MANUAL PROCESSING
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Manual processing refers to tasks that are done by hand rather than with automated equipment. Some examples of manual processing include sorting items, assembling products, and performing quality checks without the aid of machines. While labor intensive, manual processing is still used for certain tasks that have not been or cannot be easily automated.
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This document discusses radiographic grids, which are devices placed between the patient and image receptor to absorb scatter radiation and improve image quality. It defines grids and their construction using lead strips and spacers. It describes different grid patterns, ratios, frequencies, and types. It also covers topics like primary transmission, grid conversion factor, contrast improvement, and causes of grid cut-off like decentering errors. The key purpose of grids is to absorb scattered radiation and improve radiographic contrast for diagnostic purposes, while minimizing additional patient dose. Grid selection involves balancing image quality with keeping patient exposure as low as reasonably achievable.
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Automatic processing of X-ray film involves passing exposed film through different chemical solutions - developer, fixer, wash, and dryer - inside an automatic processor. The processor uses rollers to transport the film between temperature-controlled solutions over a total processing time of around 90 seconds. This ensures consistent film quality and faster processing compared to manual methods. While automatic processors produce dry films immediately, they can potentially cause artifacts and require more expensive maintenance than manual processing.
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X-RAY TUBE (ANODE)
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Manual film processing involves a series of steps to convert the latent image on a film into a visible image. The process includes development, rinsing, fixing, washing, and drying. Development uses a chemical developer to produce a visible image from the latent image by reducing silver ions to metallic silver. Fixing removes any unexposed silver halides using a fixing solution to make the image permanent. Washing removes any remaining chemicals from development and fixing using water before the film is dried.
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The document discusses the components and functioning of an X-ray tube. The key components are the glass envelope, cathode, and anode. Electrons are emitted from the cathode filament and accelerated toward the anode, where their impact produces X-rays. The rotating anode allows for greater heat dissipation to enable higher exposures. Factors like focal spot size and the anode heel effect determine the quality and characteristics of the emitted X-rays. Proper cooling and protective housing are also important for safe tube operation.
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Automatic processing of X-ray film.pptx
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Manual Film Processing.pptx
Manual film processing involves a series of steps to convert the latent image on a film into a visible image. The process includes development, rinsing, fixing, washing, and drying. Development uses a chemical developer to produce a visible image from the latent image by reducing silver ions to metallic silver. Fixing removes any unexposed silver halides using a fixing solution to make the image permanent. Washing removes any remaining chemicals from development and fixing using water before the film is dried.
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2. To generate the characteristic curve, film is exposed to a range of known radiation levels using methods like variable exposure times or stepped wedges. The resulting densities are then measured and plotted.
3. The characteristic curve shows the film's response over a wide exposure range and possesses features like a toe, shoulder, and straight line regions that indicate under, over, and properly exposed areas of the film.
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Sensitometry or characteristic curve
1. Sensitometry involves measuring the sensitivity of photographic film to radiation through analysis of the characteristic curve, which plots density versus log exposure.
2. To generate the characteristic curve, film is exposed to a range of known radiation levels using methods like variable exposure times or stepped wedges. The resulting densities are then measured and plotted.
3. The characteristic curve shows the film's response over a wide exposure range and possesses features like a toe, shoulder, and straight line regions that indicate under, over, and properly exposed areas of the film.
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The document discusses concepts related to x-ray attenuation including:
1. Attenuation is the reduction in intensity of an x-ray beam as it passes through matter by absorption or deflection of photons.
2. Exponential attenuation occurs when the number of photons decrease by the same percentage with each increment of absorber thickness, as seen with monochromatic radiation.
3. The half value layer is the thickness of absorber needed to reduce the intensity of an x-ray beam by half.
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The document discusses x-ray machines and how they work. It explains that x-ray machines take electrical energy and convert it into two voltage streams: a low voltage that controls the filament current measured in mA, and a high voltage measured in kVp that produces x-rays. It states that increasing kVp produces x-rays with higher energy and shorter wavelength, while the mA controls the intensity of the x-ray beam by varying the current through the filament. The document also discusses how factors like kVp, mA, distance and filtration determine the quality and quantity of the resulting x-ray beam.
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The document discusses X-ray film, its characteristics, composition, and processing. It can be summarized as follows:
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Radiation can cause biological effects by damaging living tissues. The direct effects occur when energy is absorbed by molecules, and indirect effects are caused by free radicals formed during radiation radiolysis of water. Early effects of high radiation doses include radiation sickness, while delayed effects include increased risk of cancer, leukemia, and cataract formation. Radiation safety involves reducing exposure time, maximizing distance from sources, and use of protective barriers like lead gloves and aprons. Exposure is monitored using film badges and doses are limited to 100 mrem per week for whole body and 1,500 mrem per week for hands, forearms and feet.
Cyberwalk campus,gurgaon
The document describes the Cyberwalk Campus, a mixed-use development located in Sector 8, IMT Manesar, Gurgaon. The 10-acre campus will include IT and office space, commercial/retail areas, and service apartments. It will have five towers, one being a signature 300-foot tower. The campus has been pre-certified LEED Gold and has green features like efficient energy and water usage that provide 30% savings in operational costs. It utilizes natural light and ventilation principles and recycled materials in its design.
Dilli haat janakpuri
The document provides information about the Haat Beat music complex project in Janakpuri, New Delhi, India designed by Archohm Consults architects. The 16,000 sqm complex was commissioned in 2014 by the Delhi Tourism and Transportation Development Corporation to create a cultural center focused on music. It includes an 800-capacity indoor auditorium, 800-capacity outdoor amphitheater, exhibition hall, music museum, music store, workshop space, food court, and shops. Bamboo, indigenous stone, steel, and tensile canopies were used as materials. The complex was designed with barrier-free access for disabled visitors.
Sahastra bahu mandir (gwalior)
The Sahastra Bahu Mandir in Gwalior Fort, Madhya Pradesh consists of two intricately carved limestone temples built in 1092 AD. The larger temple honors Lord Vishnu with 1,000 arms and was built by King Mahipal for his wife. The smaller temple adjacent to it honors Lord Shiva and was built for his daughter-in-law. Both temples feature ornate carvings of deities, figures, and patterns in the Nagara architectural style of northern India.
Basic principle of C.T.
The document discusses the process of computed tomography (CT) scanning. It describes the five main stages of CT scanning: 1) scanning and data acquisition, 2) pre-processing of raw data, 3) image reconstruction using filtered back projection, 4) conversion of linear attenuation coefficients to Hounsfield units, and 5) display and recording of images. The scanning phase involves selecting a field of view, dividing it into slices, placing a grid on slices, and scanning slices from multiple projections to acquire data.
responsibility of radiographer
The document discusses the responsibilities of a radiographer in a radiology department and hospital. It states that all medical personnel share the common goal of serving patients. It then outlines the specific clinical, ethical, and legal responsibilities of a radiographer. The clinical responsibilities include understanding patient care and psychology, using proper procedures, and providing reassurance. Ethical responsibilities involve maintaining patient confidentiality and minimizing radiation exposure. Legal responsibilities concern breaching confidentiality, negligence, and properly handling any accidents. The document provides detailed guidelines for radiographers to follow in fulfilling these responsibilities toward patients.
Positioning terminology of lower limbs
The document defines anatomical terms related to the surfaces, rotations, and movements of the foot and lower limb. It describes the dorsal, plantar, medial, and lateral surfaces of the foot and lower limb. It also defines internal and external rotation of the hip joint and flexion of the knee joint. Additionally, it outlines the movements of dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, and eversion at the ankle joint.
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