2. INTRODUCTION
Wine has evolved as part of Mediterranean
life, culture and diet. The importance of wine
to the Ancients can be seen in many places.
Vine cuttings in silver sleeves were
sometimes buried with the dead, probably in
the hope that vineyards could be planted in
the afterlife.
3. INTRO CONTINUED
Wine was a magical beverage, associated
with gods and religious occasions.
Wine and vines were desirable commodities
for trade by many early Western civilizations.
All of this made wine special for
religious, social, and commercial reasons.
4. SPREAD OF WINE INDUSTRY WITH SPREAD OF
THE CIVILISATION
The earliest evidence of winemaking
originates from the shores of the Eastern
Mediterranean to present day Iran.
Winemaking began to flourish under the
Pharaohs of ancient Egypt.
6. SPREAD OF WINE INDUSTRY WITH SPREAD OF
THE CIVILISATION
From the Nile Delta, ships and caravans took
wine to other trading centres of the
Mediterranean.
Ancient Greeks made wine an important part
of their social life.
Wine became an important trade commodity
for the Romans and as the Roman Empire
expanded………
8. SPREAD OF VITICULTURE FOLLOWING
COLONISATION
Evolution of Viticulture
Middle East Egyptians Greeks
Roman
Empire
9. SPREAD OF VITICULTURE FOLLOWING
COLONISATION
Egyptians took viticulture to a different level
deliberately and meticulously expanding their
knowledge.
Greeks improved it by classifying different
varieties and planting new vines in
conquered territories.
With the expansion of the Roman empire,
new vines were planted in new territories.
11. SPREAD OF VITICULTURE FOLLOWING
COLONISATION
By the end of the roman Empire in 476AD the
Wachau, Mosel, Rheingau, Pfalz, Burgundy,
Bordeaux, Rhone Valley and La Rioja
regions had become centres of the European
wine industry, as they are today.
12. REVIEW OF THE CURRENT INDUSTRY
France
17%
Italy
12%
Spain
5%
Germany
11%
Portugal
3%
Romania
1%
Greece
2%
Hungary
1%
Rest of the
World
48%
Wine Consumption in 2012
Wine consumption in 2012: biggest Mediterranean Wine Producers
vs Rest of the World
13. REVIEW OF THE CURRENT INDUSTRY
France
19%
Italy
18%
Spain
14%
Germany
4%
Portugal
3%
Romania
2%
Greece
1%
Hungary
1%
Rest of
the World
38%
World Wine Production 2012
Wine’s World Production in 2012: biggest Mediterranean Wine
Producers vs Rest of the World
14. REVIEW OF THE CURRENT INDUSTRY
France
15%
Italy
21%
Spain
20%
Germany
4%
Portugal
3%
Romania
1%
Greece
0%
Hungary
1%
Rest of
the
world
35%
Wine Export in 2012
Wine’s World Exports in 2012: biggest Mediterranean
Wine Producers vs Rest of the World
15. OUT OF CURIOSITY………
Current Wine Production in Historical Countries (million litres) and NZ
Turkey Israel Georgia Armenia Lebanon Egypt Syria Iran Vs NZ
120 27 11.5 6.1 5.4 5 0.8 0 194
And here the 2012 total wine production for the countries that gifted
us with the magic of winemaking.
16. INFLUENCES OF THE MEDITERRANEAN WINE
INDUSTRY ON THE REST OF THE WORLD
European explorers brought their wine - and
their vines - with them to the new world.
In the mid 16th century in South America.
California during the 19th century.
In the same century, vineyards were
established in South Africa, Australia and
than New Zealand.
17. INFLUENCES OF THE MEDITERRANEAN WINE
INDUSTRY ON THE REST OF THE WORLD
Settlers explored new lands and planted vineyards all over the world.
18. INFLUENCES OF THE MEDITERRANEAN WINE
INDUSTRY ON THE REST OF THE WORLD
All the major wines are produced with
Mediterranean Vitis Vinifera varieties.
Mediterranean Wines are the most produced
and exported
Until few decades ago, Mediterranean Wines
were the benchmark for all the producers
around the world.
19. CHALLENGES FOR THE FUTURE
The economic crisis
has been the biggest
challenge for the
Mediterranean Wine
Industry in the last
few years.
20. CHALLENGES FOR THE FUTURE
Wine consumption is decreasing due to
public awareness campaigns about
alcoholism and new generations shifting to
beer and other alcoholic beverages.
Wine appellation in many Mediterranean
countries could be too restrictive for a
possible future climate change.
21. REFERENCES:
Dominè, Andrè. (2000). Wine. Cologne: Könemann.
Foulkes, Christopher. (Ed.). (1994). Larousse Encyclopedia of Wine. Paris: Larousse.
Johnson, Hugh. (1989). The Story of Wine. London: Mitchell Beazley International.
Australian and New Zealand wine industry directory online article on World Comparisons in the Wine Industry, retrieved on 30
July 2013:
http://www.winebiz.com.au/statistics/world.asp
International Organisation of Vine and Wine, 2012 Statistical report on global vitiviniculture, retrieved on 30 July 2013:
http://www.oiv.int/oiv/cms/index?rubricId=44538631-7ad2-49cb-9710-ad5b957296c7
Estreicher, S.K. (n.d.). Wine the past 7400 years, retrieved on 30 July 2013:
http://www1.mpi-halle.mpg.de/~md_simul/data/special-data/wine-history.pdf
JONES, G.V., WHITE, M.A., COOPER,O.R., STORCHMANN,K. (2003). CLIMATE CHANGE AND GLOBAL WINE
QUALITY, retrieved from:
http://www.recursosdeenologia.com/docs/2005/2005_climate_change_and_global_wine_quality.pdf
Wine Producing regions. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved on 11 August 2013:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_regions
USDA Foreign Agricultural Service. (2013). CY 2012 EU-27 Wine annual report and statistics. Bettini, O. :
http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Wine%20Annual_Rome_EU-27_2-22-2013.pdf
An American in Rome. Retrieved 13 August 2013:
http://anamericaninrome.com/wp/category/italian-wine/
Wine Regions. Laithwaiteswine. Retrieved on 13 August 2013
http://www.laithwaiteswine.hk/about_wine/AboutWineRegions.aspx#.UgoDiJLI3jg
History of Wine: Celebrating in moderation. Wine Moderation-Art de vivre. Retrieved on 12 August 2013:
http://www.wineinmoderation.eu/en/wine-a-culture-of-moderation/history-of-wine
http://shortyshandmade.blogspot.co.nz/2011/10/boredom.html
Editor's Notes
Wine has evolved as part of Mediterranean life, culture and diet. Wine was an important part of Greek culture from 2,000 BC until the start of the common era (the time of the birth of Christ) and the word oenology (the science and practice of winemaking) comes from the Greek word for wine, oenos. The origin of the term “wine” probably comes from the Latin vinum which comes from oenos.
Wine was a magical beverage, associated with gods and religious occasions. For thousands of years (until the Arabs invented distillation), wine was not just the most potent beverage but also the most powerful antiseptic available. Wine and vines were desirable commodities for trade by many early Western civilizations. All of this made wine special for religious, social, medical, and commercial reasons.
The earliest evidence of winemaking originates from the Near East – an area stretching from the shores of the Eastern Mediterranean to present day Iran.Accumulations of grape seeds, generally accepted by archaeologists as evidence of winemaking, have been excavated in Turkey, at Damascus in Syria, in Lebanon and in Jordan, and dated as old as 8,000 BC.
viticulture and winemaking began to flourish under the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt and was well established in that region by about 2,000 BC
The viticultural knowledge of the ancient Egyptians seems to have passed to the Ancient Greeks, with wine becoming an important part of Greek culture in the second half of the second millennium BC As the Greeks conquered new territories around the Mediterranean during the first half of the 1st century BC, their viticulture and winemaking knowledge was introduced to Sicily, Southern Italy, the South of France, including the Rhône valley and Spain.By the start of the common era (AD), however, the wine industry was established over the length of Italy. Wine became an important trade commodity for the Romans and as the Roman Empire expanded, they took both wine and vines with them.They built on the work done by the Greeks in southern Europe, taking new varieties and winemaking knowledge with them and moved into central Europe, establishing viticulture in the Mosel and Danube valleys, Trier and Bordeaux.By the end of the Roman Empire of the West, in AD 476, the Wachau, Mosel, Rheingau, Pfalz, Burgundy, Bordeaux, Rhone Valley and La Rioja regions had become centres of the European wine industry, as they are today.
There is ample evidence to suggest that viticulture and winemaking began to flourish under the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt and was well established in that region by about 2,000 BC.From the Nile Delta, ships and caravans took wine to other trading centres of the Mediterranean.
The viticultural knowledge of the ancient Egyptians seems to have passed to the Ancient Greeks, with wine becoming an important part of Greek culture in the second half of the second millennium BC. Vines were planted throughout Ancient Greece and, as the wine gained a high reputation, was exported as far as present-day Russia.
As the Greeks conquered new territories around the Mediterranean during the first half of the 1st century BC, their viticulture and winemaking knowledge was introduced to Sicily, Southern Italy, the South of France, including the Rhône valley and Spain.Wine became an important trade commodity for the Romans and as the Roman Empire expanded, they took both wine and vines with them.The Romans planted large areas with vines wherever they went.
Wine consumption in the Mediterranean is still more than 50% of the whole world consumption but it is in decline and is against a big increase from countries like USA and China.
France, Italy, Spain, Germany, Portugal, Romania, Greece and Hungary are the biggest wine producer countries in the Mediterranean And all together they represent more than 60% of the world production.
Mediterranean Wines are still the biggest exporter in the world.
And here, just a quick look at the countries where everything started some 10000 years ago. The production is pretty small compared to other countries ( as you can see NZ production in 2012 was much higher than most of this countries) and ironically, in Iran, one of the first winemaking countries in history, is not legal to produce wine.
In the mid 16th century, the first vineyards were established in an area now known as ChileLater, viticulture in South America declined and the first vineyards of vinifera varieties were slowly established in California during the 19th century. In the same century, vineyards were established in South Africa, Australia and than New Zealand.
Missionaries were amongst the settlers that left the Mediterranean to go to new colonized countries and they brought vines with them. In new Zealand the first vineyard was here in Hawkes bay, planted by the Roman Catholic missionaries, Mission Estate.
With the worst economic crisis since the 1929 great depression, all the sales of Mediterranean wine have decreased and lots of producers have been struggling.
Wine used to be part of the everyday life and always part of the meal for most Mediterranean countries. New generations prefer beer as a lighter drink when socialising leaving wine only for special or formal occasions. With climate change comes challenges for the wine industry, especially for those countries in the Mediterranean with strict appellation lows. Some traditionally grown varieties might not be suitable for growing in the future if the average temperatures changes, giving an ulterior advantage to New World Wine Producers.
