Marketing Environment is the combination of external and internal factors and forces which affect the company's ability to establish a relationship and serve its customers. The marketing environment of a business consists of an internal and an external environment.
Marketing Environment
Philip Kotler : “A company marketing environment consists of the factors and forces that affect the company’s ability to develop and maintain successful transactions and relationships with its target customers”.
Service Marketing Environment All organizations operate within the marketing environment. The marketing environment is made up of two parts – • Macro environment • Micro environment
FellowBuddy.com is a platform which has been setup with a simple vision, keeping in mind the dynamic requirements of students.
Our Vision & Mission - Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief - “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom-446240585585480
Marketing Environment
Philip Kotler : “A company marketing environment consists of the factors and forces that affect the company’s ability to develop and maintain successful transactions and relationships with its target customers”.
Service Marketing Environment All organizations operate within the marketing environment. The marketing environment is made up of two parts – • Macro environment • Micro environment
FellowBuddy.com is a platform which has been setup with a simple vision, keeping in mind the dynamic requirements of students.
Our Vision & Mission - Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief - “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom-446240585585480
Hi Friends
This is supa bouy
I am a mentor, Friend for all Management Aspirants, Any query related to anything in Management, Do write me @ supabuoy@gmail.com.
I will try to assist the best way I can.
Cheers to lyf…!!!
Supa Bouy
Annamalai MBA 2nd Year Assignment Questions (2021- 2022) Solved Call 902581...palaniappann
Sir/ Madam
Prof.Dr.N.Palaniappan.,MBA.,MCom.,MPhil.,PhD. has 15 years of teaching experience in MBA Business schools. For last fifteen years Prof.Dr.N.Palaniappan.,MBA.,MCom.,MPhil.,PhD has taught various subjects from Marketing, Finance, Human Resource Management, Information Systems, International Business and General Specializations. He has written many research papers and case studies.
Prof.Dr.N.Palaniappan.,MBA.,MCom.,MPhil.,PhD organizes online MBA subject coaching / MBA Assignment help and MBA Project help. Many clients national and international has appreciated Prof.Dr.N.Palaniappan.,MBA., MCom.,MPhil.,PhD for his timely help in the assignments and projects and MBA subject coaching.
You can call him on his mobile no. 9025810064 (whatsapp available) or mail him at palaniappanmail@gmail.com. He does help/guide for the below question. If urgent or any query’s, Please feel free to call him on his mobile no. 9025810064 (whatsapp available) or do mail on palaniappanmail@gmail.com. He does help/guide for the below question
Contact:
Prof.Dr.N.Palaniappan.,MBA.,MCom.,MPhil.,PhD
Mail ID: palaniappanmail@gmail.com
Ph: - 9025810064 (whatsapp available)
Entrepreneurship development & recognizing opportunitiesJubayer Alam Shoikat
Entrepreneurship Development & Recognizing Opportunities. entrepreneurship development & recognizing opportu
,
entrepreneurship development & recognizing opportu
,
innovation and entrepreneurship
,
tactics/ strategies for identifying opportunities
,
identify problems and needs
,
research demographics
,
lifestyles
,
and habits
,
watching trends
,
: social forces
,
economic forces
,
first approach: observing trends
,
cognitive factors
,
social networks
,
creativity
,
full view of the opportunity recognition process
,
third approach: finding gaps in the marketplace
,
second approach: solving a problem
,
establish a personal network
,
entry strategies
,
political action and regulatory changes2 of 2
,
technological advances
,
what is an opportunity?
,
three ways to identify an opportunity
,
brainstorming
,
focus groups
,
library and internet research
,
other techniques
,
creative sources of ideas
,
watch for demographic changes
Training, Development & Conflict Management of BEXIMCO Textiles LimitedFaheem Hasan
This is the defense presentation based on my project work/thesis report entitled "Training, Development & Conflict Management of BEXIMCO Textiles Limited". I want to thank my honorable supervisor, coordinator, some teachers, seniors and my dearest friends for supporting me in this regard. If you need any sort of help or preparation for your defense presentation, then you can take assistance from this presentation. Good Luck !!
Business environment means all of the internal and external factors that affect how the company functions including employees, customers, management, supply and demand and business regulations. An example of a part of a business environment is how well customers' expectations are met.
What is Business
• A business is usually defined as a commercial enterprise • Some are run by only one person who carry out all of the required functions • Others employ thousands of people and provide goods and services to people all over the world • Each business can be defined or described by its type of ownership, the goods produced or services offered, the types of jobs provided, or the functions it performs in a community.
Business Environment and Ethical Practices (BBA LLB 213 )cpjcollege
The objective of the course is to familiarize students with the different aspects of business environment and ethical practices to be adopted by organizations in conducting their business.
WHAT IS A SERVICE • It is the part of the product or the full product for which the customer is willing to see value and pay for it. • It is intangible. • It does not result in ownership. • It may or may not be attached with a physical product
WHAT IS A SERVICE • It is the part of the product or the full product for which the customer is willing to see value and pay for it. • It is intangible. • It does not result in ownership. • It may or may not be attached with a physical product • Health Care – hospital, medical practice, dentistry, eye care • Professional Services – accounting, legal, architectural • Financial Services – banking, investment advising, insurance • Hospitality – restaurant, hotel/motel, bed & breakfast • Travel – airline, travel agency, theme park
Business is influenced not only by what decisions are taken within the firm but also by the general business environment. General decisions are based on two factors : • External Factors : This includes all those factors which are outside the control of business. The firm can only make timely adjustment to these external factors. • Internal Factors : This includes all those factors which are within the control.
Scope of business economics, no uniformity of views exists among various authors. However, the following aspects are said to generally fall under business economics.
1. Demand Analysis and Forecasting
2. Cost and production Analysis.
3. Pricing Decisions, policies and practices.
4. Profit Management.
5. Capital Management.
Hi Friends
This is supa bouy
I am a mentor, Friend for all Management Aspirants, Any query related to anything in Management, Do write me @ supabuoy@gmail.com.
I will try to assist the best way I can.
Cheers to lyf…!!!
Supa Bouy
Annamalai MBA 2nd Year Assignment Questions (2021- 2022) Solved Call 902581...palaniappann
Sir/ Madam
Prof.Dr.N.Palaniappan.,MBA.,MCom.,MPhil.,PhD. has 15 years of teaching experience in MBA Business schools. For last fifteen years Prof.Dr.N.Palaniappan.,MBA.,MCom.,MPhil.,PhD has taught various subjects from Marketing, Finance, Human Resource Management, Information Systems, International Business and General Specializations. He has written many research papers and case studies.
Prof.Dr.N.Palaniappan.,MBA.,MCom.,MPhil.,PhD organizes online MBA subject coaching / MBA Assignment help and MBA Project help. Many clients national and international has appreciated Prof.Dr.N.Palaniappan.,MBA., MCom.,MPhil.,PhD for his timely help in the assignments and projects and MBA subject coaching.
You can call him on his mobile no. 9025810064 (whatsapp available) or mail him at palaniappanmail@gmail.com. He does help/guide for the below question. If urgent or any query’s, Please feel free to call him on his mobile no. 9025810064 (whatsapp available) or do mail on palaniappanmail@gmail.com. He does help/guide for the below question
Contact:
Prof.Dr.N.Palaniappan.,MBA.,MCom.,MPhil.,PhD
Mail ID: palaniappanmail@gmail.com
Ph: - 9025810064 (whatsapp available)
Entrepreneurship development & recognizing opportunitiesJubayer Alam Shoikat
Entrepreneurship Development & Recognizing Opportunities. entrepreneurship development & recognizing opportu
,
entrepreneurship development & recognizing opportu
,
innovation and entrepreneurship
,
tactics/ strategies for identifying opportunities
,
identify problems and needs
,
research demographics
,
lifestyles
,
and habits
,
watching trends
,
: social forces
,
economic forces
,
first approach: observing trends
,
cognitive factors
,
social networks
,
creativity
,
full view of the opportunity recognition process
,
third approach: finding gaps in the marketplace
,
second approach: solving a problem
,
establish a personal network
,
entry strategies
,
political action and regulatory changes2 of 2
,
technological advances
,
what is an opportunity?
,
three ways to identify an opportunity
,
brainstorming
,
focus groups
,
library and internet research
,
other techniques
,
creative sources of ideas
,
watch for demographic changes
Training, Development & Conflict Management of BEXIMCO Textiles LimitedFaheem Hasan
This is the defense presentation based on my project work/thesis report entitled "Training, Development & Conflict Management of BEXIMCO Textiles Limited". I want to thank my honorable supervisor, coordinator, some teachers, seniors and my dearest friends for supporting me in this regard. If you need any sort of help or preparation for your defense presentation, then you can take assistance from this presentation. Good Luck !!
Business environment means all of the internal and external factors that affect how the company functions including employees, customers, management, supply and demand and business regulations. An example of a part of a business environment is how well customers' expectations are met.
What is Business
• A business is usually defined as a commercial enterprise • Some are run by only one person who carry out all of the required functions • Others employ thousands of people and provide goods and services to people all over the world • Each business can be defined or described by its type of ownership, the goods produced or services offered, the types of jobs provided, or the functions it performs in a community.
Business Environment and Ethical Practices (BBA LLB 213 )cpjcollege
The objective of the course is to familiarize students with the different aspects of business environment and ethical practices to be adopted by organizations in conducting their business.
WHAT IS A SERVICE • It is the part of the product or the full product for which the customer is willing to see value and pay for it. • It is intangible. • It does not result in ownership. • It may or may not be attached with a physical product
WHAT IS A SERVICE • It is the part of the product or the full product for which the customer is willing to see value and pay for it. • It is intangible. • It does not result in ownership. • It may or may not be attached with a physical product • Health Care – hospital, medical practice, dentistry, eye care • Professional Services – accounting, legal, architectural • Financial Services – banking, investment advising, insurance • Hospitality – restaurant, hotel/motel, bed & breakfast • Travel – airline, travel agency, theme park
Business is influenced not only by what decisions are taken within the firm but also by the general business environment. General decisions are based on two factors : • External Factors : This includes all those factors which are outside the control of business. The firm can only make timely adjustment to these external factors. • Internal Factors : This includes all those factors which are within the control.
Scope of business economics, no uniformity of views exists among various authors. However, the following aspects are said to generally fall under business economics.
1. Demand Analysis and Forecasting
2. Cost and production Analysis.
3. Pricing Decisions, policies and practices.
4. Profit Management.
5. Capital Management.
Business Economics
• According to Mc Nair and Meriam, Business economic consists of the use of economic modes of thought to analyse business situations. • Siegel man has defined business economic (or business economic) as the integration of economic theory with business practice for the purpose of facilitating decision-making and forward planning by management
Business Economics
• According to Mc Nair and Meriam, Business economic consists of the use of economic modes of thought to analyse business situations. • Siegel man has defined business economic (or business economic) as the integration of economic theory with business practice for the purpose of facilitating decision-making and forward planning by management.
Business Economics
• According to Mc Nair and Meriam, Business economic consists of the use of economic modes of thought to analyse business situations. • Siegel man has defined business economic (or business economic) as the integration of economic theory with business practice for the purpose of facilitating decision-making and forward planning by management.
Strategic Management
A set of managerial decisions and actions that determines the long-run performance of a corporation. Includes: Internal and external environment scanning Strategy formulation Strategy implementation Evaluation and control.
Strategic Management
A set of managerial decisions and actions that determines the long-run performance of a corporation. Includes: Internal and external environment scanning Strategy formulation Strategy implementation Evaluation and control.
Definition of Values
• They are the ideas and beliefs about life that guide us to do what we do and be what we are… • They can be about: – Politics Family – Sex Friends – Religion Dishonesty – Being of service Taking Risks – Education Respect – Money Leisure
Business Ethics And Corporate Social Responsibility cpjcollege
Definition of Values • They are the ideas and beliefs about life that guide us to do what we do and be what we are… • They can be about: – Politics Family – Sex Friends – Religion Dishonesty – Being of service Taking Risks – Education Respect – Money Leisure
Business Ethics And Corporate Social Responsibility cpjcollege
Different kinds of Values • Moral Values: – Values you hold for yourself but don’t force on others such as right vs. wrong, honesty vs. dishonesty, being of service to others • Aesthetic Values: – Personal standards of beauty as seen in nature, art, music, personal appearance • Performance Values: – Benchmarks you set for yourself such as accuracy, speed, reward for achievement, self-discipline and overall accomplishment
Definition of Globalization
The broadening set of interdependent relationships among people from different parts of a world that happens to be divided into nations.
Macroeconomics is the branch of economics that studies the behavior and performance of an economy as a whole. It focuses on the aggregate changes in the economy such as unemployment, growth rate, gross domestic product and inflation.
To understand the concept of Taxation, heads of income, including foreign income assessment procedures, adjudication and settlement of tax disputes are the focus points of study
in this paper.
Socio-Legal Dimensions of Gender (LLB-507 & 509 )cpjcollege
This paper intends to sensitize the students about the changing
dimensions of gender and also familiarizes them with the subtle manifestations of inequality rooted in our society.
The objective of the paper is to apprise the students with the laws relating to marriage, dissolution, matrimonial remedies, adoption, contemporary trends in family institutions in India, in particular the Hindus and Muslims.
Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) [LLB -309] cpjcollege
Alternative Dispute Resolution has become the primary means by which cases are resolved now days, especially commercial, business disputes. It has emerged as the preferred method for resolving civil cases, with litigation as a last resort. Alternative Dispute Resolution provides an overview of the statutory, procedural, and case law underlining these processes and their interplay with litigation. A significant theme is the evolving role of
professional ethics for attorneys operating in non-adversarial settings. Clients and courts increasingly express a preference for attorneys who are skilled not only in litigation but in problem-solving, which costs the clients less in terms of time, money and relationship. The law of ADR also provides an introduction to negotiation and mediation theory.
Environmental Studies and Environmental Laws (: LLB -301)cpjcollege
The objective of this paper is to acquaint the students with the environmental issues and the measures taken for its protection along with the norms prevailing at international and national
level
The paper will focus on the civil procedures followed in instituting a suit. The students will be familiarised with certain important concepts and practical skill development activity will provide insights into the actual working of the court procedures.
The objective of this paper is to provide an understanding of basic concepts of Indian Constitution and various organs created by the Constitution and their functions.
The paper needs to be taught in light of the New Companies Amendment Act 2013. The Companies act 1956 has not been repealed. The New Act of 2013 is made applicable by notifications as to particular sections by the Ministry of Company Affairs. The
notified sections which replace the provisions of Companies Act 1956 will be highlighted
It is an indispensable complementary part of our legal system without the study of which no advocate is suitably equipped with the basic requisites required to go to the court.
This paper focuses on understanding the forms that governments acquire along with nature and conflicts encountered by different forms of governments. Students would get trained to look into center-state conflicts and legislature-executive –judiciary conflicts.
The design is to look into how emerging issues in international relations become important in the legal context and prepare the students to understand International Law.
This paper focuses on various aspects of health care law including the constitutional perspective, obligations, and negligence of medical professionals and remedies available to
consumers of health care.
The object of this paper is to focus on land reforms in India, Constitutional provisions related to land reforms, Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation, and Resettlement Act,2013, Urban Real Estate Development Laws and the Provisions of the Rent Laws under the
Delhi Rent Control Act, 1958.
The objective of the course is to familiarize students with the different aspects of managing Human Resources in the organization through the phases of acquisition, development and retention
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
1. Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
Second semester
Marketing Management
Marketing Environment
2. Marketing Environment
Philip Kotler :
“A company marketing environment consists
of the factors and forces that affect the
company’s ability to develop and maintain
successful transactions and relationships with
its target customers”.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
3. 3
Marketing Environment
Micro environment Macro environment
Internal environment
Organization Suppliers Demographic
Customers Competitors Economic
Public Intermediaries Technological
Political & legal
Natural
Socio-cultural
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
4. 4
Suppliers
• Supply raw materials, plant and equipments, human
resources, technology.
• Their strategies affect ours as if they increase prices,
we have to revise price structure.
• Decisions like ‘make or buy’ depend upon suppliers.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
5. 5
Intermediaries
• Wholesalers, retailers, agents, transporters, etc.
• This is a choice of channel of distribution.
• An intermediary (or go-between) is a third
party that offers intermediation services between
two parties.
• For example, banks act as intermediaries between
depositors seeking interest income and borrowers
seeking debt capital.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
6. 6
Customers
• Purchase requirements vary from customer to
customer.
• Dealers buy for resale.
• Government buys for public welfare, defence.
• Individual customers are influenced by cultural,
social and psychological factors.
• They are large in number, scattered, poorly informed,
buy in small quantities and frequently are guided by
personal considerations.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
7. 7
Competitors
• Supply similar products or substitute products.
• Competitors adopt different actions for getting
greater share of markets.
• All firms compete with each other for
consumers buying power.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
8. 8
Public
• Financial public: financial institutions, investment houses,
insurance company.
• Government public
• Citizen action public: consumer organizations, environmental
groups, minority groups, etc.
• General public: public image
• Internal public: Employees, Board, labour unions, press and
media.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
9. 9
Macro environment
Economic
Economic forces influence both marketers and the
consumers.
Economic forces include –
• Competition – monopoly, oligopoly
• Buying power
• Willingness to spend
A change in economic policies like Fiscal policy, interest
rate, price levels etc creates an impact on business.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
10. 10
Demography
• Demography gives ‘consumer profile’.
• It is the study of population in respect of its size,
density, location, age, race, occupation, marital status,
education, sex composition etc.
• All these factors influence marketing decisions.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
11. 11
Demography - continued
• Buying habits are determined by income, education,
age, family composition and other demographic
factors.
• 75% of population lives in villages.
• Education level is increasing- Women as decision
makers in ads.
• It helps in - Market segmentation, demand
forecasting, determination of market potential.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
12. 12
Technology
• It has a definite impact on buyers and marketers decisions.
• It provides mechanical, physical and numerous other processes
which help in attaining higher standard of living.
• It has adverse effects like pollution, unemployment, increase
in crime rate, etc.
• Marketers must be aware of new developments in technology.
• Technology creates both wonders and weapons.
• For example:- Wonders - Laptops, Digital watches
Weapons – Atomic bomb, Nuclear missiles.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
13. Political Environment
• Government actions which affects the operations of a company
or business.
• These actions may be on local, regional, national or
international level.
• Business owners and managers pay close attention to
the political environment to gauge how government actions
will affect their company.
• For Example – Employees salary acc. to 6th Pay Commission.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
14. Natural Environment
• Natural Forces involves the natural resources that are needed
as inputs by marketers or that are affected by marketing
activities.
• Natural Environment Trends: -
• Shortage of raw materials – Limited quantities of non-
renewable resources.
• Increased pollution – Waste disposal, air/water pollutants.
• Environmentally sustainable strategies – GREEN movement.
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15. Social Environment
• Social responsibility has crept into the marketing
literature as an alternative to the market concept.
• Socially responsible marketing is that business firms
should take the lead in eliminating socially harmful
products
• For Example – Employment generation, Providing
quality goods at reasonable prices.
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16. Socio-Cultural Environment
• The socio-cultural environment involves forces that
affect our values, beliefs, perceptions and behaviour.
• Culture is a broad phenomenon and comprises of
different elements including:-
Social institutions
Religious groups
Families, friends, Occupation, Interest groups.
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17. Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
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Second semester
Marketing Management
Pricing
18. Introduction
• We need to set price when we have a new product, or
when we enter a new market with an existing product
• The term price denotes money value of a product. It
represents the amount of money for which a product
can be exchanged.
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19. Significance of Pricing
• Price is an important element of marketing mix of a
firm.
• Pricing policy of a firm is a major determinant of its
success.
• Pricing strategy effects the competitive strength of a
firm.
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20. Pricing and Consumer Psychology
• Reference price- Customers hadly remember exact price of
any product. They perceive price on the basis of internal
reference (Memory and previous experience) or external
reference ( Price of the other products that are kept together in
the store).
• Price-Quality Inferences- Higher is the price of the product
higher is the its perceived quality.
• Price Cues:- Product whose price ends in 9 that is 1999 or
1599 gives a cue to the customer that the seller is offering a
discount or they assume price to be at lower side. Price that
ends in a Zero are easy for customers to remember.
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21. Pricing Process
• Selecting the pricing objective
• Determining demand
• Estimating costs
• Analyzing competitors – costs, prices, offers
• Selecting a pricing method
• Selecting the final price
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22. Setting the pricing objective
• Profit objectives e.g.
– Survival
– Maximisation of profit.
• Volume objectives e.g.
– Market share growth
• Other objectives e.g.
– Match competitors’ price
– Non-price competition
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23. Determining Demand
Each price will lead to a different level of demand and have a
different impact on a company’s marketing objectives.
Demand and price are inversely related i.e.
Higher the price, lower the demand
Company needs to consider :-
• Price sensitivity
• Price elasticity of demand
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24. What is price elasticity?
• This determines the changes in demand with unit
change in price
• If there is little or no change in demand, it is said to
be price inelastic.
• If there is significant change in demand, then it is said
to be price elastic.
24
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25. Demand is likely to be less elastic when
• There are few or no substitutes.
• Frequent or occasional purchase of products.
• Buyers are slow to change their buying habits.
• Buyers think that the higher prices are justified.
25
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26. Demand Curve
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27. Selecting a Pricing Method
• Pricing Methods can be classified into four different categories
• Demand Oriented pricing
• Cost oriented pricing
• Competition or market driven pricing
• Value based pricing
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28. Demand Oriented Pricing
• Demand oriented pricing as the name suggests uses the
customer demand to set up the price in the market. We first
determine the customer’s willingness to pay for any good or
service.
• A high price is charged when the demand is high and a low
price is charged when the demand is low. In case of service,
high price is maintained during the peak hours and vice-versa.
• Example- Rajdhani and flights
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29. Cost-Oriented Pricing
Cost-Plus Pricing
• Most common cost-based approach
• Marketer figures all costs for the product and then adds desired
profit per unit
– price is calculated by adding a pre-determined percentage
to the cost
Steps in cost-plus pricing
• Estimate unit cost
• Calculate Profit
– Calculate profit on cost
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30. Cost Plus Pricing Excerpt
• Fixed costs = $2,000,000
• Number of Shoes produced = 400,000
• Fixed costs per unit = $5
• Variable costs per unit = $15
• Profit as % of costs = 25%
Cost- Plus Pricing
– Price = total cost + (total cost * markup percentage)
– Price = $20 + ($20 * .25) = $20 + $5 = $25
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31. Competition or Market based Pricing
• Prices based on those of a competitor rather than
on consumer’s demand and one's own costs.
• Ex- Pepsi and Coke.
• Customary price- There are certain products for which
customary price level exists. For example sweets (Toffee-2 for
Rs 1). A selller has to adjust his product cost by any mean to
reach this customary price. If a seller is asking a higher price
for its product than that of customary, the demand for such
product may decrease.
• Competition pricing leads to price wars which is a non
profitable situation.
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32. Cost-oriented v/s. Value oriented Pricing
• Cost-Oriented Pricing
• Price is determined on
the basis of cost.
• A reasonable margin of
profit is added to the
cost of production.
• Applicable for non
branded products.
• Simple to apply as it is
easy to estimate cost.
• Value-Oriented Pricing
• Price is determined on the
basis of buyer’s perceived
evaluation of the product.
• A higher margin of profit
is added.
• Generally applicable for
branded products.
• Complex method as it is
hard to identify buyer’s
perception of value.
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33. Pricing Strategies
• Competitive Pricing
• Penetration pricing
• Market Skimming Pricing
• Follow the leader pricing.
• Discriminatory or Dual Pricing
• Premium or prestige pricing
• Psychological Pricing
• Geographic Pricing
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34. Market Penetration Pricing Strategy
• Price is fixed below the competitive level to attain a
higher market share and to gain the popularity of the
brand.
• Can be used at the time of introduction of the
product. It ensures higher volume of sales.
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35. Market Penetration Pricing Strategy
• Aggressive market strategy and is likely to be successful under
the following condition
• Product has a highly elastic demand
• Production is carried out on a large scale to achieve low cost
of production per unit.
• There is a strong competition in the market.
Merits
• Higher sales volume is achieved.
• Helps in developing brand preference.
• Discourage entry of new substitute.
• Helps in fighting the main competitors.
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36. Market Skimming Pricing Strategy
• Higher prices are charged during the initial stage of a
new product.
• Demand is likely to be more inelastic with respect to
price.
• Promotional expenses are quite high.
• Strategy is adopted to skim the cream of the market
that is relatively insensitive to price.
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37. Pricing Strategies
• Keep-out Pricing- It aims at discouraging the other substitutes
from entering the market by offering product at a cost which
is even less than its actual cost of production and distribution.
• Follow the Leader Pricing- A pricing strategy in which a
business sets the price of its product and service offerings to be
the same as its largest competitor. A follow-the-leader price
strategy can entail either raising or lowering the price. The
competitor may choose to counter this strategy by continually
raising and lowering prices to make matching difficult.
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38. Pricing Strategies
• Discriminatory or dual pricing strategy- Offering different
pricing in different countries with different currency. It also
includes offering different price in the same country.
• Discrimination can be charging maximum that each customer
is willing to pay.
• Discrimination can be on the basis of units of product
purchase.
• Discrimination can be on the basis of consumer group.
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39. Geographical Pricing
• Same product priced differently for consumers
located at different geographies.
• Pricing includes transportation cost.
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40. Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
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Second semester
Marketing Management
Marketing Channels and Supply Chain
Management
41. The Role of Marketing Channels in
Marketing Strategy
– Facilitate the exchange process by cutting the
number of contacts necessary
– Adjust for discrepancies in the market’s assortment
of goods and services via sorting
– Standardize exchange transactions
– Facilitate searches by both buyers and sellers
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42. Types of Marketing Channels
• Marketing channel: system of marketing
institutions that promotes the physical flow of
goods and services, along with ownership title,
from producers to consumer or business user; also
called a distribution channel
• Marketing intermediary: wholesaler or retailer
that operates between producers and consumers or
business users; also called a middleman
• Wholesaler: marketing intermediary that takes
title to goods and then distributes these goods
further; also called a jobber or distributor
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43. Types of Marketing Channels
Consumer Goods
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44. Types of Marketing Channels
Business Goods
Services
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45. Channels Using Marketing Intermediaries
– Producer to wholesaler to retailer to consumer
– Producer to wholesaler to business user
– Producer to agent to wholesaler to retailer to
consumer
– Producer to agent to wholesaler to business user
– Producer to agent to business user
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46. 13-46
• Factors influencing Marketing Channel Strategies
Characteristics of Short
Channels
Characteristics of Long
Channels
Market
factors
Business users Consumers
Geographically concentrated Geographically diverse
Extensive technical knowledge
and regular servicing required
Little technical knowledge and
regular servicing not required
Large orders Small orders
Product
factors
Perishable Durable
Complex Standardized
Expensive Inexpensive
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47. 13-47
Characteristics of Short
Channels
Characteristics of Long
Channels
Producer
factors
Manufacturer has adequate
resources to perform
channel functions
Manufacturer lacks adequate
resources to perform
channel functions
Broad product line Channel control important
Limited product line Channel control not
important
Competitive
factors
Manufacturing feels
satisfied with marketing
intermediaries’ performance
in promoting products
Manufacturer feels
dissatisfied with marketing
intermediaries’ performance
in promoting products
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48. • Determining Distribution Intensity
– Distribution intensity: number of intermediaries
through which a manufacturer distributes its
goods.
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49. • Intensive distribution: channel policy in which a
manufacturer of a convenience product attempts to
saturate the market.
• Selective distribution: channel policy in which a
firm chooses only a limited number of retailers to
handle its product line.
• Exclusive distribution: channel policy in which a
firm grants exclusive rights to a single wholesaler or
retailer to sell its products in a particular geographic
area.
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50. Major Modes of Transportation
– Railroads
– Motor Carriers
– Water Carriers
– Pipelines
– Air Freight
– Freight Forwarders and Supplemental Carriers
– Intermodal Coordination
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51. • Comparison of Transport Modes
Mode Speed Depend-
ability in
Meeting
Schedules
Frequency
of
Shipments
Availabil-
ity in
Different
Locations
Flexibility
in
Handling
Cost
Rail Average Average Low Low High Average
Water Very slow Average Very low Limited Very high Very low
Truck Fast High High Very
extensive
Average High
Pipeline Slow High High Very
limited
Very low Low
Air Very fast High Average Average Low Very high
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52. • Protective Packaging and Materials Handling
– Materials Handling: set of activities that
move production inputs and other goods within
plants, warehouses, and transportation
terminals.
• Unitizing: process of combining individual
materials into large loads for easy handling.
• Containerization: process of combining
several unitized loads into a single, well-
protected load.
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53. Rural Marketing
• Indian economy is rural economy. Therefore, India
has a lot scope for rural markets. The Indian economy
can be classified into rural and urban sector.
• Rural sector again can be classified into agricultural
and non-agricultural sectors. Crop cultivation, animal
husbandry, dairying, fisheries, poultry and forestry
are coming under agricultural sector.
• Industry, business and services come under non-
agricultural sector.
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54. Scope of Rural Marketing
• Rural marketing has two major areas, namely,
• marketing of agricultural products, from rural to urban areas,
• marketing of manufactured goods and services in rural areas.
• In other words, rural marketing is a two-way marketing
process. One is the flow of goods from rural to urban areas and
the other one is flow of goods and services from urban to rural
areas.
• Rural marketing also includes the flow of goods and services
within the rural areas itself. The rural to urban transactions
include the agricultural products like food gains, oilseeds,
cotton, sugarcane, tobacco, etc.
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55. Scope (Contd.)
• The urban to rural transactions cover the goods and
services of all agricultural inputs. Fertilizers,
pesticides, seeds, tractors, consumer durables like
radio, bicycle, mopeds, electrical and electronic
goods, etc. are transacted from urban to rural.
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56. Features/ Characteristics of Indian
Rural Markets
• India is a peculiar country in the world. People from different
religion, culture, and race live together. Therefore, Indian rural
markets have some special features. The important features of
Indian rural market are given below:
• ➢ Large, Diverse and Scattered Market: Rural market in
India is large, and scattered into a number of regions. There
may be less number of shops available to market products.
• ➢ Major Income of Rural consumers is from Agriculture:
Rural Prosperity is tied with agriculture prosperity. In the
event of a crop failure, the income of the rural masses is
directly affected.
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57. • ➢ Standard of Living and Rising Disposable Income of the
Rural Customers: It is known that majority of the rural
population lives below poverty line and has low literacy rate,
low per capita income, societal backwardness, low savings,
etc. But the new tax structure, good monsoon, government
regulation on pricing has created disposable incomes. Today
the rural customer spends money to get value and is aware of
the happening around him.
• ➢ Traditional Outlook: Villages develop slowly and have a
traditional outlook. Change is a continuous process but most
rural people accept change gradually. This is gradually
changing due to literacy especially in the youth who have
begun to change the outlook in the villages.
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58. • ➢ Rising literacy levels: It is documented that approximately
45% of rural Indians are literate. Hence awareness has
increased and the farmers are well-informed about the world
around them. They are also educating themselves on the new
technology around them and aspiring for a better lifestyle.
• ➢ Diverse Socioeconomic background: Due to dispersion of
geographical areas and uneven land fertility, rural people have
disparate socioeconomic background, which ultimately affects
the rural market.
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59. • ➢ Infrastructure Facilities: The infrastructure
facilities like cemented roads, warehouses,
communication system, and financial facilities are
inadequate in rural areas.
• Hence physical distribution is a challenge to marketers
who have to find innovative ways to market their
products. As part of planned economic development,
the government is making continuous efforts towards
rural development.
• In this age of liberalization, privatization and
globalization, rural market offers a big attraction to the
marketers to explore markets that are untapped.
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60. Challenges or Roadblocks of Indian
Rural Markets
• There are several roadblocks that make it difficult to progress
in the rural market.. The major problems are listed below.
• 1. Standard of Living: The number of people below the
poverty line is more in rural markets. Thus the market is also
underdeveloped and marketing strategies have to be different
from those used in urban marketing.
• 2. Low Literacy Levels: The low literacy levels in rural areas
leads to a problem of communication. Print media has less
utility compared to the other media of communication.
• 3. Low Per Capita Income: Agriculture is the main source of
income and hence spending capacity depends upon the
agriculture produce. Demand may not be stable or regular.
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61. 4. Transportation and Warehousing: Transportation is one of the biggest
challenges in rural markets. As far as road transportation is concerned,
about 50% of Indian villages are connected by roads.
• However, the rest of the rural markets do not even have a proper road
linkage which makes physical distribution a tough task. Many villages are
located in hilly terrains that make it difficult to connect them through roads.
• Most marketers use tractors or bullock carts in rural areas to distribute their
products.
• Warehousing is another major problem in rural areas, as there is hardly any
organized agency to look after the storage issue. The services rendered by
central warehousing corporation and state warehousing corporations are
limited only to urban and suburban areas.
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62. 5. Ineffective Distribution Channels The distribution chain is
not very well organized and requires a large number of
intermediaries, which in turn increases the cost and creates
administrative problems.
Due to lack of proper infrastructure, manufacturers are reluctant
to open outlets in these areas. They are mainly dependent on
dealers, who are not easily available for rural areas. This is a
challenge to the marketers.
6. Many Languages and Diversity in Culture Factors like
cultural congruence, different behavior and language of the
respective areas make it difficult to handle the customers.
Traits among the sales force are required to match the various
requirements of these specific areas.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
63. 7. Lack of Effective Communication System: Quick
communication is the need of the hour for smooth
conduct of business, but it continues to be a far cry in
rural areas due to lack of communication facilities
like telegraph and telecommunication systems etc.
8. Spurious Brands: Cost is an important factor that
determines purchasing decision in rural areas. A lot of
spurious brands or look-alikes are available,
providing a low cost option to the rural customer.
Many a time the rural customer may not be aware of
the difference due to illiteracy.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
64. 9. Seasonal Demand: Demand may be seasonal due to
dependency on agricultural income. Harvest season
might see an increase in disposable income and hence
more purchasing power.
10. Dispersed Markets: Rural population is highly
dispersed and requires a lot of marketing efforts in
terms of distribution and communication. The entire
points discussed above offer challenges to the
marketer.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
65. Solutions to Problems of Rural Markets
• To solve the problems of rural markets in India, the following
suggestions can be used by marketers.
• 1. Regarding the problems of physical distribution, the
marketer may have a joint network of stockiest/ clearing-
cum-forwarding (C&F) agents at strategic location for
facilitation of physical distribution for its products in the rural
market.
• The main advantage of this scheme is that the costs of physical
distribution can be shared by the companies and stockists. The
combination of different modes of transport based on
availability of trucks will be beneficial to the companies.
66. • Presently, bullock-cart plays a very vital role in rural
distribution where the roads are not available. Some of the
leading companies use delivery vans in rural areas for
resolving the distribution problems in rural market.
• The delivery van takes the products to the retail shops in every
corner of the rural market and it enables the company to
establish direct sales contact with majority of the rural
consumers which helps in sales promotion.
• 2. The rural market is composed of a number of retail sales
outlets along with fair price shops under the public distribution
system.
• Fertilizer companies have opened their outlets for proper
distribution of fertilizer among the farmers. Similarly, the
companies dealing in consumer goods can apply this model.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
67. • It is suggested that the government should encourage private
shopkeepers and cooperative stores to come forward and
establish their business in rural areas instead of the weekly
market known as weekly bazaar.
3. To solve the problems of sales force management, it is
suggested that the company takes due care in the recruitment
and selection of sales people because the traits they require are
different from urban and suburban sales persons.
• For the rural markets, only those sales people should be
considered for selections who are willing to work in rural
areas. They must be aware of the local language and must have
the patience to deal with rural customers and can discharge the
duties of a bare-footed salesman.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
68. • Administration of such a large and scattered sales force,
supervising and supporting them in sales calls, guiding them,
attending to their official and personal problems, and
motivating them for better results should be an exacting task
for the sales manager. Thus, the people operating in rural areas
should invariably be from the rural background and should
have a missionary zeal to serve the rural masses.
4. With reference to marketing communication in rural areas, the
company should use organized media-mix like TV, Radio,
cinema and POP (point of purchase). Television is gaining
popularity in the rural areas but due to poor supply of
electricity, radio is performing significantly better.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
69. • Since, the rural people need demonstration, short feature films
with disguised advertisement messages, direct advertisement
films and documentaries that combine knowledge and
advertisements will perform better rural marketing
communication.
• Here the companies may also use audiovisual publicity vans,
which may sell the products with promotion campaign. To
attract the rural consumers, companies can organize village
fairs, dance and drama shows, group meetings to convince the
rural consumers about the products and services. In most
Indian villages, there are some opinion leaders.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
70. • For the rural markets, only those sales people should
be preferred for selection who is willing to work in
rural areas like Sarpanch, Pradhan and other elderly
persons. They can be approached by the marketers to
propagate their messages; these persons can prove to
be effective communicators within the rural masses.
Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)