Hepatocellular carcinoma—role of interventional radiologist Dr. Muhammad Bin ...Dr. Muhammad Bin Zulfiqar
In these presentation we will discuss the merits, demrits and outcomes of various interventional radiology modalities for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma
discusses in detail about approach and management of HCC. Other liver masses and abscesses including cholangiocarcinoma. liver abscess, Hydatid cyst, Hepatic adenoma, hemangioma, Focal Nodular Hyperplasia.
This is a general overview of options available to patients with liver dominant metastatic disease as well other focal areas of disease which may benefit from services provided by an interventional radiologist
Systemic treatment in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) refers to the use of medications or therapies that are administered throughout the body to target cancer cells beyond the liver. HCC is the most common type of liver cancer and often presents at an advanced stage, making systemic therapies crucial in managing the disease.
One of the main categories of systemic treatment for advanced HCC is targeted therapies. Targeted therapies are designed to selectively inhibit specific molecules or pathways involved in tumor growth, thereby blocking the signals that support cancer cell survival and proliferation. Sorafenib and lenvatinib are examples of targeted therapies that have been approved for the first-line treatment of advanced HCC. They target vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors, which play a key role in promoting the growth of new blood vessels necessary for tumor growth. By inhibiting these receptors, these drugs can help slow down tumor growth and improve patient outcomes.
In addition to sorafenib and lenvatinib, other targeted therapies have shown promising results in the treatment of advanced HCC. Regorafenib, for instance, is a multi-kinase inhibitor that targets several pathways involved in tumor angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and survival. Cabozantinib is another multi-kinase inhibitor that has been approved as a second-line treatment option for patients who have progressed on or are intolerant to prior systemic therapy. These targeted therapies have demonstrated efficacy in improving overall survival and delaying disease progression in patients with advanced HCC.
Another significant advancement in systemic treatment for advanced HCC is the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment in recent years, including for HCC. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as nivolumab and pembrolizumab, work by blocking proteins that act as checkpoints on immune cells, such as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) or its ligand (PD-L1). By doing so, these drugs help restore and enhance the immune system's ability to recognize and eliminate cancer cells. Checkpoint inhibitors have shown promising results, with some patients experiencing durable responses and improved overall survival.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
2. • 3rd most common cancer
• 3rd leading cause of mortality among men and women.
• Approximately 30% to 50% of patients with this disease will develop
liver metastases at the time of presentation or later during the course
of their disease.
3. Treatment Strategies
• Primary first approach
• Simultaneous approach
• Liver first approach
• True liver first approach
Peter Ihnát, Petr Vávra, Pavel Zonča et al, World J Gastroenterol 2015 June 14; 21(22): 7014-7021
4. Primary first approach
• Also called classical/traditional approach
• Surgery for primary colorectal tumor
• Chemotherapy (Rt for rectal tumors)
• Liver resection after 3-6 months (provided CLM are still resectable)
5. • Rationale :
• Likely source of mets (colorectal tumor)
• symptomatic because of primary
• Advantages :
• Avoids potential complications from primary tumor
• Decreases risk of progression of primary tumor during liver surgery or initial
chemotherapy
• Disadvantage:
• Progression of CLM beyond resectability during primary tumor resection
• 30% of pts underwent complete t/t
• Reverse strategy : 80% of pts completed t/t
6. Simultaneous Resection
• 54/M
• h/o PR bleed
• Colonoscopy : growth in the hepatic flexure of colon
• Biopsy : Adenocarcinoma
• CEA : 10ng/ml
• Ct scan Abdomen and Pelvis : circumferential growth in
the hepatic flexure of colon with hypodense lesion in
segment VI of liver
• Rt Radical hemicolectomy with Wide excision of
segment VI lesion of liver done
• HPR : PT3NI
• On adjuvant chemotherapy.
7. Simultaneous Resection :
• Involves simultaneous resection of liver and primary
• Adjuvant CT after surgery (+ Rt for rectal tumor)
• Strategy : avoid delaying Surgical resction and met liver disease
• Best suited for:
• Only if surgical resection is minor
• Rectal resection with minor hepatectomy
• Rt sided colon resection with major hepatectomy
8. Advantages :
• Removal of all macroscopic disease during a single surgery f/b
systemic chemo with minimal delay
Disadvantages :
• Increased post-op morbidity and mortality
• increased risk bacterial liver infection (from contamination from int.
obstruction)
• increased anastomotic complication (due to impaired LFT)
• negative impact of DFS
• Post-op morbidity:
• 5-48% : Minor hepatectomies (<3 segments)
• 33-55% : Major hepatectomies (>= 3 segments)
9. Liver first Approach
• Reverse t/t strategy introduced by Metitha et all 2000
• Initial preop
Chemo liver resection chemo Sx for primary colorectal
(3-6 cycles) tumor
• Modern cytotoxic drugs (oxaloplatin and irinotecan based ) with
biologics (targeted agents against EGFR/VEGFR) resulted in improved
tumor response rates and prolonged survival of pts with colorectal
tumors
10. case
• 56/m
• H/O pain in abdomen and PR bleed
• Colonoscopy : growth in Sigmoid colon , approx. 15 cms from anal
verge
• Biopsy : well diff adenocarcinoma
• Ct scan abdomen and pelvis/PET CT : metabolic active lesion in
segment V of liver (4.3x3.9cms) and Rectosigmoid junction.
• Received FOLFOX 4 cycles
• Repeat PET CT scan : significant reduction in wall thickening of
rectosigmoid jumction and seg V of liver.
• Anterior resection with wide excision of segment of liver done
• HPR : ypT3N1M1 (liver : viable tumor)
• Currently on Adjuvant chemotherapy.
11. • Prognosis of stage IV CRLM is determined mainly by the curability of
CRLM and not any primary tumor or its potential complications.
• Rationale of Chemotherapy first approach is to provide systemic
therapy to pateints with stage IV CRLM
12. Benefits of chemotherapy first approach
• Early systemic t/t
• Lowering the risk of CLM progression
• Possibility of CLM downstaging or converting unresectable CLM to
resectable
• To perform more selective liver resection and achieve an RO resection
• There is fear of progression of primary in terms of complications
(obstruction, perforation and bleeding), however primary tumor
complications in pts with stage IV CA are rare.
13. • Long periods of systemic therapy before resection can lead to two issues:
• chemotherapy-induced liver injury or steatohepatitis
• disappearing colorectal liver metastases.
• With modern chemotherapy, a subset of patients (approximately 15% to
40%) with unresectable disease may convert to resectable disease, and
these patients have a long-term outcome comparable to those with an
original diagnosis of resectable disease (ie, a 5-year survival of 30% to 40%)
• Patients receiving chemotherapy who continue to have unresectable
disease either because of lack of adequate response or because of
progression of disease have a poor prognosis.
14. Main contraindications of liver resection
• Close to HV/IVC
• Liver hilum, large and numerous livers mets
• Involvement of both portal veins or one portal vein and C/L HV or
involvement of all HV
Relative contraindications of liver resection
• Multiple, diffuse, large liver Mets
• High level of CEA (>200ng/ml)
• Extrahepatic metastasis
Nabil Ismaili , Ismaili World Journal of Surgical Oncology 2011, 9:154
http://www.wjso.com/content/9/1/154
15. Upfront Hepatectomy
(True liver first approach)
• Surgical resection : only t/t modality that offers long term survival to
pts with synchronous resectable CLM
• Main drawbacks of Chemotherapy:
• Liver toxicity (steatosis, steohepatitis and sinusoidal obstruction syndrome)
• Missing lesions
• Risk of tumor progression
• Increased risk of systemic toxicity, postop bleeding and infection (by inducing
neutropenia)
• Chemo induced liver injury: worse postop outcomes of subsequent
liver resection
16. Case
• 24/M
• H/o PR bleed and loss of weight and appetite since 3 months
• Colonoscopy : growth in rectum, 11 cms from anal verge.
• Biopsy : Mod diff Adenocarcinoma
• CEA: 11ng/ml
• Ct scan Abdomen and pelvis : Hypodense lesion in segment IV A of
liver (2.9x1.9cms ) and another in Segment II of liver
(10x8mm).Irregular eccentric mass in the lower rectum with enlarged
perirectal LN.
• Wedge resection of segment IV A and II done.
17. • He then received NACTRT (long course).
• CEA levels: 6.59ng/ml
• Ct scan Abdomen and MRI pelvis : irregular
circumferential wall thickening in mid
rectum with tethering of anterio mesorectal
fascia with enlarged peri rectal LN.
• Low Anterior Resection with Diverting loop
Ileostomy done.
• HPR : ypT1N1, all margins free.
• Now, on adjuvant chemotherapy CAPOX.
18. Resection Methods
Minor
• Atypical liver resection
• Local excision
• Left lateral segmentectomy
Major
• Rt/Lt hepatectomy
• Trisectionectomy
• ALP.PS procedure (Associating
liver partition for staged
hepatectomy)
Felix Aigner Johann Pratschke Moritz Schmelzle , Visc Med 2017;33:23–28, DOI: 10.1159/000454688
19. Two-Stage Hepatectomy
• In patients presenting with unresectable bilobar liver metastases who
respond to systemic chemotherapy, a two-stage hepatectomy
approach has been proposed.
• Minor disease is resected first, followed by contralateral portal vein
embolization to maximize future liver remnant before major
hepatectomy.
• Brouquet et al : After a median follow-up of 50 months, 5-year
survival was 51% in the two stage hepatectomy group compared with
15% in those treated by chemotherapy alone.
Mashaal Dhir, MBBS, and Aaron R. Sasson, MD , Volume 12 / Issue 1 / January 2016
20. • There are several different possibilities for treatment sequencing:
(1) chemotherapy, hepatectomy (first stage), hepatectomy (second
stage), then chemotherapy
(2) chemotherapy, hepatectomy (first stage), portal vein embolization,
hepatectomy (second stage), then chemotherapy
(3) chemotherapy, hepatectomy (first stage), portal vein
embolization,chemotherapy (second stage), hepatectomy, then
chemotherapy
21. Disappearing liver metastases
• The management remains controversial.
• Resection is the usual recommended treatment, if resection of all
original sites of disappearing liver metastases is feasible.
• If the original sites cannot be resected, it is reasonable to resect
macroscopic disease and leave disappearing liver metastases in situ
because more than one half of these tend to recur within a year.
• Surveillance : patients older than 60 years and with multiple factors
predictive of true complete, pathologic response, such as
normalization of CEA, hepatic artery infusion therapy, body mass
index <30 kg/m2, and diagnosis of disappearing liver metastases
made through MRI.
Mashaal Dhir, MBBS, and Aaron R. Sasson, MD , Volume 12 / Issue 1 / January 2016
22. Decision making before surgery involves
evaluation for the following:
• Number, size, and location of lesions and their relationship to inflow and
outflow vessels;
• subtle radiologic signs such as fatty liver disease
• signs of portal hypertension such as splenomegaly (low platelet count and
impaired liver function tests can be an indicator of underlying liver
damage)
• Portal and retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy
• Peritoneal carcinomatosis;
• Other areas of metastases, including lung, mediastinum, bone, etc
• Size and function of the future liver remnant
23. Evaluation of Future Liver Remnant Volume
• Calculated using three-dimensional CT volumetry.
• The size of the FLR has been used as a surrogate to predict
postoperative outcomes.
• Normal LFT : FLR of atleat 30% is recommended.
• For patients with cirrhosis and for those treated with systemic
chemotherapy because of the underlying liver dysfunction, a larger
FLR is recommended (40% for cirrhosis, 30% after systemic
chemotherapy).
24. Margins of Resection
• R0 resection margins : Goal of surgical resection.
• A positive margin increases the risk of local recurrence and
compromises long-term survival
• As more and more complex resections are being undertaken, a 1-cm
margin is not always feasible. The goal of surgery is to achieve an R0
resection margin
25. To Conclude :
• Primary first: symptomatic primary with synchronous CLM
• Simultaneous if primary associated with minor hepatectomy of Rt
sided colonic CA
• Borderline resectable/unresectable (Marginally)
• Chemo first reassessment after 2months Liver resection
• Upfront Hepatectomy: Initially resectable CLM