6. 6
Customers
• Purchase requirements vary from customer to
customer.
• Dealers buy for resale.
• Government buys for public welfare, defence.
• Individual customers are influenced by cultural,
social and psychological factors.
• They are large in number, scattered, poorly informed,
buy in small quantities and frequently are guided by
personal considerations.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
7. 7
Competitors
• Supply similar products or substitute products.
• Competitors adopt different actions for getting
greater share of markets.
• All firms compete with each other for
consumers buying power.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
8. 8
Public
• Financial public: financial institutions, investment houses,
insurance company.
• Government public
• Citizen action public: consumer organizations, environmental
groups, minority groups, etc.
• General public: public image
• Internal public: Employees, Board, labour unions, press and
media.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
9. 9
Macro environment
Economic
Economic forces influence both marketers and the
consumers.
Economic forces include –
• Competition – monopoly, oligopoly
• Buying power
• Willingness to spend
A change in economic policies like Fiscal policy, interest
rate, price levels etc creates an impact on business.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
10. 10
Demography
• Demography gives ‘consumer profile’.
• It is the study of population in respect of its size,
density, location, age, race, occupation, marital status,
education, sex composition etc.
• All these factors influence marketing decisions.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
11. 11
Demography - continued
• Buying habits are determined by income, education,
age, family composition and other demographic
factors.
• 75% of population lives in villages.
• Education level is increasing- Women as decision
makers in ads.
• It helps in - Market segmentation, demand
forecasting, determination of market potential.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
12. 12
Technology
• It has a definite impact on buyers and marketers decisions.
• It provides mechanical, physical and numerous other processes
which help in attaining higher standard of living.
• It has adverse effects like pollution, unemployment, increase
in crime rate, etc.
• Marketers must be aware of new developments in technology.
• Technology creates both wonders and weapons.
• For example:- Wonders - Laptops, Digital watches
Weapons – Atomic bomb, Nuclear missiles.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
13. Political Environment
• Government actions which affects the operations of a company
or business.
• These actions may be on local, regional, national or
international level.
• Business owners and managers pay close attention to
the political environment to gauge how government actions
will affect their company.
• For Example – Employees salary acc. to 6th Pay Commission.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
14. Natural Environment
• Natural Forces involves the natural resources that are needed
as inputs by marketers or that are affected by marketing
activities.
• Natural Environment Trends: -
• Shortage of raw materials – Limited quantities of non-
renewable resources.
• Increased pollution – Waste disposal, air/water pollutants.
• Environmentally sustainable strategies – GREEN movement.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
15. Social Environment
• Social responsibility has crept into the marketing
literature as an alternative to the market concept.
• Socially responsible marketing is that business firms
should take the lead in eliminating socially harmful
products
• For Example – Employment generation, Providing
quality goods at reasonable prices.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
16. Socio-Cultural Environment
• The socio-cultural environment involves forces that
affect our values, beliefs, perceptions and behaviour.
• Culture is a broad phenomenon and comprises of
different elements including:-
➢ Social institutions
➢ Religious groups
➢ Families, friends, Occupation, Interest groups.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
17. Introduction
• We need to set price when we have a new product, or
when we enter a new market with an existing product
• The term price denotes money value of a product. It
represents the amount of money for which a product
can be exchanged.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
18. Significance of Pricing
• Price is an important element of marketing mix of a
firm.
• Pricing policy of a firm is a major determinant of its
success.
• Pricing strategy effects the competitive strength of a
firm.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
19. Pricing and Consumer Psychology
• Reference price- Customers hadly remember exact price of
any product. They perceive price on the basis of internal
reference (Memory and previous experience) or external
reference ( Price of the other products that are kept together in
the store).
• Price-Quality Inferences- Higher is the price of the product
higher is the its perceived quality.
• Price Cues:- Product whose price ends in 9 that is 1999 or
1599 gives a cue to the customer that the seller is offering a
discount or they assume price to be at lower side. Price that
ends in a Zero are easy for customers to remember.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
20. Pricing Process
• Selecting the pricing objective
• Determining demand
• Estimating costs
• Analyzing competitors – costs, prices, offers
• Selecting a pricing method
• Selecting the final price
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
21. Setting the pricing objective
• Profit objectives e.g.
– Survival
– Maximisation of profit.
• Volume objectives e.g.
– Market share growth
• Other objectives e.g.
– Match competitors’ price
– Non-price competition
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
22. Determining Demand
Each price will lead to a different level of demand and have a
different impact on a company’s marketing objectives.
Demand and price are inversely related i.e.
Higher the price, lower the demand
Company needs to consider :-
• Price sensitivity
• Price elasticity of demand
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
23. What is price elasticity?
• This determines the changes in demand with unit
change in price
• If there is little or no change in demand, it is said to
be price inelastic.
• If there is significant change in demand, then it is said
to be price elastic.
23
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
24. Demand is likely to be less elastic when
• There are few or no substitutes.
• Frequent or occasional purchase of products.
• Buyers are slow to change their buying habits.
• Buyers think that the higher prices are justified.
24
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
25. Demand Curve
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
26. Selecting a Pricing Method
• Pricing Methods can be classified into four different categories
• Demand Oriented pricing
• Cost oriented pricing
• Competition or market driven pricing
• Value based pricing
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
27. Demand Oriented Pricing
• Demand oriented pricing as the name suggests uses the
customer demand to set up the price in the market. We first
determine the customer’s willingness to pay for any good or
service.
• A high price is charged when the demand is high and a low
price is charged when the demand is low. In case of service,
high price is maintained during the peak hours and vice-versa.
• Example- Rajdhani and flights
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
28. Cost-Oriented Pricing
Cost-Plus Pricing
• Most common cost-based approach
• Marketer figures all costs for the product and then adds desired
profit per unit
– price is calculated by adding a pre-determined percentage
to the cost
Steps in cost-plus pricing
• Estimate unit cost
• Calculate Profit
– Calculate profit on cost
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
29. Cost Plus Pricing Excerpt
• Fixed costs = $2,000,000
• Number of Shoes produced = 400,000
• Fixed costs per unit = $5
• Variable costs per unit = $15
• Profit as % of costs = 25%
Cost- Plus Pricing
– Price = total cost + (total cost * markup percentage)
– Price = $20 + ($20 * .25) = $20 + $5 = $25
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
30. Competition or Market based Pricing
• Prices based on those of a competitor rather than
on consumer’s demand and one's own costs.
• Ex- Pepsi and Coke.
• Customary price- There are certain products for which
customary price level exists. For example sweets (Toffee-2 for
Rs 1). A selller has to adjust his product cost by any mean to
reach this customary price. If a seller is asking a higher price
for its product than that of customary, the demand for such
product may decrease.
• Competition pricing leads to price wars which is a non
profitable situation.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
31. Cost-oriented v/s. Value oriented Pricing
• Cost-Oriented Pricing
• Price is determined on
the basis of cost.
• A reasonable margin of
profit is added to the
cost of production.
• Applicable for non
branded products.
• Simple to apply as it is
easy to estimate cost.
• Value-Oriented Pricing
• Price is determined on the
basis of buyer’s perceived
evaluation of the product.
• A higher margin of profit
is added.
• Generally applicable for
branded products.
• Complex method as it is
hard to identify buyer’s
perception of value.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
32. Pricing Strategies
• Competitive Pricing
• Penetration pricing
• Market Skimming Pricing
• Follow the leader pricing.
• Discriminatory or Dual Pricing
• Premium or prestige pricing
• Psychological Pricing
• Geographic Pricing
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
33. Market Penetration Pricing Strategy
• Price is fixed below the competitive level to attain a
higher market share and to gain the popularity of the
brand.
• Can be used at the time of introduction of the
product. It ensures higher volume of sales.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
34. Market Penetration Pricing Strategy
• Aggressive market strategy and is likely to be successful under
the following condition
• Product has a highly elastic demand
• Production is carried out on a large scale to achieve low cost
of production per unit.
• There is a strong competition in the market.
Merits
• Higher sales volume is achieved.
• Helps in developing brand preference.
• Discourage entry of new substitute.
• Helps in fighting the main competitors.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
35. Market Skimming Pricing Strategy
• Higher prices are charged during the initial stage of a
new product.
• Demand is likely to be more inelastic with respect to
price.
• Promotional expenses are quite high.
• Strategy is adopted to skim the cream of the market
that is relatively insensitive to price.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
36. Pricing Strategies
• Keep-out Pricing- It aims at discouraging the other substitutes
from entering the market by offering product at a cost which
is even less than its actual cost of production and distribution.
• Follow the Leader Pricing- A pricing strategy in which a
business sets the price of its product and service offerings to be
the same as its largest competitor. A follow-the-leader price
strategy can entail either raising or lowering the price. The
competitor may choose to counter this strategy by continually
raising and lowering prices to make matching difficult.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
37. Pricing Strategies
• Discriminatory or dual pricing strategy- Offering different
pricing in different countries with different currency. It also
includes offering different price in the same country.
• Discrimination can be charging maximum that each customer
is willing to pay.
• Discrimination can be on the basis of units of product
purchase.
• Discrimination can be on the basis of consumer group.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
38. Geographical Pricing
• Same product priced differently for consumers
located at different geographies.
• Pricing includes transportation cost.
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39. The Role of Marketing Channels in
Marketing Strategy
– Facilitate the exchange process by cutting the
number of contacts necessary
– Adjust for discrepancies in the market’s assortment
of goods and services via sorting
– Standardize exchange transactions
– Facilitate searches by both buyers and sellers
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40. Types of Marketing Channels
• Marketing channel: system of marketing
institutions that promotes the physical flow of
goods and services, along with ownership title,
from producers to consumer or business user; also
called a distribution channel
• Marketing intermediary: wholesaler or retailer
that operates between producers and consumers or
business users; also called a middleman
• Wholesaler: marketing intermediary that takes
title to goods and then distributes these goods
further; also called a jobber or distributor
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41. Types of Marketing Channels
Consumer Goods
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42. Types of Marketing Channels
Business Goods
Services
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43. Channels Using Marketing Intermediaries
– Producer to wholesaler to retailer to consumer
– Producer to wholesaler to business user
– Producer to agent to wholesaler to retailer to
consumer
– Producer to agent to wholesaler to business user
– Producer to agent to business user
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44. 13-44
• Factors influencing Marketing Channel Strategies
Characteristics of Short
Channels
Characteristics of Long
Channels
Market
factors
Business users Consumers
Geographically concentrated Geographically diverse
Extensive technical knowledge
and regular servicing required
Little technical knowledge and
regular servicing not required
Large orders Small orders
Product
factors
Perishable Durable
Complex Standardized
Expensive Inexpensive
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45. 13-45
Characteristics of Short
Channels
Characteristics of Long
Channels
Producer
factors
Manufacturer has adequate
resources to perform
channel functions
Manufacturer lacks adequate
resources to perform
channel functions
Broad product line Channel control important
Limited product line Channel control not
important
Competitive
factors
Manufacturing feels
satisfied with marketing
intermediaries’ performance
in promoting products
Manufacturer feels
dissatisfied with marketing
intermediaries’ performance
in promoting products
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46. • Determining Distribution Intensity
– Distribution intensity: number of intermediaries
through which a manufacturer distributes its
goods.
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47. • Intensive distribution: channel policy in which a
manufacturer of a convenience product attempts to
saturate the market.
• Selective distribution: channel policy in which a
firm chooses only a limited number of retailers to
handle its product line.
• Exclusive distribution: channel policy in which a
firm grants exclusive rights to a single wholesaler or
retailer to sell its products in a particular geographic
area.
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48. Major Modes of Transportation
– Railroads
– Motor Carriers
– Water Carriers
– Pipelines
– Air Freight
– Freight Forwarders and Supplemental Carriers
– Intermodal Coordination
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49. • Comparison of Transport Modes
Mode Speed Depend-
ability in
Meeting
Schedules
Frequency
of
Shipments
Availabil-
ity in
Different
Locations
Flexibility
in
Handling
Cost
Rail Average Average Low Low High Average
Water Very slow Average Very low Limited Very high Very low
Truck Fast High High Very
extensive
Average High
Pipeline Slow High High Very
limited
Very low Low
Air Very fast High Average Average Low Very high
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50. • Protective Packaging and Materials Handling
– Materials Handling: set of activities that
move production inputs and other goods within
plants, warehouses, and transportation
terminals.
• Unitizing: process of combining individual
materials into large loads for easy handling.
• Containerization: process of combining
several unitized loads into a single, well-
protected load.
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51. Rural Marketing
• Indian economy is rural economy. Therefore, India
has a lot scope for rural markets. The Indian economy
can be classified into rural and urban sector.
• Rural sector again can be classified into agricultural
and non-agricultural sectors. Crop cultivation, animal
husbandry, dairying, fisheries, poultry and forestry
are coming under agricultural sector.
• Industry, business and services come under non-
agricultural sector.
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52. Scope of Rural Marketing
• Rural marketing has two major areas, namely,
• marketing of agricultural products, from rural to urban areas,
• marketing of manufactured goods and services in rural areas.
• In other words, rural marketing is a two-way marketing
process. One is the flow of goods from rural to urban areas and
the other one is flow of goods and services from urban to rural
areas.
• Rural marketing also includes the flow of goods and services
within the rural areas itself. The rural to urban transactions
include the agricultural products like food gains, oilseeds,
cotton, sugarcane, tobacco, etc.
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53. Scope (Contd.)
• The urban to rural transactions cover the goods and
services of all agricultural inputs. Fertilizers,
pesticides, seeds, tractors, consumer durables like
radio, bicycle, mopeds, electrical and electronic
goods, etc. are transacted from urban to rural.
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54. Features/ Characteristics of Indian
Rural Markets
• India is a peculiar country in the world. People from different
religion, culture, and race live together. Therefore, Indian rural
markets have some special features. The important features of
Indian rural market are given below:
• ➢ Large, Diverse and Scattered Market: Rural market in
India is large, and scattered into a number of regions. There
may be less number of shops available to market products.
• ➢ Major Income of Rural consumers is from Agriculture:
Rural Prosperity is tied with agriculture prosperity. In the
event of a crop failure, the income of the rural masses is
directly affected.
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55. • ➢ Standard of Living and Rising Disposable Income of the
Rural Customers: It is known that majority of the rural
population lives below poverty line and has low literacy rate,
low per capita income, societal backwardness, low savings,
etc. But the new tax structure, good monsoon, government
regulation on pricing has created disposable incomes. Today
the rural customer spends money to get value and is aware of
the happening around him.
• ➢ Traditional Outlook: Villages develop slowly and have a
traditional outlook. Change is a continuous process but most
rural people accept change gradually. This is gradually
changing due to literacy especially in the youth who have
begun to change the outlook in the villages.
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56. • ➢ Rising literacy levels: It is documented that approximately
45% of rural Indians are literate. Hence awareness has
increased and the farmers are well-informed about the world
around them. They are also educating themselves on the new
technology around them and aspiring for a better lifestyle.
• ➢ Diverse Socioeconomic background: Due to dispersion of
geographical areas and uneven land fertility, rural people have
disparate socioeconomic background, which ultimately affects
the rural market.
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57. • ➢ Infrastructure Facilities: The infrastructure
facilities like cemented roads, warehouses,
communication system, and financial facilities are
inadequate in rural areas.
• Hence physical distribution is a challenge to marketers
who have to find innovative ways to market their
products. As part of planned economic development,
the government is making continuous efforts towards
rural development.
• In this age of liberalization, privatization and
globalization, rural market offers a big attraction to the
marketers to explore markets that are untapped.
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58. Challenges or Roadblocks of Indian
Rural Markets
• There are several roadblocks that make it difficult to progress
in the rural market.. The major problems are listed below.
• 1. Standard of Living: The number of people below the
poverty line is more in rural markets. Thus the market is also
underdeveloped and marketing strategies have to be different
from those used in urban marketing.
• 2. Low Literacy Levels: The low literacy levels in rural areas
leads to a problem of communication. Print media has less
utility compared to the other media of communication.
• 3. Low Per Capita Income: Agriculture is the main source of
income and hence spending capacity depends upon the
agriculture produce. Demand may not be stable or regular.
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59. 4. Transportation and Warehousing: Transportation is one of the biggest
challenges in rural markets. As far as road transportation is concerned,
about 50% of Indian villages are connected by roads.
• However, the rest of the rural markets do not even have a proper road
linkage which makes physical distribution a tough task. Many villages are
located in hilly terrains that make it difficult to connect them through roads.
• Most marketers use tractors or bullock carts in rural areas to distribute their
products.
• Warehousing is another major problem in rural areas, as there is hardly any
organized agency to look after the storage issue. The services rendered by
central warehousing corporation and state warehousing corporations are
limited only to urban and suburban areas.
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60. 5. Ineffective Distribution Channels The distribution chain is
not very well organized and requires a large number of
intermediaries, which in turn increases the cost and creates
administrative problems.
Due to lack of proper infrastructure, manufacturers are reluctant
to open outlets in these areas. They are mainly dependent on
dealers, who are not easily available for rural areas. This is a
challenge to the marketers.
6. Many Languages and Diversity in Culture Factors like
cultural congruence, different behavior and language of the
respective areas make it difficult to handle the customers.
Traits among the sales force are required to match the various
requirements of these specific areas.
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61. 7. Lack of Effective Communication System: Quick
communication is the need of the hour for smooth
conduct of business, but it continues to be a far cry in
rural areas due to lack of communication facilities
like telegraph and telecommunication systems etc.
8. Spurious Brands: Cost is an important factor that
determines purchasing decision in rural areas. A lot of
spurious brands or look-alikes are available,
providing a low cost option to the rural customer.
Many a time the rural customer may not be aware of
the difference due to illiteracy.
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62. 9. Seasonal Demand: Demand may be seasonal due to
dependency on agricultural income. Harvest season
might see an increase in disposable income and hence
more purchasing power.
10. Dispersed Markets: Rural population is highly
dispersed and requires a lot of marketing efforts in
terms of distribution and communication. The entire
points discussed above offer challenges to the
marketer.
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63. Solutions to Problems of Rural Markets
• To solve the problems of rural markets in India, the following
suggestions can be used by marketers.
• 1. Regarding the problems of physical distribution, the
marketer may have a joint network of stockiest/ clearing-
cum-forwarding (C&F) agents at strategic location for
facilitation of physical distribution for its products in the rural
market.
• The main advantage of this scheme is that the costs of physical
distribution can be shared by the companies and stockists. The
combination of different modes of transport based on
availability of trucks will be beneficial to the companies.
64. • Presently, bullock-cart plays a very vital role in rural
distribution where the roads are not available. Some of the
leading companies use delivery vans in rural areas for
resolving the distribution problems in rural market.
• The delivery van takes the products to the retail shops in every
corner of the rural market and it enables the company to
establish direct sales contact with majority of the rural
consumers which helps in sales promotion.
• 2. The rural market is composed of a number of retail sales
outlets along with fair price shops under the public distribution
system.
• Fertilizer companies have opened their outlets for proper
distribution of fertilizer among the farmers. Similarly, the
companies dealing in consumer goods can apply this model.
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65. • It is suggested that the government should encourage private
shopkeepers and cooperative stores to come forward and
establish their business in rural areas instead of the weekly
market known as weekly bazaar.
3. To solve the problems of sales force management, it is
suggested that the company takes due care in the recruitment
and selection of sales people because the traits they require are
different from urban and suburban sales persons.
• For the rural markets, only those sales people should be
considered for selections who are willing to work in rural
areas. They must be aware of the local language and must have
the patience to deal with rural customers and can discharge the
duties of a bare-footed salesman.
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66. • Administration of such a large and scattered sales force,
supervising and supporting them in sales calls, guiding them,
attending to their official and personal problems, and
motivating them for better results should be an exacting task
for the sales manager. Thus, the people operating in rural areas
should invariably be from the rural background and should
have a missionary zeal to serve the rural masses.
4. With reference to marketing communication in rural areas, the
company should use organized media-mix like TV, Radio,
cinema and POP (point of purchase). Television is gaining
popularity in the rural areas but due to poor supply of
electricity, radio is performing significantly better.
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67. • Since, the rural people need demonstration, short feature films
with disguised advertisement messages, direct advertisement
films and documentaries that combine knowledge and
advertisements will perform better rural marketing
communication.
• Here the companies may also use audiovisual publicity vans,
which may sell the products with promotion campaign. To
attract the rural consumers, companies can organize village
fairs, dance and drama shows, group meetings to convince the
rural consumers about the products and services. In most
Indian villages, there are some opinion leaders.
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68. • For the rural markets, only those sales people should
be preferred for selection who is willing to work in
rural areas like Sarpanch, Pradhan and other elderly
persons. They can be approached by the marketers to
propagate their messages; these persons can prove to
be effective communicators within the rural masses.
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69. Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
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