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Marijuana is a green, brown or grey mixture of dried, shredded leaves, stem, seeds and flowers of the hemp plants. It also known as pot, herb, grass, weed, boom. It is usually smoked as a cigarette rolled, hand made, in pipe or a bong. It has recently appeared in cigars called blunts and spliffs.
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Isotonic solutions-----(Pharmaceutics)
The document discusses isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions. It defines isotonic solutions as having the same osmotic pressure and salt concentration as body fluids. Physiological saline (0.9% NaCl solution) is isotonic with blood. Hypertonic solutions have a higher concentration than body fluids, causing cell shrinkage, while hypotonic solutions have a lower concentration, causing cell swelling. The document also describes methods to measure tonicity, including the haemolytic and colligative methods. It provides formulas and examples for calculating concentrations needed to make solutions isotonic.
Liquid dosage forms
This document discusses different types of liquid dosage forms including solutions, suspensions, emulsions, and colloids. It defines each type and provides examples. Solutions are homogeneous mixtures where one substance is dissolved in another. Factors that affect solubility include temperature, nature of the solute and solvent, and pH. The document focuses on solutions, classifying them based on route of administration, composition, vehicle, and concentration. It also discusses saturated, unsaturated, and solubility of solutions.
(Solution 3)
This document discusses different types of liquid pharmaceutical preparations including syrups, elixirs, tinctures, spirits, aromatic waters, liniments, and collodions. It describes the common methods used to prepare these solutions, such as solution with heat, agitation, percolation, and maceration. Key points include that syrups are typically prepared via one of four methods depending on ingredient characteristics, while elixirs are preferred over syrups for maintaining both water-soluble and alcohol-soluble components. Tinctures contain 15-80% alcohol and are prepared from plant or chemical substances. Stability testing ensures formulations meet shelf-life requirements.
Emulsions
This document discusses emulsions, which are dispersions of one liquid in another immiscible liquid. It defines oil-in-water and water-in-oil emulsions. Emulsions require an emulsifying agent to form stable droplets and prevent separation. They can vary in viscosity and be used orally, topically, or parenterally. Common emulsions include lotions, creams, and ointments. The document also covers emulsion preparation methods, factors that influence stability, and theories of emulsification.
Stability of suspensions
This document discusses stability factors and applications of pharmaceutical suspensions. It notes that small particle size, increasing viscosity, and maintaining optimal temperature contribute to suspension stability. Suspensions are used for insoluble drugs, to improve drug stability, and to mask unpleasant tastes. Key factors for stability include particle size, viscosity, temperature, surfactants, hydrophilic colloids, solvents, and proper mixing procedures.
Isotonic solutions
1) Isotonic solutions have the same osmotic pressure as body fluids like blood and prevent cell shrinkage or swelling when in contact with tissues. Physiological saline (0.9% NaCl solution) is isotonic with blood.
2) Hypertonic solutions have a higher osmotic pressure than body fluids, causing cell shrinkage through osmosis. Hypotonic solutions have a lower osmotic pressure, causing cell swelling through osmosis.
3) The tonicity of solutions can be determined using the haemolytic or colligative property methods. The haemolytic method observes cell changes, while the colligative method calculates tonicity based on properties like freezing point depression.
Dispensing of Pharmaceutical Emulsions (1).pptx
This document discusses pharmaceutical emulsions, including:
- Emulsions are dispersions of oil globules in water stabilized by an emulsifying agent. They are commonly used to deliver unpalatable drugs in a pleasant liquid form.
- Emulsions can be prepared using the continental, dry gum, or wet gum methods. The primary emulsion must have proper ratios of oil, water, and emulsifying agent to ensure stability.
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suppositories Displacement value calculation
The document describes how to calculate the displacement value of an active ingredient in a suppository formulation. It provides the steps to determine:
1) The amount of base needed based on the total weight and percentage of base in the suppositories.
2) The amount of active ingredient present based on the total weight and percentage of active.
3) The amount of base replaced by the active ingredient to calculate the displacement value as the amount of active divided by the amount of base replaced.
It then works through an example calculation to determine the displacement value of zinc oxide in a theobromo oil suppository is approximately 5.
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Isotonic solutions-----(Pharmaceutics)
The document discusses isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions. It defines isotonic solutions as having the same osmotic pressure and salt concentration as body fluids. Physiological saline (0.9% NaCl solution) is isotonic with blood. Hypertonic solutions have a higher concentration than body fluids, causing cell shrinkage, while hypotonic solutions have a lower concentration, causing cell swelling. The document also describes methods to measure tonicity, including the haemolytic and colligative methods. It provides formulas and examples for calculating concentrations needed to make solutions isotonic.
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This document discusses different types of liquid dosage forms including solutions, suspensions, emulsions, and colloids. It defines each type and provides examples. Solutions are homogeneous mixtures where one substance is dissolved in another. Factors that affect solubility include temperature, nature of the solute and solvent, and pH. The document focuses on solutions, classifying them based on route of administration, composition, vehicle, and concentration. It also discusses saturated, unsaturated, and solubility of solutions.
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This document discusses different types of liquid pharmaceutical preparations including syrups, elixirs, tinctures, spirits, aromatic waters, liniments, and collodions. It describes the common methods used to prepare these solutions, such as solution with heat, agitation, percolation, and maceration. Key points include that syrups are typically prepared via one of four methods depending on ingredient characteristics, while elixirs are preferred over syrups for maintaining both water-soluble and alcohol-soluble components. Tinctures contain 15-80% alcohol and are prepared from plant or chemical substances. Stability testing ensures formulations meet shelf-life requirements.
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Stability of suspensions
This document discusses stability factors and applications of pharmaceutical suspensions. It notes that small particle size, increasing viscosity, and maintaining optimal temperature contribute to suspension stability. Suspensions are used for insoluble drugs, to improve drug stability, and to mask unpleasant tastes. Key factors for stability include particle size, viscosity, temperature, surfactants, hydrophilic colloids, solvents, and proper mixing procedures.
Isotonic solutions
1) Isotonic solutions have the same osmotic pressure as body fluids like blood and prevent cell shrinkage or swelling when in contact with tissues. Physiological saline (0.9% NaCl solution) is isotonic with blood.
2) Hypertonic solutions have a higher osmotic pressure than body fluids, causing cell shrinkage through osmosis. Hypotonic solutions have a lower osmotic pressure, causing cell swelling through osmosis.
3) The tonicity of solutions can be determined using the haemolytic or colligative property methods. The haemolytic method observes cell changes, while the colligative method calculates tonicity based on properties like freezing point depression.
Dispensing of Pharmaceutical Emulsions (1).pptx
This document discusses pharmaceutical emulsions, including:
- Emulsions are dispersions of oil globules in water stabilized by an emulsifying agent. They are commonly used to deliver unpalatable drugs in a pleasant liquid form.
- Emulsions can be prepared using the continental, dry gum, or wet gum methods. The primary emulsion must have proper ratios of oil, water, and emulsifying agent to ensure stability.
- Stability issues include cracking, creaming, and phase inversion. Emulsions require shaking before use to re-disperse any separated phases.
suppositories Displacement value calculation
The document describes how to calculate the displacement value of an active ingredient in a suppository formulation. It provides the steps to determine:
1) The amount of base needed based on the total weight and percentage of base in the suppositories.
2) The amount of active ingredient present based on the total weight and percentage of active.
3) The amount of base replaced by the active ingredient to calculate the displacement value as the amount of active divided by the amount of base replaced.
It then works through an example calculation to determine the displacement value of zinc oxide in a theobromo oil suppository is approximately 5.
Pharmaceuticals Solutions dosage form
This document discusses solutions and provides information on:
- The three types of solutions - solid, liquid, and gaseous solutions depending on whether the solvent is solid, liquid, or gas.
- Factors that affect the rate of solubility such as particle size, agitation, and temperature.
- Factors that affect the solubility of a solute such as temperature, molecular structure, effects of other substances, and pH.
- Examples of oral solutions from different categories such as antidepressants, bronchodilators, antipsychotics, and vitamins.
- Characteristics and preparation methods of aqueous solutions and aromatic waters.
Incompatibility in Prescription
In 3 sentences:
This document discusses types of incompatibilities in prescription medications, including physicochemical and therapeutic incompatibilities. Physicochemical incompatibilities involve physical or chemical changes when substances are mixed, such as precipitation or color changes. Therapeutic incompatibilities occur when drug interactions produce unintended pharmacological effects that differ from what was prescribed. The document provides examples and methods for preventing various types of incompatibilities.
Chapter 11 Marijuana
The document provides an overview of marijuana (Cannabis sativa), including its historical use, methods of use, active ingredients, effects, and medical uses. It discusses how marijuana was used medicinally in ancient times and spread throughout the world. It describes the plant's active compound (THC) and increasing potency over time. The document also summarizes marijuana's absorption in the body, mechanisms of action in the brain, tolerance, dependence, and medical uses such as reducing nausea from chemotherapy and stimulating appetite.
Solubility of drugs
1. The document contains questions and answers related to physical pharmaceutics including solubility, dissolution, distribution, and critical solution temperature.
2. Key concepts covered include Raoult's law, Henry's law, ideal and real solutions, factors that influence solubility, and applications of distribution law.
3. Methods of solute-solvent interactions are discussed including ionic, polar covalent, and non-polar interactions that influence whether dissolution occurs.
Dental products.pptx
Dental products. Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-II (Part-III)
Dental Product :Tooth Anatomy
1. Enamel
2. Cementum
3. Dentin
Vitamin A deficiency causes hypoplastic enamel (imperfectly calcified)
Vitamin C deficiency affects calcification of dentine.
Vitamin D not only helps the absorption of Calcium from GIT, but also for proper deposition of Calcium and Phosphate in tooth.
Other ions like Mg2+, Cl-, CO32- and citrate are also present in tooth.
Classification of Dental Products
Anticaries agents
Cleaning agents (Dentifrices/ Polishing agents
Desensitizing Agents
Cement and fillers
Anticaries Agents: (Sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, sodium mono fluoro phosphate) Mechanism of action of Fluoride: Administration and Effects of over dose of Fluoride:
Sodium Fluoride: Molecular Formula, Molecular weight,
Standards, Method of Preparation, Properties,
Identification Tests, Uses Application, Caution:
Stannous Fluoride: Molecular Formula, Molecular weight,
Standards, Method of Preparation, Properties,
Identification Tests, Uses
Application, Caution:
Cleaning agents (Dentifrices/ Polishing agents)
e.g., Calcium carbonate, Dibasic calcium phosphate, calcium phosphate, sodium metaphosphate, calcium pyrophosphate
Dibasic calcium phosphate/ Dicalcium Phosphate: Molecular Formula, Molecular weight,
Standards, Method of Preparation, Properties,
Identification Tests, Uses
Application, Caution:
Calcium Carbonate: Molecular Formula, Molecular weight,
Standards, Method of Preparation, Properties,
Identification Tests, Uses
Application, Caution:
Desensitizing Agents (e.g., strontium chloride and zinc chloride.)
strontium chloride :Molecular Formula, Molecular weight, Standards, Method of Preparation, Properties,
Identification Tests, Uses .
Application, Caution:
Zinc chloride :Molecular Formula, Molecular weight, Standards, Method of Preparation, Properties,
Identification Tests, Uses
Application, Caution:
Cement and fillers e.g. Zinc oxide eugenol cement.
Zinc oxide eugenol cement
Classification:
Type I ZOE: For temporary cementation
Type II ZOE: Permanent Cementation
Type III ZOE: Temporary filling and thermal base
Type IV ZOE: Cavity Liners
ZOE cement is available as:
1. Powder and liquid
2. Paste system
Method of Preparation:
Structure of set cement
Uses:
Clinical Case 7
A 64-year-old woman with a history of two previous myocardial infarctions comes to the emergency room with shortness of breath. In the previous 2 weeks, she has developed dyspnoea with exertion and swelling of her legs. She sleeps on three pillows because she coughs and gets shortness of breath if she tries to lie flat. In the emergency department, she is sitting upright, appears to be in moderate respiratory distress, and is tachycardic and hypertensive. She has jugular venous distension to the angle of her jaw. On auscultation of her lungs, wet rales are heard bilaterally. She has pitting edema of both lower legs up to her knees. A chest X-Ray confirms the diagnosis of pulmonary edema. She is placed on oxygen and immediately given an IV injection of furosemide.
Multiple emulsion
“Emulsion of emulsion”, “double or triple emulsion”
Dispersed phase contain smaller droplets that have the same composition as the external phase.
Liquid film which separate the liquid phases acts as a thin semi permeable film through which solute must diffuse in order to travel from one phase to another – “Liquid Membrane System”
Two types: -
Oil-in-water-in-oil (O/W/O) emulsion system.
Water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsion system.
Liquid dosage forms
This document provides information on various liquid dosage forms including their descriptions, advantages, disadvantages and examples. It discusses liquid forms such as otic preparations, nasal preparations, syrups, elixirs, tinctures, fluid extracts, douches, enemas, liniments, collodion, aromatic waters, spirits/essences, mouthwashes, gargles and astringents. For each type, it outlines what they are, how they are administered and common examples. The document is an informative reference for the different types of liquid dosage forms used in pharmaceutical preparations.
pharmaceutical calculations 5
This document discusses general dose calculations that pharmacists use to determine the size, number, and total quantity of medication doses. It provides examples of calculations for different dose forms like tablets, liquids, and ointments. These include calculating the number of doses in a total quantity, the total quantity needed based on number of doses and dose size, and the amount of drug per dose. The document also discusses fixed-dose combination products and splitting tablets to provide flexible dosing.
2 lab metabolic_changes_in_organic_medicinals[2]
This document discusses drug metabolism and biotransformation. It describes the two main phases:
1) Phase I reactions introduce functional groups like hydroxyl or carboxyl to make compounds more hydrophilic.
2) Phase II or conjugation reactions attach endogenous compounds like glucuronic acid or sulfate to phase I metabolites or parent compounds, forming water-soluble conjugated products that are pharmacologically inactive.
The document provides examples of oxidative, reductive, and hydrolytic phase I reactions and glucuronic acid, sulfate, amino acid, acetylation, and methylation phase II conjugations.
Syrup,elixir,spirits
This document discusses syrups, elixirs, and spirits. It defines syrups as concentrated aqueous preparations for oral use containing sugar, flavoring, and medication. Syrups are classified based on their medicinal ingredients or sugar content. Elixirs are clear, sweetened, hydroalcoholic solutions that are usually flavored and contain varying amounts of alcohol. Spirits are alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions of volatile substances used orally, externally, or by inhalation. The document provides examples and production methods for each type of preparation.
Isotonic calculation
1. This document discusses several methods for calculating solutions that are isotonic with blood and tears, including the freezing point depression method, NaCl equivalent method, White Vincent method, Sprowl method, and others.
2. The freezing point depression method involves calculating the weight of substance needed to make a solution isotonic based on the freezing point depression of the substance.
3. The NaCl equivalent method uses sodium chloride equivalents to convert the concentration of other substances to an equivalent sodium chloride concentration to achieve isotonicity.
Types of Dosage Forms
This document defines and classifies different types of dosage forms. It discusses oral solid dosage forms like tablets, capsules, granules and powders. It also covers oral liquid forms such as solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. Finally, it summarizes topical dosage forms including ointments, creams, gels, pastes and dusting powders which are applied externally to the skin or mucous membranes. The purpose of different dosage forms is to deliver drug molecules accurately to sites of action in the body while protecting, masking taste and ensuring sustained or controlled release of medication.
Solution-----(Pharmaceutics)
This document discusses different types of mixtures and solutions. It defines homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures, and describes true solutions, suspensions, and colloids. It also defines key terms related to solutions such as solute, solvent, saturated, unsaturated and supersaturated solutions. Finally, it discusses various ways of expressing the concentration of solutions, including molarity, molality, mass percent, parts per million/billion and more. It provides examples and equations to calculate concentrations using these different units.
Tragacanth 2
Tragacanth is a gum obtained from incisions made on the stems and branches of various Astragalus species found in the Middle East, India, and Central Asia. It is collected as an exudate that dries into thin, ribbon-like flakes that are white or pale yellow in color. Tragacanth is composed of tragacanthin, which is water soluble, and bassorin, which is water insoluble. It is used as a thickening, suspending, and emulsifying agent in foods, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics due to its high viscosity when dissolved in water.
Phenols
Phenols are aromatic compounds containing one or more -OH groups directly attached to the benzene ring. Phenols are acidic due to the stability of the phenoxide ion formed via resonance. The acidity of phenols increases in the presence of electron-withdrawing groups due to increased charge separation upon ionization. Common qualitative tests for phenols include turning blue litmus red, forming colored complexes with ferric chloride, and undergoing electrophilic substitution reactions with bromine. Common phenolic compounds discussed include phenol, cresols, resorcinol, and naphthols.
Magmas and gel
This document discusses gels and gel formulations. It defines gels as semisolid systems made up of small particles suspended in a liquid that is thickened using a gelling agent. Various types of gels are described based on their composition and bonding properties. Examples of common gelling agents and gel formulations for different routes of administration are provided. The document also discusses factors involved in gel preparation and characteristics of stable gel formulations.
Buffers in Pharmacy
Here are potential responses to the study questions:
Define the following terms:
- Ionization: The process by which an atom or molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons.
- Buffer capacity: The ability of a solution to resist changes in pH upon the addition of an acid or base. It depends on the buffer composition and concentration.
- In-vivo: Occurring or taking place inside a living organism.
Considering a practical process, illustrate the procedural significance of buffer systems in moderation of the reactions of a solution system:
Buffer systems are important in pharmaceutical formulations to maintain the pH within an optimal range for drug stability, solubility, and to minimize irritation upon administration.
Ch.13 part 2 syrups, elixirs, spirits
This document discusses syrups, elixirs, and spirits. It defines syrups as concentrated aqueous preparations for oral use containing sugar, a flavoring agent, and a medicinal agent. Elixirs are clear, sweetened, hydroalcoholic solutions intended for oral use that are usually flavored. Spirits are alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions of volatile substances. The document provides details on the classification, components, preparation, storage, and uses of these three types of preparations.
Colloids presentation slides
Colloids are substances microscopically dispersed throughout another substance. The dispersed particles range in size from 1-100 nm. Colloids exhibit properties between true solutions and suspensions due to their intermediate particle size. They are able to pass through filters but not semipermeable membranes. Common examples include milk, fog, mayonnaise and paints. Colloids can be classified based on factors like the physical state of the phases, the interaction between the phases, the size and nature of dispersed particles, and the electrical charge on particles. They are purified using techniques like dialysis, electrodialysis, and ultrafiltration which separate colloidal particles from dissolved substances.
Marijuana
This document provides information about marijuana, including its names, effects, methods of use, production, medical uses, legal status, and health risks. Marijuana is typically smoked but can also be eaten, and it has psychoactive properties that can cause euphoria and hallucinations at high doses. Long-term use is linked to increased cancer risk and brain abnormalities. While some places have legalized it, marijuana is illegal in Egypt and can have legal consequences. The document outlines short-term effects like impaired coordination and long-term risks such as lung and heart damage. It also notes withdrawal symptoms for those trying to quit, such as cravings, mood swings, and sleep issues.
Marijuana
- Marijuana can be addictive, with some frequent, heavy users developing tolerance and experiencing withdrawal symptoms like irritability and sleeplessness when trying to quit.
- Long-term marijuana abuse can lead to addiction and negatively impact social functioning and intellectual ability due to effects on learning and memory that persist after the drug wears off.
- While most teens do not use marijuana, current rates of teen use are around one in six for 10th graders and fewer than one in five for high school seniors.
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This document discusses solutions and provides information on:
- The three types of solutions - solid, liquid, and gaseous solutions depending on whether the solvent is solid, liquid, or gas.
- Factors that affect the rate of solubility such as particle size, agitation, and temperature.
- Factors that affect the solubility of a solute such as temperature, molecular structure, effects of other substances, and pH.
- Examples of oral solutions from different categories such as antidepressants, bronchodilators, antipsychotics, and vitamins.
- Characteristics and preparation methods of aqueous solutions and aromatic waters.
Incompatibility in Prescription
In 3 sentences:
This document discusses types of incompatibilities in prescription medications, including physicochemical and therapeutic incompatibilities. Physicochemical incompatibilities involve physical or chemical changes when substances are mixed, such as precipitation or color changes. Therapeutic incompatibilities occur when drug interactions produce unintended pharmacological effects that differ from what was prescribed. The document provides examples and methods for preventing various types of incompatibilities.
Chapter 11 Marijuana
The document provides an overview of marijuana (Cannabis sativa), including its historical use, methods of use, active ingredients, effects, and medical uses. It discusses how marijuana was used medicinally in ancient times and spread throughout the world. It describes the plant's active compound (THC) and increasing potency over time. The document also summarizes marijuana's absorption in the body, mechanisms of action in the brain, tolerance, dependence, and medical uses such as reducing nausea from chemotherapy and stimulating appetite.
Solubility of drugs
1. The document contains questions and answers related to physical pharmaceutics including solubility, dissolution, distribution, and critical solution temperature.
2. Key concepts covered include Raoult's law, Henry's law, ideal and real solutions, factors that influence solubility, and applications of distribution law.
3. Methods of solute-solvent interactions are discussed including ionic, polar covalent, and non-polar interactions that influence whether dissolution occurs.
Dental products.pptx
Dental products. Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-II (Part-III)
Dental Product :Tooth Anatomy
1. Enamel
2. Cementum
3. Dentin
Vitamin A deficiency causes hypoplastic enamel (imperfectly calcified)
Vitamin C deficiency affects calcification of dentine.
Vitamin D not only helps the absorption of Calcium from GIT, but also for proper deposition of Calcium and Phosphate in tooth.
Other ions like Mg2+, Cl-, CO32- and citrate are also present in tooth.
Classification of Dental Products
Anticaries agents
Cleaning agents (Dentifrices/ Polishing agents
Desensitizing Agents
Cement and fillers
Anticaries Agents: (Sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, sodium mono fluoro phosphate) Mechanism of action of Fluoride: Administration and Effects of over dose of Fluoride:
Sodium Fluoride: Molecular Formula, Molecular weight,
Standards, Method of Preparation, Properties,
Identification Tests, Uses Application, Caution:
Stannous Fluoride: Molecular Formula, Molecular weight,
Standards, Method of Preparation, Properties,
Identification Tests, Uses
Application, Caution:
Cleaning agents (Dentifrices/ Polishing agents)
e.g., Calcium carbonate, Dibasic calcium phosphate, calcium phosphate, sodium metaphosphate, calcium pyrophosphate
Dibasic calcium phosphate/ Dicalcium Phosphate: Molecular Formula, Molecular weight,
Standards, Method of Preparation, Properties,
Identification Tests, Uses
Application, Caution:
Calcium Carbonate: Molecular Formula, Molecular weight,
Standards, Method of Preparation, Properties,
Identification Tests, Uses
Application, Caution:
Desensitizing Agents (e.g., strontium chloride and zinc chloride.)
strontium chloride :Molecular Formula, Molecular weight, Standards, Method of Preparation, Properties,
Identification Tests, Uses .
Application, Caution:
Zinc chloride :Molecular Formula, Molecular weight, Standards, Method of Preparation, Properties,
Identification Tests, Uses
Application, Caution:
Cement and fillers e.g. Zinc oxide eugenol cement.
Zinc oxide eugenol cement
Classification:
Type I ZOE: For temporary cementation
Type II ZOE: Permanent Cementation
Type III ZOE: Temporary filling and thermal base
Type IV ZOE: Cavity Liners
ZOE cement is available as:
1. Powder and liquid
2. Paste system
Method of Preparation:
Structure of set cement
Uses:
Clinical Case 7
A 64-year-old woman with a history of two previous myocardial infarctions comes to the emergency room with shortness of breath. In the previous 2 weeks, she has developed dyspnoea with exertion and swelling of her legs. She sleeps on three pillows because she coughs and gets shortness of breath if she tries to lie flat. In the emergency department, she is sitting upright, appears to be in moderate respiratory distress, and is tachycardic and hypertensive. She has jugular venous distension to the angle of her jaw. On auscultation of her lungs, wet rales are heard bilaterally. She has pitting edema of both lower legs up to her knees. A chest X-Ray confirms the diagnosis of pulmonary edema. She is placed on oxygen and immediately given an IV injection of furosemide.
Multiple emulsion
“Emulsion of emulsion”, “double or triple emulsion”
Dispersed phase contain smaller droplets that have the same composition as the external phase.
Liquid film which separate the liquid phases acts as a thin semi permeable film through which solute must diffuse in order to travel from one phase to another – “Liquid Membrane System”
Two types: -
Oil-in-water-in-oil (O/W/O) emulsion system.
Water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsion system.
Liquid dosage forms
This document provides information on various liquid dosage forms including their descriptions, advantages, disadvantages and examples. It discusses liquid forms such as otic preparations, nasal preparations, syrups, elixirs, tinctures, fluid extracts, douches, enemas, liniments, collodion, aromatic waters, spirits/essences, mouthwashes, gargles and astringents. For each type, it outlines what they are, how they are administered and common examples. The document is an informative reference for the different types of liquid dosage forms used in pharmaceutical preparations.
pharmaceutical calculations 5
This document discusses general dose calculations that pharmacists use to determine the size, number, and total quantity of medication doses. It provides examples of calculations for different dose forms like tablets, liquids, and ointments. These include calculating the number of doses in a total quantity, the total quantity needed based on number of doses and dose size, and the amount of drug per dose. The document also discusses fixed-dose combination products and splitting tablets to provide flexible dosing.
2 lab metabolic_changes_in_organic_medicinals[2]
This document discusses drug metabolism and biotransformation. It describes the two main phases:
1) Phase I reactions introduce functional groups like hydroxyl or carboxyl to make compounds more hydrophilic.
2) Phase II or conjugation reactions attach endogenous compounds like glucuronic acid or sulfate to phase I metabolites or parent compounds, forming water-soluble conjugated products that are pharmacologically inactive.
The document provides examples of oxidative, reductive, and hydrolytic phase I reactions and glucuronic acid, sulfate, amino acid, acetylation, and methylation phase II conjugations.
Syrup,elixir,spirits
This document discusses syrups, elixirs, and spirits. It defines syrups as concentrated aqueous preparations for oral use containing sugar, flavoring, and medication. Syrups are classified based on their medicinal ingredients or sugar content. Elixirs are clear, sweetened, hydroalcoholic solutions that are usually flavored and contain varying amounts of alcohol. Spirits are alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions of volatile substances used orally, externally, or by inhalation. The document provides examples and production methods for each type of preparation.
Isotonic calculation
1. This document discusses several methods for calculating solutions that are isotonic with blood and tears, including the freezing point depression method, NaCl equivalent method, White Vincent method, Sprowl method, and others.
2. The freezing point depression method involves calculating the weight of substance needed to make a solution isotonic based on the freezing point depression of the substance.
3. The NaCl equivalent method uses sodium chloride equivalents to convert the concentration of other substances to an equivalent sodium chloride concentration to achieve isotonicity.
Types of Dosage Forms
This document defines and classifies different types of dosage forms. It discusses oral solid dosage forms like tablets, capsules, granules and powders. It also covers oral liquid forms such as solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. Finally, it summarizes topical dosage forms including ointments, creams, gels, pastes and dusting powders which are applied externally to the skin or mucous membranes. The purpose of different dosage forms is to deliver drug molecules accurately to sites of action in the body while protecting, masking taste and ensuring sustained or controlled release of medication.
Solution-----(Pharmaceutics)
This document discusses different types of mixtures and solutions. It defines homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures, and describes true solutions, suspensions, and colloids. It also defines key terms related to solutions such as solute, solvent, saturated, unsaturated and supersaturated solutions. Finally, it discusses various ways of expressing the concentration of solutions, including molarity, molality, mass percent, parts per million/billion and more. It provides examples and equations to calculate concentrations using these different units.
Tragacanth 2
Tragacanth is a gum obtained from incisions made on the stems and branches of various Astragalus species found in the Middle East, India, and Central Asia. It is collected as an exudate that dries into thin, ribbon-like flakes that are white or pale yellow in color. Tragacanth is composed of tragacanthin, which is water soluble, and bassorin, which is water insoluble. It is used as a thickening, suspending, and emulsifying agent in foods, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics due to its high viscosity when dissolved in water.
Phenols
Phenols are aromatic compounds containing one or more -OH groups directly attached to the benzene ring. Phenols are acidic due to the stability of the phenoxide ion formed via resonance. The acidity of phenols increases in the presence of electron-withdrawing groups due to increased charge separation upon ionization. Common qualitative tests for phenols include turning blue litmus red, forming colored complexes with ferric chloride, and undergoing electrophilic substitution reactions with bromine. Common phenolic compounds discussed include phenol, cresols, resorcinol, and naphthols.
Magmas and gel
This document discusses gels and gel formulations. It defines gels as semisolid systems made up of small particles suspended in a liquid that is thickened using a gelling agent. Various types of gels are described based on their composition and bonding properties. Examples of common gelling agents and gel formulations for different routes of administration are provided. The document also discusses factors involved in gel preparation and characteristics of stable gel formulations.
Buffers in Pharmacy
Here are potential responses to the study questions:
Define the following terms:
- Ionization: The process by which an atom or molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons.
- Buffer capacity: The ability of a solution to resist changes in pH upon the addition of an acid or base. It depends on the buffer composition and concentration.
- In-vivo: Occurring or taking place inside a living organism.
Considering a practical process, illustrate the procedural significance of buffer systems in moderation of the reactions of a solution system:
Buffer systems are important in pharmaceutical formulations to maintain the pH within an optimal range for drug stability, solubility, and to minimize irritation upon administration.
Ch.13 part 2 syrups, elixirs, spirits
This document discusses syrups, elixirs, and spirits. It defines syrups as concentrated aqueous preparations for oral use containing sugar, a flavoring agent, and a medicinal agent. Elixirs are clear, sweetened, hydroalcoholic solutions intended for oral use that are usually flavored. Spirits are alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions of volatile substances. The document provides details on the classification, components, preparation, storage, and uses of these three types of preparations.
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Marijuana
This document provides information about marijuana, including its names, effects, methods of use, production, medical uses, legal status, and health risks. Marijuana is typically smoked but can also be eaten, and it has psychoactive properties that can cause euphoria and hallucinations at high doses. Long-term use is linked to increased cancer risk and brain abnormalities. While some places have legalized it, marijuana is illegal in Egypt and can have legal consequences. The document outlines short-term effects like impaired coordination and long-term risks such as lung and heart damage. It also notes withdrawal symptoms for those trying to quit, such as cravings, mood swings, and sleep issues.
Marijuana
- Marijuana can be addictive, with some frequent, heavy users developing tolerance and experiencing withdrawal symptoms like irritability and sleeplessness when trying to quit.
- Long-term marijuana abuse can lead to addiction and negatively impact social functioning and intellectual ability due to effects on learning and memory that persist after the drug wears off.
- While most teens do not use marijuana, current rates of teen use are around one in six for 10th graders and fewer than one in five for high school seniors.
Health Drug PowerPoint
The document discusses the history and effects of marijuana. It notes that marijuana was first referenced in 2900 BC by a Chinese emperor and has since been used for medical purposes. The document outlines the health risks of short-term marijuana use, such as increased heart rate and sensory distortions, and long-term use, such as increased risk of cancer, heart disease, and depression. It also discusses the legal consequences of marijuana possession and the most active chemical in marijuana, THC.
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Lokesh Agrawal's document discusses cannabis-related disorders. It covers the introduction to cannabis, its preparations from the Cannabis sativa plant including methods of use. Problems from cannabis use are discussed such as intoxication, anxiety, cognitive impairment, and effects on respiratory, cardiovascular and muscular systems. Signs and symptoms, causes, and psychosocial factors associated with cannabis use disorders are described. The document concludes with sections on diagnosis and clinical features for treating cannabis-related disorders.
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This document provides information about marijuana, including myths and facts about marijuana addiction. It discusses symptoms of marijuana addiction such as developing a tolerance, spending a great deal of time using marijuana, and unsuccessful attempts to cut down on use. The document also explains why people should consider quitting marijuana due to health risks like increased heart rate and effects on the lungs, brain, and fertility. Treatment for marijuana addiction symptoms is also briefly mentioned.
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Marijuana refers to the dried leaves and flowers from the Cannabis Sativa plant, which contains the psychoactive chemical THC. It is most commonly smoked in joints or pipes, but can also be consumed in food or tea. Short term effects include altered perception and increased appetite, while long term use may negatively impact memory, learning, and lung health. Although it is addictive for some long term or teenage users, many argue that its medical uses for reducing pain and nausea from conditions like cancer outweigh potential negative side effects. Currently, 23 states have legalized medical marijuana, while 4 have legalized both medical and recreational adult use.
Marijuana 2015
Marijuana refers to the dried leaves and flowers from the Cannabis Sativa plant, which contains the psychoactive chemical THC. It is most commonly smoked in joints or pipes, but can also be consumed in food or tea. Short term effects include altered thinking and perception, while long term use may negatively impact memory, learning, and lung health. Although it has potential medical uses, marijuana is not approved by the FDA due to variability in chemical composition. Its use is increasingly being legalized both medically and recreationally in U.S. states.
Youth marijuana-harmless-think-again
If you suffer from cancer, anorexia, AIDS, chronic pain, spasticity, glaucoma, arthritis, migraine or any other illness for which marijuana provides relief
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Marijuana
Marijuana was first reported in ancient China in 2737 BC and was used for medicinal purposes. It spread throughout Asia and Europe by 500 AD. Marijuana can be smoked, eaten, or absorbed and the most popular method is smoking. There are three main types - Indica, Sativa, and Ruderalis. The psychoactive ingredient is THC. Short term effects include increased heart rate and poor coordination, while long term effects can include learning difficulties and personality changes. Medical marijuana may help reduce nausea, pain, and seizures. Mixing marijuana and alcohol is dangerous as it can increase intoxication and impair judgment.
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This document presents information about marijuana including what it is, how people use it, and its effects on the brain and health. It discusses that marijuana is a preparation from the cannabis plant that is commonly used as a psychoactive drug. It can be smoked in joints or pipes, or consumed in foods. When used, THC passes to the brain where it overactivates receptors and causes short-term effects like altered senses and mood before leaving the body. Long-term use may negatively impact brain development and increase risks of mental health issues like depression. Other health risks include breathing issues and increased heart rate. Treatment options for marijuana addiction include behavioral therapies and counseling since no medications currently exist.
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Do you want to know why you shouldn’t smoke weed? Weed or commonly referred as “marijuana” is a drug derived from cannabis plant. It’s usually dried, grounded and smoked like cigarette or tobacco. Marijuana can also be mixed with edible food like baked goodies and sweets. Whether you smoke weed or consume it, the effects are the same to the user. Although, marijuana is used for medical purposes, there are still side effects when abuse.
MARIJUANA PPT.pptx
Marijuana, also known by names like pot, weed, and grass, is a dry, shredded green/brown mix of flowers, stems, seeds, and leaves from the Cannabis sativa plant. It contains the psychoactive compound THC, which when smoked, eaten, or vaporized can cause effects like euphoria, relaxation, and altered perception but also carries health risks. While decriminalized for personal use of 10g or less in Belize, marijuana use can negatively impact teens' health and development, potentially leading to addiction or dependence over time. Both short and long term effects are described.
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This document discusses drug addiction, defining it as a state of physical or psychological dependence on drugs that results from continuous use. It notes that drug abuse leads to changes in the brain. The two most commonly used drugs in the country are marijuana and shabu. Marijuana is obtained from the cannabis plant and is the most popular drug, while shabu is a synthetic drug with stimulating effects. Peer pressure is a major factor in why adolescents, who represent the majority of drug patients, begin using drugs like marijuana. Prevention of drug addiction requires efforts from families, schools, churches, and communities.
Cannabis.1
Cannabis is a drug produced from the Cannabis sativa or Cannabis indica plant. It contains over 400 chemicals including THC, which is the main psychoactive ingredient. Cannabis is most commonly used recreationally by smoking but may also be consumed through food, tea, or other methods. It produces effects like relaxation, altered perception, increased appetite, and in some cases anxiety or paranoia. There is some evidence it may help medical conditions like nausea, MS symptoms, and pain, but more research is still needed on safety and efficacy. Heavy or long term cannabis use can increase risks of mental health issues like psychosis.
Marijuana
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Marijuana refers to the dried Cannabis Sativa plant and is one of the most commonly used drugs in the world. However, there are still many myths about the dangers of consuming it. It is also known as marijuana or hashish. It comes from the homonymous plant, which contains the chemical tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).
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This chapter discusses drug addiction as a social problem. It defines drugs and classifies them based on their medical uses and dangers. Common drug types are described such as marijuana, methamphetamines, inhalants, ecstasy, opiates, cocaine, sedatives, steroids, tobacco, and nicotine. Reasons for drug abuse include curiosity, social influences, sensation-seeking, rebellion, and escapism. Signs of drug dependency include mood swings, changes in behavior and routines, financial issues, withdrawal from relationships and activities, and physical symptoms. The chapter examines the social impacts of drug addiction in society.
Marijuana
Marijuana can impair short-term memory and concentration, alter a person's sense of time, and increase their heart rate. Long-term use has been linked to increased risk of mental health issues like anxiety, panic attacks, and schizophrenia. Withdrawal from chronic use can cause irritability, sleeplessness, and loss of appetite. While marijuana has some medical uses, it also carries health risks like respiratory problems from smoking and impacts on memory and learning.
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MARIJUANA.pptx
- 1. MARIJUANA By : Sweta Maurya
- 2. CONTENTS: Types How it used Uses of Marijuana Dependence on Marijuana Misuses Effect of marijuana abuse
- 3. Marijuana is a green, brown or grey mixture of dried, shredded leaves, stem, seeds and flowers of the hemp plants. It also known as pot, herb, grass, weed, boom.
- 4. TYPES: Regular Chronic Mid-grade Hydro Hashish Purple Cali skunk Indo Sinsemilla Fry
- 5. HOW IT IS USED: It is usually smoked as a cigarette rolled, hand made, in pipe or a bong. It has recently appeared in cigars called blunts and spliffs.
- 6. USES OF MARIJUANA Possibly effective for; 1) Glaucoma: It helps to reduce pressure inside the eye in people with glaucoma. 2)HIV/AIDS: It stimulates the appetite of people with AIDS. 3)Nerve Pain: It helps in reduction of nerve pain. 4)Pain: It helps in relieving long term pain.
- 7. DEPENDENCE ON MARIJUANA Dependence on marijuana means that the person needs to use marijuana just to feel ‘normal’. In order to be diagnosed as marijuana dependent, a person needs to experience at least three of the following in one year: 1) Tolerance to the effects of marijuana. 2)Withdrawal from the effects of marijuana, such as irritability, trouble sleeping and depressive symptoms.
- 8. 3) Using more marijuana then was intended. 4) Persistent desire to stop taking marijuana or to cut down and being unsuccessful at this. 5) Spending lots of time obtaining, using or recovering from the use of marijuana. 6) Giving up important activities in favour of using marijuana. 7) Using marijuana even when its is known that it causes problem.
- 9. Marijuana is on the rise among Middle School Age Students WHY?? Increase in availability. Teens being misguided about marijuana as being a natural product. They are unaware of its effects. Less expensive of all drugs. Peer pressure.
- 10. OVERALL USAGE:
- 11. Effects of Marijuana Abuse: Respiratory problems: Long term users develop achronic cough and high risk of lung infection. Cardio vascular risk: It increases the heart rate for several hours, increasing the chance of heart attack or stroke. Mental health effects: It decreases the performance of individual on memory related tasks and causes a decrease in interest in every day activities.
- 12. Psychological dependence: Individual who uses marijuana for long periods of time can develop a dependence on it.