Introduction to Wine Business 2012 - Assignment One

1. Prehistory – Mediterranean
Trade
Janine Rubie

2. Introduction
 The Mediterranean Sea borders three continents and
has been home to many of history’s great
civilisations
 As these civilisations explored - and in some cases
conquered - the world around them they took their
love of wine and knowledge of viticulture with them
 Viticulture and winemaking were introduced to new
cultures leading to the establishment of most of the
wine producing regions of western Europe we see
today

3. Movement of Viticulture across the
Mediterranean Region

4. Phoenicia
2300BC – 65BC
One of the first ancient civilisations to have a
significant effect on the history of wine
Founded trading posts and colonies around
the entire Mediterranean
Founders of Carthage
Home of Mago: Father of Agriculture

5. Phoenician Trade Routes

6. Phoenician Influence on Wine
 1000BC – explosion of
the Mediterranean
wine trade
 Introduced or
encouraged the spread
of winemaking and
viticulture
 First people to bring
wine to Egypt

7. Egypt
3500BC – 500BC
 Osiris – God of wine
 Wine drunk by gods,
kings, and nobles
 Five wines constitute
canonical set of
provisions for the
afterlife

8. Egyptian Viticulture & Winemaking
 Nile Delta - centre of wine production
 Ptolemaic Period – vines taken further south
 Red and white wines produced
 Two winemaking operations – free run juice and
pressings

9. Egyptian Wine Trade
 Before the vineyards on the Nile were established
wine was imported from Asia and Canaan
 Egypt exported various goods in exchange for
wine
Grain
Papyrus
Fruit
 Much Egyptian trade was in the form of
‘presents’ between the Pharaohs and rulers of
other countries

10. Greece - including Minoa & Mycenae
2500BC – 86BC
 Dionysus – God of
wine
 Earliest evidence of
Minoan winemaking
on Crete – 1600BC
 Mycenaeans traded
wine throughout the
ancient eastern
Mediterranean
 Phocaeans established
Massalia

11. Greek Wine Trade
 The Greek wine trade was extensive; taking place
both within Greece and internationally
 Viticulture important to the economy of many
states with some taking precautions to protect
their wine trade
 Approximately 10 million litres of wine were
shipped to Gaul via Massalia each year

12. Greek Influence on Viticulture
Study of vineyard soils
Canopy and yield management
Propagation

13. Greek influence on Winemaking
Maceration
Blending
Sweetening

14. Gaul & The Celts
 Trade with Greeks and
Etruscans introduced
wine to the region
 Large consumers of
wine
 Credited with the
development of the
barrel
 Adopted viticultural
techniques introduced
by the Greeks

15. The Wine Barrel
The Celts are credited with development of
the barrel

16. Rome
Bacchus – God of wine
Introduced wine to all classes of society
Roman Empire was a market economy
Pompeii was a major trading port

17. Rome – Effect on Modern Wine
Many of the techniques and principles
developed in Roman times can be found in
modern winemaking
By the time Rome fell in the 5th century AD,
the foundations for the famous vineyards of
Europe had been laid

18. References
• Ancient Egyptian Overseas Trade. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/trade/index.html
• Ancient Greece. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.allaboutgreekwine.com/history.htm
• Ancient Greece. (2001). Retrieved from
http://www.greekwinemakers.com/czone/history/2ancient.shtml
• Ancient Greece. (2012a). In Wikipedia. Retrieved 1 August, 2012, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece
• Ancient Rome and Wine. (2012b). In Wikipedia. Retrieved 1 August, 2012. from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine
• Dal Piaz, G. (2009). The history of wine part III: Wine storage – barrels. Retrieved from
• http://www.snooth.com/articles/the-history-of-wine-part-ii-wine-storage-barrels/
• Egyptian Wine. (2011). In Wikipedia. Retrieved 1 August, 2012, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_wine
• Johnson, H., Robinson, J.. (2001). The world atlas of wine. (5th ed.). London, Great
Britain: Mitchell Beazley
• Phoenicians and Wine. (2012c). In Wikipedia. Retrieved 1 August,2012, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicians_and_wine
• Phoenician Trade and Ships. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://phoenicia.org/trade.html
• Robinson, J.. (1994). The oxford companion to wine. Oxford, Great Britain: Oxford
University Press
• The Ancient History of Wine. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://encyclowine.org/wine/category/history/

19. Picture Sources
• Barrel. (n.d.) Retrieved from http://www.snooth.com/articles/the-history-of-wine-part-
ii-wine-storage-barrels/?viewall=1
• Egyptian wine. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.winerackstore.com/wine_rack_history.php
• Egyptian wine press. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/18700/18721/egyptwineprs_18721.htm
• Gaul Map. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://fany.savina.net/2010/10/gaul-and-the-romans-
before-and-after/
• Greek Wine Press. (n.d.) Retrieved from
http://www.uk.digiserve.com/mentor/minoan/vathypetro.htm
• Greek Winemaking. (n.d.) Retrieved from http://www.theoi.com/Gallery/T51.1.html
• Major diffusion routes of viticulture in Southwest Asia and Europe. Jackson, R. S.
(2000). Wine science: Principles, practice, perception (2nd ed.). San Diego, CA: Academic
Press
• Pompeii. Johnson, H., Robinson, J.. (2001). The world atlas of wine. (5th ed.). London,
Great Britain: Mitchell Beazley
• Mediterranean Map. (n.d.) Retrieved from http://d-
maps.com/carte.php?lib=mediterranean_sea_map&num_car=3124&lang=en
• Osiris. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://newsdesk.si.edu/photos/eternal-life-osiris-statue
• Phoenicians and Wine. (2012c). In Wikipedia. Retrieved 1 August,2012, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicians_and_wine
• Phoenician Trade. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://phoenicia.org/trade.html