The document discusses advances in man-machine interfaces through embedded force measurement technology. It describes the need for robust and reliable interfaces in industrial applications and introduces three approaches to interfaces: position proportional, force proportional, and non-proportional. It then summarizes Bokam's approach of using embedded sensor technology to create highly reliable proportional input devices.

1. Advancing Man-Machine Interfaces Through Embedded Force Measurement Technology

2. Man-Machine Interface Requirements Electronically controlled interfaces and control-by-wire becoming standard in industrial, agricultural and mining equipment applications. Robustness and survivability requirements are driven by need to minimize warranty repairs and equipment down time. Reliability requirements present in these environmentally challenging applications are significantly higher then those found in commercial and light industrial applications

3. Man-Machine Interface Applications Drive by Wire Applications Control of various equipment appendages Remote Operations Computer input for mobile computing and communications systems Operation of Automation in explosive environment operations

4. Three District Approaches Position Proportional Force Proportional Non-proportional

5. Position Proportional Approach Advantages Easier for untrained people to use More intuitive Has easily definable end conditions Disadvantages Requires extra space for movement of handle More complex internal mechanism More prone to wear and degradation in conventional joysticks Lower precision

6. Force Proportional Approach Advantages Highly precise Smaller Space requirements in system Less complexity in input device Higher reliability Disadvantages Not intuitive for untrained operators Over-force potential

7. Non-Proportional Approach Advantages Low Cost No over-force protection required Disadvantages Can only control on-off functionality Switches are unreliable No precision

8. Approaches to Man-Machine Interface Standard Position Proportional Solutions Potentiometer based joysticks Optical joysticks and input devices Hall-effect input devices Industrial high-rel switches Force Proportional Solutions Strain Gages based systems Non-Proportional Switches are activated when levers are moved

9. Conventional Man-Machine Interface Solutions

10. The Bokam Approach Adapt High Reliability Sensor Technology to Input Devices to create systems that: High reliability and extreme live Have no moving or rubbing parts that can wear over time Provide Both a force proportional and a position proportional configuration in the same basic package size Develop an input device product line based on building blocks that can be combined to solve the most obscure application requirements without substantial NRE effort Create a cost sensitive product line.

11. The Base Technology Application and firing of strain sensitive materials directly into the diaphragm or substrate. Resulting element contains an imbedded set of strain gauges that do not rely on bond lines or epoxy for adherence to the substrate. Elements are deposited onto the substrate in a full whetstone bridge configuration. New proprietary processing techniques have been developed to allow for the deposition of strain gauge materials onto stainless steels and pin-corrosion resistive steels while maintaining dielectric isolation between the gauge and the base material. Proprietary barrier creation materials and processes are used to limit ion migration and create extreme temp solder joints.

12. The Base Technology

13. The Base Technology

14. The Base Technology Capabilities Un-amplified outputs of full bridge sensor with 10V applied can be as high as 150-200mV (with 100mV as typical output with high safety margin) Operating temperatures from cryogenic to 500F Output stable over time and temperature Technology and processes adaptable to low cost high volume OEM applications

15. The Bokam Approach - Notable Achievements Aurora product line named EDN Magazine Innovation of 1997 Finalist DX-300 Series of Sensors named Editors Choice for outstanding sensor development by Electronic Products Magazine DX-300 Series named EDN Magazine Innovation of the year for 1998 DX-400 Series named Best of Sensors Show by Editors of Sensors Magazine for 1999 DX-300M Series named in best 100 new products for 1998/1999 by leading European Medical Design Magazine The Smart Washer™ Named Best of Sensors Expo 2000 Developed an engine embedded, production bearing thrust measurement system Developed a direct percent aeration, foam measurement and direct pump cavitation detection system and technology

16. Technology Advantages Strain measurement circuitry embedded in the steel or ceramic surface. No organic materials High gage factor and sensitivity Increased stability and reliability Increased survivability and life expectancy Process highly automated and repeatable Manufacturing processes lend themselves to high volume production

17. Technology Advantages - Thermal Stability

18. Technology Advantages - Repeatability and Stability

19. Technology Advantages - Signal Integrity

20. Mechanical Interface Innovations Addition of compliant elements to force sensor create a position proportional device without degradation in sensor configuration or performance

21. Modular System Approach

22. Signal Processing

23. Signal Processing Embedded Series electronics can be used both as alone packages and embedded in higher level assemblies Both standards and custom packaging of various features are available Various building block feature packages can be combined into multi-purpose signal conditioning boards Building block configurations and electronics options include: Cursor Control – PS2 or RS232 CAN Bus USB based Human Interface Model Computer Interface with 12bit resolutions USB based Joystick Controller Model Computer Interface with 8 bit resolution Single and Multi-Channel Input Current Solid State Switching Single and Multi-Axis Analog output amplifiers with manual adjustments Single and Multi-Axis Analog output amplifiers with digitally programmable outputs Multi-Axis and Multi-input CAN Bus output signal conditioners/amplifiers Direct Valve control PWM output Signal Conditioners

24. The Position Proportional Gadol Joystick Fully assembled Joystick Sensor/Spring/Post Travel Restriction Plate And Mounting Flange Signal Conditioning Electronics Electronics Enclosure

25. The Gadol Joysticks

26. The M&I Joysticks No moving or rubbing parts Position and Force proportional configurations with the same interface package Meets/exceeds Automotive EMI/RFI susceptibility requirements Modular design through hole design allows addition of any industrial grip and grip mounted feature throughput Increased reliability and substantially longer life capability than potentiometric and optical joysticks Meets the most stringent environmental requirements

27. Customized Military Controls

28. Force Proportional Joystick Module (P/N: GD-09000) Standard Gadol Mounting Flange Through hole to feed various grip feature option cables Customer specified length standard diameter post for grip interface

29. High Precision Ball Style Input Device Force proportional Ball Style Palm Interface Square Mounting Flange Signal Conditioning Enclosure Cable Strain Relief USB Cable Interface Two Independent Axis of Control Force Proportional Device 12 Bit output with 11 th bit stability - Human Interface Model USB interface 8 Bit output – Game controller USB interface Low Profile Package Available with horizontal wire egress and manual re-set button Package available with analog output electronics Factory programmable dead-band or safety band Factory programmable sensitivity Custom adjustable sensitivity adjustment available on customized units 3633 W. MacArthur Blvd., Santa Ana, CA 92704 * Phone: 714-513-2200 * Fax: 714-513-2204 * e-mail: [email_address]

30. Military Grade Metal Grip With Thumb Controls 3633 W. MacArthur Blvd., Santa Ana, CA 92704 * Phone: 714-513-2200 * Fax: 714-513-2204 * e-mail: [email_address] Additional Top Mounted Guarded Input (Shown w/as On-Off Option) One-Axis (Two Direction) Input (proportional or digital options) Two Axis (Four Direction) Input (proportional or digital options) Sealed Electronic Compartment Optional Trigger (not shown) Shaped Ergonomic Handle Modular Two Part Box/Grip Interface Locking Military Grade Connector Output Options: Analog/RS232/RS422/USB/PS2/Digital Grip Can be Used with umbilical, flange mounted or mounted onto a Gadol Joystick Three Momentary Push-Buttons

31. Anodized Aluminum Grip With Thumb Control Pistol Grip Option False Activation Guard Four Directions of Activation Tether Cable or Connector Electrical Interface Other Thumb Interface Configurations Omni-Directional Two Axis One Axis Electrical Output Options 0-5V Current/Voltage Switching Momentary Latching Digital Signal USB 3633 W. MacArthur Blvd., Santa Ana, CA 92704 * Phone: 714-513-2200 * Fax: 714-513-2204 * e-mail: sales@Bokam.com

32. Game Controller Man-Machine Interface Emergency Stop Dual Redundant Solid State Dead-Man Controls Redundant Solid State Triggers Spring Loaded Trigger Guards Solid State Four Direction Toggle Or Proportional Two Direction Solid State Toggle or Proportional Two axis (four direction) Proportional Inputs Solid State Redundant Trigger Safety 3633 W. MacArthur Blvd., Santa Ana, CA 92704 * Phone: 714-513-2200 * Fax: 714-513-2204 * e-mail: [email_address]

33. 3633 W. MacArthur Blvd., Santa Ana, CA 92704 * Phone: 714-513-2200 * Fax: 714-513-2204 * e-mail: [email_address] WRIST MOUSE Right and Left Click Solid State Two Axis Input Device Ergonomic, Concave, Thumb Interface Stable Two Position Velcro Strap and Ergonomic Base Water Tight Enclosure All Welded Steel Construction Sealed Anodized Aluminum Input devices submersed inside the housing to prevent inadvertent activation Various Electrical Interface: Cursor or Game USB PS2 Cursor

34. Fully Submersible Position/Force Proportional Joystick Two Axis Secondary Input Rubberized Grip Position or Force Proportional Interface Force Proportional Two Axis Sensing Element Hermetically Sealed Signal Conditioning Compartment Water submersible connector 3633 W. MacArthur Blvd., Santa Ana, CA 92704 * Phone: 714-513-2200 * Fax: 714-513-2204 * e-mail: [email_address] All welded SS construction

35. Miniature Well Mounted Neptune Series Device Non-compliant Stiff Stick Interface No contacting, rubbing or optical elements Non-magnetic construction to minimize system detection Fully submergible field tested and qualified by US NAVY for underwater use applications Embedded strain sensor technology allows for incredible reliability and long life at continuous operation in an abusive environments Works with all embedded series signal conditioning electronics Applications Include: Cursor control Motion control Multi-direction switching 3633 W. MacArthur Blvd., Santa Ana, CA 92704 * Phone: 714-513-2200 * Fax: 714-513-2204 * e-mail: [email_address] Double o-ring configuration Standard post interfaces with all position or force proportional hand and finger interface packages Submersible connector or pig-tail cable outputs available

36. Miniature Flange Mounted Neptune Input Devices Palm Operation Human Interface in various material of construction and colors Hastelloy C22 or Stainless Steel Construction Options Available Fully welded package for high depth dive capability Standard bulkhead flange mount Two o-ring seal for deep dive capabilities Submersible connector or pig-tail cable output avaialble Input device works with all embedded series signal conditioning electronics (shown in picture with function cursor control electronics) Signal conditioners can be located remotely from the input device due to high signal to noise ration of sensing element 3633 W. MacArthur Blvd., Santa Ana, CA 92704 * Phone: 714-513-2200 * Fax: 714-513-2204 * e-mail: [email_address]

37. Products - The Neptune Series

38. Submersible Military Grade Cursor Control Assembly 3633 W. MacArthur Blvd., Santa Ana, CA 92704 * Phone: 714-513-2200 * Fax: 714-513-2204 * e-mail: [email_address] Hermitically Sealed Electronics Compartment Neptune Series Two Axis Input Device Neptune Series One Axis Input Device Left Click Right Click Cursor Control PS2 Output ( w/ or w/o Connector ) Note: Non Military Grade and/or Non-Submersible Packages Available with the same Functionality

39. Neptune Series - Systems

40. Solid Steel Push Buttons

41. Pedals and Foot Operated Controls Position Proportional Force Sensor Based Redundant Springs Fail-to-off configuration Adaptable to standard pedals

42. The Bokam Advantage High Precision of movement High reliability and life in excess of 10,000,000 cycles Resistance to environmental exposure Modular system configurations and interfaces Force and position proportional interfaces in the same package size Diver proven devices Extensive Heritage of force sensors and input devices Cost effective