Mammalian reproductive physiology: REPRODUCTIVE DYSFUNCTIONS: ANATOMICAL, ENDOCRINE AND GENETIC DISORDERS
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Mammalian reproductive physiology: REPRODUCTIVE DYSFUNCTIONS: ANATOMICAL, ENDOCRINE AND GENETIC DISORDERS
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Precocious puberty
Central precocious puberty is the more common type of precocious puberty, where the pituitary gland prematurely produces hormones that stimulate the ovaries or testicles to make sex hormones, causing early puberty changes. Peripheral precocious puberty is rarer and caused by hormones acting directly on the ovaries, testicles, adrenal gland or thyroid. Risk factors include being female, African American, obese, exposed to sex hormones, or having certain medical conditions. Treatment involves blocking hormones from the pituitary with GnRH analog injections, implants or nasal sprays.
Medical implication of developmental biology
Medical Implication of Developmental Biology discusses infertility treatments like in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), as well as developmental cancer therapies including gene therapy, stem cells, and therapeutic cloning. It also covers angiogenesis inhibition to prevent tumor growth by blocking blood vessel formation. The document provides details on IVF procedures, ICSI directly injecting a single sperm into an egg, and using stem cells to produce new cells and organs for people with diseases or failing organs.
Gynaecomastia
Gynecomastia is the development of breast tissue in males. It commonly occurs during puberty in over half of boys and resolves on its own. It can also occur in older men. The breast tissue may appear as a lump and can affect one or both breasts. Causes include drugs, medical conditions, or idiopathic factors. Evaluation involves history, exam, and potential lab tests or imaging. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include watchful waiting, medications, liposuction, or surgical excision. Surgical procedures carry risks of numbness, blood supply issues, irregular contours, or infections.
gyencomastia
Gynaecomastia is the enlargement of male breast tissue. It has many causes including physiological changes during puberty or aging, as well as pathological issues involving an imbalance of estrogen and androgen levels. Evaluation involves examining the breasts and ruling out other conditions. Treatment depends on the severity and duration, with surgery indicated for severe or long-lasting gynaecomastia if more conservative measures like weight loss or medication are ineffective. Complications of surgery are rare but include bleeding, asymmetry, and scarring. Prognosis is generally good as physiological gynaecomastia often resolves spontaneously over time.
Pcos
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common health problem affecting 1 in 10 women of childbearing age, caused by an imbalance of reproductive hormones. This hormonal imbalance can cause problems in the ovaries such as irregular or missed periods from issues with egg development and ovulation. PCOS is one of the most common causes of infertility in women. The syndrome is characterized by enlarged ovaries containing many small cysts and symptoms such as excess androgen levels leading to hirsutism, acne, and obesity.
Gyneacomastia
Gynecomastia is the swelling of breast tissue in males caused by an imbalance of hormones like estrogen and testosterone. It can affect one or both breasts and causes symptoms like swollen or tender breasts. While usually not a health risk, it can cause psychological problems due to appearance. Risk factors include certain drugs and medications, and treatment options range from medication to surgical procedures like liposuction or mastectomy.
Male reproductive system disorders and diseases
it entails what affects the Male Sex system as well as how it is affected by the infection and other factors present in our society
Male and Female Subfertility
Introduction
Natural conception
Epidemiologic figures
Factors affect the natural conception rate
Causes of subfertility
Female causes of subfertility
ovulation
Ovarian problems
Marker of ovarian reserve
Tubal blockage
Endometrial factors
Uterine factors
Cervical factors
History and PE
Investigations
Treatment
Male subfertility
Hypothalamic-pituitary disease
Obesity
Primary hypogonadism
Sperm transport disorders
Defective ejaculation
History and PE
Investigations
Surgical sperm retrieval
Cryopreservation of gametes
Recommended
Precocious puberty
Central precocious puberty is the more common type of precocious puberty, where the pituitary gland prematurely produces hormones that stimulate the ovaries or testicles to make sex hormones, causing early puberty changes. Peripheral precocious puberty is rarer and caused by hormones acting directly on the ovaries, testicles, adrenal gland or thyroid. Risk factors include being female, African American, obese, exposed to sex hormones, or having certain medical conditions. Treatment involves blocking hormones from the pituitary with GnRH analog injections, implants or nasal sprays.
Medical implication of developmental biology
Medical Implication of Developmental Biology discusses infertility treatments like in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), as well as developmental cancer therapies including gene therapy, stem cells, and therapeutic cloning. It also covers angiogenesis inhibition to prevent tumor growth by blocking blood vessel formation. The document provides details on IVF procedures, ICSI directly injecting a single sperm into an egg, and using stem cells to produce new cells and organs for people with diseases or failing organs.
Gynaecomastia
Gynecomastia is the development of breast tissue in males. It commonly occurs during puberty in over half of boys and resolves on its own. It can also occur in older men. The breast tissue may appear as a lump and can affect one or both breasts. Causes include drugs, medical conditions, or idiopathic factors. Evaluation involves history, exam, and potential lab tests or imaging. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include watchful waiting, medications, liposuction, or surgical excision. Surgical procedures carry risks of numbness, blood supply issues, irregular contours, or infections.
gyencomastia
Gynaecomastia is the enlargement of male breast tissue. It has many causes including physiological changes during puberty or aging, as well as pathological issues involving an imbalance of estrogen and androgen levels. Evaluation involves examining the breasts and ruling out other conditions. Treatment depends on the severity and duration, with surgery indicated for severe or long-lasting gynaecomastia if more conservative measures like weight loss or medication are ineffective. Complications of surgery are rare but include bleeding, asymmetry, and scarring. Prognosis is generally good as physiological gynaecomastia often resolves spontaneously over time.
Pcos
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common health problem affecting 1 in 10 women of childbearing age, caused by an imbalance of reproductive hormones. This hormonal imbalance can cause problems in the ovaries such as irregular or missed periods from issues with egg development and ovulation. PCOS is one of the most common causes of infertility in women. The syndrome is characterized by enlarged ovaries containing many small cysts and symptoms such as excess androgen levels leading to hirsutism, acne, and obesity.
Gyneacomastia
Gynecomastia is the swelling of breast tissue in males caused by an imbalance of hormones like estrogen and testosterone. It can affect one or both breasts and causes symptoms like swollen or tender breasts. While usually not a health risk, it can cause psychological problems due to appearance. Risk factors include certain drugs and medications, and treatment options range from medication to surgical procedures like liposuction or mastectomy.
Male reproductive system disorders and diseases
it entails what affects the Male Sex system as well as how it is affected by the infection and other factors present in our society
Male and Female Subfertility
Introduction
Natural conception
Epidemiologic figures
Factors affect the natural conception rate
Causes of subfertility
Female causes of subfertility
ovulation
Ovarian problems
Marker of ovarian reserve
Tubal blockage
Endometrial factors
Uterine factors
Cervical factors
History and PE
Investigations
Treatment
Male subfertility
Hypothalamic-pituitary disease
Obesity
Primary hypogonadism
Sperm transport disorders
Defective ejaculation
History and PE
Investigations
Surgical sperm retrieval
Cryopreservation of gametes
Ovarian Cancer Infograph
This document lists common symptoms of ovarian cancer such as bloating, gas, and pelvic or abdominal pain. It notes that over 14,000 deaths from ovarian cancer are expected in 2016, making it the 5th leading cause of cancer death among women. There are over 30 types of ovarian cancer, with the most common being epithelial cancer of the ovarian surface and germ cell and stromal cancers which develop in egg-producing cells or connective tissue of the ovaries.
Causes of Infertility in Men
Causes of Infertility in Men-Testicular
Disorders and those related to epididymis, seminal vesicles, and prostate
Gynaecomastia
Gynecomastia is the enlargement of male breast tissue due to an imbalance between estrogen and androgen levels. During puberty, fluctuations in testosterone levels can allow estrogen levels to stimulate breast growth. Later in life, gynecomastia may be caused by testicular tumors, hormone-secreting cancers, lung cancer, alcohol or drug use like marijuana or anabolic steroids. On examination, gynecomastia typically appears as a button-like or oval mass under the nipple that is usually unilateral for idiopathic or drug-induced cases and bilateral for pubertal or hormonal causes. In rare cases, extreme epithelial hyperplasia within the breast ducts can
Causes of infertility
Male infertility can be caused by abnormal sperm production due to health problems like diabetes, enlarged veins in the testes, exposure to chemicals or radiation, infection, hormone imbalances, chromosome defects, or emotional stress. Female infertility can be due to ovulation disorders from conditions like PCOS or tumors, uterine or cervical abnormalities, endometriosis, fallopian tube damage from infections, or thyroid problems. The document discusses various medical causes of both male and female infertility.
Subfertility/infertility
subfertility definition
infertility causes ,diagnosis and management
including female infertility and male infertility
Women's Disorders.ppt
The document discusses various women's reproductive disorders and their causes, symptoms, and treatments. It covers menstrual disorders like dysmenorrhea (painful periods), amenorrhea (absence of periods), and dysfunctional uterine bleeding. It also discusses premenstrual syndrome, infertility, and their potential causes such as hormonal imbalances, genetic factors, health issues, lifestyle factors, and environmental exposures. Treatment options include medications, hormonal therapy, and surgery in some cases.
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease
1. Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is abnormal growth of trophoblast cells that can range from benign to malignant. It includes complete and partial hydatidiform moles, as well as gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) such as invasive mole, choriocarcinoma, and placental site trophoblastic tumor.
2. A 24-year-old woman presented at 14 weeks pregnant with vaginal bleeding, nausea, vomiting, and elevated blood pressure. On examination, her uterus was enlarged beyond gestational age and no fetal heart tone was detected.
3. GTD is typically diagnosed through ultrasound, urine and blood tests. Molar pregnancies are
Amenorrhea
The document discusses amenorrhea, its classification, causes, diagnosis and management. It defines primary amenorrhea as the absence of menstruation by age 16 and secondary amenorrhea as absence of periods for 3 months in a previously menstruating woman. The main causes outlined include hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, polycystic ovary syndrome, premature ovarian failure, hyperprolactinemia, and weight-related issues. The diagnostic approach involves assessing the history, physical exam, ultrasound and hormonal levels. Management focuses on restoring ovulation if possible, or replacing hormones as needed to prevent health issues.
infertility
This document provides an overview of infertility, including its definition, classification, factors, investigations, and management. It defines infertility as one year of unprotected intercourse without conception (or six months for women over 35). The causes are classified as female factors (30%), male factors (30%), both (30%), or unknown (10%). Common female factors include problems with the cervix, uterus, tubes, ovaries, or peritoneum. Male factors can be pre-testicular, testicular, or post-testicular. Initial investigations include medical history, examination, and basic tests/hormone levels, with referral recommended for advanced testing or treatment. Lifestyle changes and counseling are the primary management approaches in primary care.
Gynaecomastia
Gynaecomastia is the benign proliferation of breast tissue in men, characterized by a palpable, firm, subareolar mass. It occurs in 35% of men and is most common between ages 50-69. Gynaecomastia is typically caused by an imbalance of estrogen and androgen levels, and can be due to physiological changes, certain drugs, or underlying diseases. A history, physical exam, and consideration of potential causes are used to diagnose gynaecomastia. Surgery may be used to treat persistent or painful gynaecomastia once other treatment options are exhausted.
INFERTILITY AND RELATED GENETICS
This document discusses infertility, or the failure to conceive after one year of unprotected regular sexual intercourse. It identifies factors that increase or decrease chances of conception and explores causes of infertility in both males and females. For males, common causes include abnormal semen quality, infections, and certain drugs. For females, major causes are anovulation, damaged fallopian tubes, endometriosis, and fibroids. The document outlines various treatment options for infertility, including lifestyle changes, surgery, assisted reproduction techniques like intrauterine insemination, IVF, ICSI, and donor insemination.
Gynecomastia final
Gynecomastia is defined as benign proliferation of glandular breast tissue in men. It can be physiologic, occurring commonly in newborns, adolescents, and older men, or nonphysiologic due to chronic conditions, medications, supplements, or tumors. Physiologic gynecomastia is usually self-limited, while treatment of underlying causes and discontinuing contributing medications or supplements can help resolve nonphysiologic cases. Evaluation involves history of medication use and physical exam to check for masses or tenderness.
Gynecomastia
Gynecomastia, or male breast enlargement, has many potential causes including hormonal imbalances, medications, medical conditions and tumors. Evaluation involves a thorough history, physical exam and targeted lab tests. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and patient goals, ranging from reassurance to surgery. While imaging and extensive labs are not usually needed, it is important to consider underlying diseases and rule out neoplasms in determining appropriate treatment.
Reproductive endocrinology
This document summarizes key hormones involved in human reproduction. It describes how gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus stimulates the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland. FSH stimulates follicle growth in the ovaries and estrogen production, while the LH surge causes ovulation. Estrogen and progesterone provide feedback signals to regulate FSH and LH levels over the menstrual cycle. During pregnancy, placental hormones like human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and placental hormones help maintain the corpus luteum and support fetal development by preparing the uterus and breasts.
Hirsutism , Virilism, Gynaecomastia, Impotence
Hirsutism, or excessive hair growth in women in a male pattern, is common and usually benign. It can be caused by polycystic ovary syndrome, which involves irregular periods, obesity, and high androgen levels. Rare causes of hirsutism include late-onset congenital adrenal hyperplasia and ovarian tumors. Treatment options include hair removal methods and medications to lower androgen levels such as combined oral contraceptives or anti-androgens.
26.2008 Reproductive Endocrinology
The document discusses normal and abnormal menstruation, including normal menstrual cycles, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, polycystic ovarian syndrome, and their causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. It provides details on conditions like menorrhagia, metrorrhagia, oligomenorrhea and their definitions. PCOS is described as a syndrome characterized by menstrual irregularity, hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovaries. Long term risks of PCOS include diabetes, heart disease and infertility.
Investigations for infertile couple
This document outlines the investigation process for an infertile couple. It details the steps taken to evaluate both female and male fertility, including collecting medical histories, performing physical exams, analyzing blood and hormonal levels, screening for infections, and conducting imaging and other diagnostic tests. Key tests and factors examined for females include cervical, uterine, tubal, ovarian and other issues, while for males areas like sexual function, medical history, genetic factors and semen analysis are evaluated. The goal is to identify any biological causes of infertility and determine appropriate treatment options.
Subfertility (Infertility)
Obstetrics and Gynecology, Presentation on Subfertility/Infertility. Includes all aspects and treatment.
Source: Ten Teachers OBGYN
Infertility treatments
Infertility has become a major problem, leading to the growth of infertility clinics. Common infertility treatments include fertility drugs to promote ovulation, intrauterine insemination (IUI) of sperm, and assisted reproductive technologies (ART) like in vitro fertilization (IVF). However, these treatments can cause complications like multiples from drugs, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, and bleeding or birth defects. The document recommends considering natural treatments as safer and more effective options to improve overall health without risks of medical treatments.
Gynecomastia by Dr Shahjada Selim
This document provides information on gynecomastia (male breast enlargement) including its definition, epidemiology, etiology, evaluation, and treatment. It notes that gynecomastia is common in newborns, adolescents, and older men due to hormonal changes. The cause is typically an imbalance of estrogens and androgens. Evaluation involves history, exam, and targeted lab tests. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include reassurance, treating the cause, antiestrogens like tamoxifen, or surgery.
Infertility
1. The document discusses infertility, including its definition, types, prevalence, causes, investigations, and management for both female and male infertility.
2. For female infertility, common causes include ovulatory disorders, tubal/peritoneal factors, and endometriosis. Investigations evaluate ovulation and tubal patency. Treatments target the underlying cause and may include drugs, surgery, or assisted reproductive technologies.
3. For male infertility, common causes are genetic defects, hormonal issues, varicocele, infections, and lifestyle factors. Investigations include semen analysis and hormone levels. Treatments include correcting underlying issues, surgery, hormones, and assisted reproduction.
pCOS.pptx
This presentation summarizes polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). PCOS is a complex hormonal disorder common in women of reproductive age, characterized by enlarged ovaries with small cysts, irregular periods, and excess androgen. The presentation covers the definition, epidemiology, types, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic evaluation, management, and complications of PCOS. Key points include that PCOS can be inflammatory, post-pill, insulin resistance or adrenal-related, and treatment involves lifestyle changes, medication, and surgery depending on symptoms.
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Ovarian Cancer Infograph
This document lists common symptoms of ovarian cancer such as bloating, gas, and pelvic or abdominal pain. It notes that over 14,000 deaths from ovarian cancer are expected in 2016, making it the 5th leading cause of cancer death among women. There are over 30 types of ovarian cancer, with the most common being epithelial cancer of the ovarian surface and germ cell and stromal cancers which develop in egg-producing cells or connective tissue of the ovaries.
Causes of Infertility in Men
Causes of Infertility in Men-Testicular
Disorders and those related to epididymis, seminal vesicles, and prostate
Gynaecomastia
Gynecomastia is the enlargement of male breast tissue due to an imbalance between estrogen and androgen levels. During puberty, fluctuations in testosterone levels can allow estrogen levels to stimulate breast growth. Later in life, gynecomastia may be caused by testicular tumors, hormone-secreting cancers, lung cancer, alcohol or drug use like marijuana or anabolic steroids. On examination, gynecomastia typically appears as a button-like or oval mass under the nipple that is usually unilateral for idiopathic or drug-induced cases and bilateral for pubertal or hormonal causes. In rare cases, extreme epithelial hyperplasia within the breast ducts can
Causes of infertility
Male infertility can be caused by abnormal sperm production due to health problems like diabetes, enlarged veins in the testes, exposure to chemicals or radiation, infection, hormone imbalances, chromosome defects, or emotional stress. Female infertility can be due to ovulation disorders from conditions like PCOS or tumors, uterine or cervical abnormalities, endometriosis, fallopian tube damage from infections, or thyroid problems. The document discusses various medical causes of both male and female infertility.
Subfertility/infertility
subfertility definition
infertility causes ,diagnosis and management
including female infertility and male infertility
Women's Disorders.ppt
The document discusses various women's reproductive disorders and their causes, symptoms, and treatments. It covers menstrual disorders like dysmenorrhea (painful periods), amenorrhea (absence of periods), and dysfunctional uterine bleeding. It also discusses premenstrual syndrome, infertility, and their potential causes such as hormonal imbalances, genetic factors, health issues, lifestyle factors, and environmental exposures. Treatment options include medications, hormonal therapy, and surgery in some cases.
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease
1. Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is abnormal growth of trophoblast cells that can range from benign to malignant. It includes complete and partial hydatidiform moles, as well as gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) such as invasive mole, choriocarcinoma, and placental site trophoblastic tumor.
2. A 24-year-old woman presented at 14 weeks pregnant with vaginal bleeding, nausea, vomiting, and elevated blood pressure. On examination, her uterus was enlarged beyond gestational age and no fetal heart tone was detected.
3. GTD is typically diagnosed through ultrasound, urine and blood tests. Molar pregnancies are
Amenorrhea
The document discusses amenorrhea, its classification, causes, diagnosis and management. It defines primary amenorrhea as the absence of menstruation by age 16 and secondary amenorrhea as absence of periods for 3 months in a previously menstruating woman. The main causes outlined include hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, polycystic ovary syndrome, premature ovarian failure, hyperprolactinemia, and weight-related issues. The diagnostic approach involves assessing the history, physical exam, ultrasound and hormonal levels. Management focuses on restoring ovulation if possible, or replacing hormones as needed to prevent health issues.
infertility
This document provides an overview of infertility, including its definition, classification, factors, investigations, and management. It defines infertility as one year of unprotected intercourse without conception (or six months for women over 35). The causes are classified as female factors (30%), male factors (30%), both (30%), or unknown (10%). Common female factors include problems with the cervix, uterus, tubes, ovaries, or peritoneum. Male factors can be pre-testicular, testicular, or post-testicular. Initial investigations include medical history, examination, and basic tests/hormone levels, with referral recommended for advanced testing or treatment. Lifestyle changes and counseling are the primary management approaches in primary care.
Gynaecomastia
Gynaecomastia is the benign proliferation of breast tissue in men, characterized by a palpable, firm, subareolar mass. It occurs in 35% of men and is most common between ages 50-69. Gynaecomastia is typically caused by an imbalance of estrogen and androgen levels, and can be due to physiological changes, certain drugs, or underlying diseases. A history, physical exam, and consideration of potential causes are used to diagnose gynaecomastia. Surgery may be used to treat persistent or painful gynaecomastia once other treatment options are exhausted.
INFERTILITY AND RELATED GENETICS
This document discusses infertility, or the failure to conceive after one year of unprotected regular sexual intercourse. It identifies factors that increase or decrease chances of conception and explores causes of infertility in both males and females. For males, common causes include abnormal semen quality, infections, and certain drugs. For females, major causes are anovulation, damaged fallopian tubes, endometriosis, and fibroids. The document outlines various treatment options for infertility, including lifestyle changes, surgery, assisted reproduction techniques like intrauterine insemination, IVF, ICSI, and donor insemination.
Gynecomastia final
Gynecomastia is defined as benign proliferation of glandular breast tissue in men. It can be physiologic, occurring commonly in newborns, adolescents, and older men, or nonphysiologic due to chronic conditions, medications, supplements, or tumors. Physiologic gynecomastia is usually self-limited, while treatment of underlying causes and discontinuing contributing medications or supplements can help resolve nonphysiologic cases. Evaluation involves history of medication use and physical exam to check for masses or tenderness.
Gynecomastia
Gynecomastia, or male breast enlargement, has many potential causes including hormonal imbalances, medications, medical conditions and tumors. Evaluation involves a thorough history, physical exam and targeted lab tests. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and patient goals, ranging from reassurance to surgery. While imaging and extensive labs are not usually needed, it is important to consider underlying diseases and rule out neoplasms in determining appropriate treatment.
Reproductive endocrinology
This document summarizes key hormones involved in human reproduction. It describes how gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus stimulates the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland. FSH stimulates follicle growth in the ovaries and estrogen production, while the LH surge causes ovulation. Estrogen and progesterone provide feedback signals to regulate FSH and LH levels over the menstrual cycle. During pregnancy, placental hormones like human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and placental hormones help maintain the corpus luteum and support fetal development by preparing the uterus and breasts.
Hirsutism , Virilism, Gynaecomastia, Impotence
Hirsutism, or excessive hair growth in women in a male pattern, is common and usually benign. It can be caused by polycystic ovary syndrome, which involves irregular periods, obesity, and high androgen levels. Rare causes of hirsutism include late-onset congenital adrenal hyperplasia and ovarian tumors. Treatment options include hair removal methods and medications to lower androgen levels such as combined oral contraceptives or anti-androgens.
26.2008 Reproductive Endocrinology
The document discusses normal and abnormal menstruation, including normal menstrual cycles, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, polycystic ovarian syndrome, and their causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. It provides details on conditions like menorrhagia, metrorrhagia, oligomenorrhea and their definitions. PCOS is described as a syndrome characterized by menstrual irregularity, hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovaries. Long term risks of PCOS include diabetes, heart disease and infertility.
Investigations for infertile couple
This document outlines the investigation process for an infertile couple. It details the steps taken to evaluate both female and male fertility, including collecting medical histories, performing physical exams, analyzing blood and hormonal levels, screening for infections, and conducting imaging and other diagnostic tests. Key tests and factors examined for females include cervical, uterine, tubal, ovarian and other issues, while for males areas like sexual function, medical history, genetic factors and semen analysis are evaluated. The goal is to identify any biological causes of infertility and determine appropriate treatment options.
Subfertility (Infertility)
Obstetrics and Gynecology, Presentation on Subfertility/Infertility. Includes all aspects and treatment.
Source: Ten Teachers OBGYN
Infertility treatments
Infertility has become a major problem, leading to the growth of infertility clinics. Common infertility treatments include fertility drugs to promote ovulation, intrauterine insemination (IUI) of sperm, and assisted reproductive technologies (ART) like in vitro fertilization (IVF). However, these treatments can cause complications like multiples from drugs, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, and bleeding or birth defects. The document recommends considering natural treatments as safer and more effective options to improve overall health without risks of medical treatments.
Gynecomastia by Dr Shahjada Selim
This document provides information on gynecomastia (male breast enlargement) including its definition, epidemiology, etiology, evaluation, and treatment. It notes that gynecomastia is common in newborns, adolescents, and older men due to hormonal changes. The cause is typically an imbalance of estrogens and androgens. Evaluation involves history, exam, and targeted lab tests. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include reassurance, treating the cause, antiestrogens like tamoxifen, or surgery.
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Infertility
1. The document discusses infertility, including its definition, types, prevalence, causes, investigations, and management for both female and male infertility.
2. For female infertility, common causes include ovulatory disorders, tubal/peritoneal factors, and endometriosis. Investigations evaluate ovulation and tubal patency. Treatments target the underlying cause and may include drugs, surgery, or assisted reproductive technologies.
3. For male infertility, common causes are genetic defects, hormonal issues, varicocele, infections, and lifestyle factors. Investigations include semen analysis and hormone levels. Treatments include correcting underlying issues, surgery, hormones, and assisted reproduction.
pCOS.pptx
This presentation summarizes polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). PCOS is a complex hormonal disorder common in women of reproductive age, characterized by enlarged ovaries with small cysts, irregular periods, and excess androgen. The presentation covers the definition, epidemiology, types, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic evaluation, management, and complications of PCOS. Key points include that PCOS can be inflammatory, post-pill, insulin resistance or adrenal-related, and treatment involves lifestyle changes, medication, and surgery depending on symptoms.
pcos-220712080546-996dd55b.pdf
This presentation summarizes polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). PCOS is a complex hormonal disorder common in women of reproductive age, characterized by enlarged ovaries with small cysts, irregular periods, and excess androgen. The presentation covers the definition, types (including inflammatory, post-pill, insulin resistance and adrenal types), risk factors, symptoms, diagnostic evaluation, and management of PCOS which includes lifestyle changes, medication, and surgery.
Subfertility
This document discusses subfertility, which is defined as the failure to conceive within 1 year of unprotected regular sexual intercourse. It describes various factors that can affect fertility in both men and women, including ovulation disorders, tubal damage, age, sexually transmitted diseases, endometriosis, and male factors like varicocele and low semen quality. The management of subfertility involves taking a history, examination, and investigations to determine the cause, followed by treatments tailored to the specific diagnosis, such as clomiphene citrate for ovulation disorders or surgery for tubal disease.
Female infertility
it describes in detail about causes, investigations and management of female infertility.in the end of presentation, it includes a video demonstration to describe the management options of assisted conception.
Female infertility,Prof.Salah Roshdy
This document discusses female infertility. It defines primary and secondary infertility and outlines the typical initial investigations for an infertile couple, including investigating male factors, testing for ovulation, and testing tubal patency using procedures like laparoscopy and hysteroscopy. Some of the key causes of female infertility discussed include ovulatory disorders like polycystic ovary syndrome, tubal damage, endometriosis, and unexplained infertility.
Cutaneous Signs of Androgenization
The document summarizes research on skin manifestations of endocrine disorders. Two studies found that hirsutism and acanthosis nigricans are reliable signs of polycystic ovary syndrome in women, and that post-adolescent males with acne have higher rates of insulin resistance. The document also reviews other conditions like Cushing's disease, hypothyroidism, and congenital adrenal hyperplasia that can cause skin abnormalities through excess androgen production. It provides details on evaluating and treating patients with skin signs of endocrine disorders.
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome.pptx
Science, practice and evidence are dynamic processes. This is typically vivid when it relates to Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. PCOS is the commonest hyperandrogenic disorder in women and one of the most common causes of ovulatory infertility. Although polycystic ovaries were first described by the Italian scientist Vallisneri in 1721, it was largely forgotten until the 1930s, and then renamed after its rediscoverers as Stein-Leventhal syndrome. Even then, it still wasn’t until the invention of the ultrasound scanner in the 1980s and consensus of diagnosis in the early 1990s that PCOS was recognized on a wider scale in women of reproductive age. When attempting to diagnose with precision something that is complex, it is important that we first clearly define what it is we are trying to diagnose. PCOS is today seen as a heterogeneous syndrome where a range of symptoms may be present or absent, and may overlap with other conditions, it is perhaps best viewed as a spectrum of symptoms, pathologic findings and laboratory abnormalities. PCOS can be difficult to conceptualize, even for experts, as shown by the fact that there have been several different ways of diagnosing it over the years.
More recently, the fundamental role of hyperandrogenism has been pointed out.
However, PCOS compromises other pathological conditions that strongly modify the phenotype and play a dominant role in the pathophysiology of the disorder, including insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia, obesity and metabolic disorders, all favoring together with androgen excess, an increased susceptibility to develop type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and, possibly, cardiovascular diseases. PCOS by itself may also have some genetic component as documented by familial aggregation and recent genetic studies. All the clinical features may however change throughout the lifespan, starting from adolescence to postmenopausal age. Therefore, PCOS should be considered as a lifetime disorder.
I sincerely hope that with the recommended readings attached and lecture, you will be able to strengthen your knowledge, thereby providing evidence-based medicine practice for the management of PCOS in a successful manner to improve and better women’s Health care. The best investment you can make is an investment in yourself. The more you learn, the more you’ll earn (Warren Buffett), so read as much as you can.
Thank You.
Regards: Rafi Rozan
Female and male infertility Causes & Management by Asar Khan
In this Presentation we have included the male and female infertility their causes and Management. we hope that it will provide you some basic information regarding this issues.
amenorrhea
Amenorrhea is the absence of menstruation and can be primary or secondary. Primary amenorrhea refers to the absence of menstruation by age 15 in the presence of secondary sexual characteristics or by age 13 without characteristics. Secondary amenorrhea is the absence of menses for longer than 6 months in a previously menstruating woman. Common causes include pregnancy, polycystic ovarian syndrome, thyroid issues, and prolactinomas. An evaluation involves assessing sexual development, examining the reproductive tract, and obtaining levels of FSH, TSH, and prolactin to help determine the cause. Further tests like an MRI or karyotype may then be needed.
Endo Reproduction
The document provides clinical guidelines for evaluating and managing amenorrhea. It discusses the different types of amenorrhea including primary and secondary. For evaluation, it recommends taking a medical history, physical exam, ultrasound exam, and lab tests to identify potential causes. Common causes discussed include polycystic ovary syndrome, thyroid issues, eating disorders, excessive exercise, and genetic conditions. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include hormone replacement therapy or lifestyle changes.
Female infertility (3) (1).pptx
Female infertility can be caused by issues with ovulation, the fallopian tubes, the uterus, or the ovaries. It affects about 9% of couples worldwide. Common causes include polycystic ovary syndrome, tubal damage from infection or surgery, fibroids, endometriosis, and unexplained factors. Treatment depends on the underlying issue but may involve lifestyle changes, ovulation induction drugs like clomifene, laparoscopic surgery, assisted reproduction techniques like IVF, or using donor eggs. The goal is to restore normal anatomy or function to the reproductive organs and enhance the chances of natural or assisted conception.
gynaecology.PCOS.(dr.hana)
PCOS is the most common endocrinopathy affecting about 5% of reproductive aged women. It is characterized by androgen excess, menstrual irregularity, and polycystic ovaries. While androgen excess in women has been recognized since ancient times, PCOS was first identified and named by Stein and Leventhal in 1935. PCOS is considered a complex, heterogeneous disorder that is likely caused by both genetic and environmental factors. Common features include hyperandrogenism, polycystic ovaries, and insulin resistance. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms like hirsutism, amenorrhea, and infertility and may include lifestyle changes, oral contraceptives, antiandrogens, insulin sensitizers, and fertility treatments.
Amenorrhoea PCOD
This document discusses various causes of delayed puberty and abnormal sexual development, including hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction, Kallmann syndrome, central nervous system tumors, and chromosomal abnormalities. It then covers hypergonadotropic hypogonadism conditions like Turner's syndrome and primary ovarian failure. Treatment options are mentioned for specific conditions like vaginal reconstruction for vaginal agenesis or gonadectomy for androgen insensitivity syndrome. Postpartum pituitary necrosis is summarized as causing failing lactation, loss of pubic hair, and secondary amenorrhea due to low levels of hormones like growth hormone, prolactin, and gonadotropins.
Aj gynecomastia 15 aug 2011
This document defines gynecomastia and discusses its evaluation and treatment. It describes the differences between true gynecomastia involving breast glandular tissue and pseudogynecomastia involving only fat deposition. It reviews the hormonal causes and various etiologies including physiological causes in infancy, adolescence and older age as well as pathological causes like tumors, liver disease and drugs. Evaluation involves history, exam and potential labs or imaging depending on risk factors. Treatment options include watchful waiting, medications or surgery depending on factors like size and duration.
Primary ovarian insufficiency
This document summarizes a case of a 21-year-old female with primary amenorrhea and hot flashes. Her lab tests showed elevated FSH and LH levels consistent with premature ovarian insufficiency. The document defines premature ovarian insufficiency as cessation of menses before age 40 due to depletion or dysfunction of ovarian follicles. It discusses causes, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options which include hormone replacement therapy and in vitro fertilization with donor eggs. Counseling is recommended to address psychological and family planning aspects.
Amenorrhea
AMENORRHEA
Ludmila Barbakadze
Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Assistant Professor Medical Doctor at Archil Khomassuridze Institute of Reproductology ,Tbilisi , Georgia.
Infertility it causes and treatment
This document discusses infertility, its causes, and treatment options. It defines primary and secondary infertility and lists common causes for both male and female infertility such as health problems, age, stress, tobacco, and environmental factors. For treatment, it describes ovulation induction drugs, intrauterine insemination, and assisted reproductive technologies including in vitro fertilization (IVF), zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT), gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT), and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). It notes some risks of assisted reproduction technologies for both women and babies.
Uterine fibroids
This document provides information on fibroids including their incidence, etiology, risk factors, symptoms, natural history, degenerative changes, diagnosis, effects on fertility and pregnancy, differential diagnosis, and treatment options. It notes that fibroids are benign tumors of the uterus that affect 5-20% of women during their reproductive years and discusses genetic, hormonal, and growth factors that contribute to their development. Common symptoms include abnormal uterine bleeding and pain. Treatment options include watchful waiting, medical therapy such as NSAIDs and GnRH agonists, and surgical options like myomectomy and uterine artery embolization.
PCOS
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is the most common cause of infertility in women. It is characterized by oligoamenorrhea, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovaries. PCOS results from abnormal pituitary-ovarian-adrenal interactions that cause excess androgen production and reduced fertility. Women with PCOS have an increased risk of insulin resistance, diabetes, heart disease, and obesity. The diagnosis of PCOS requires hyperandrogenism, ovarian dysfunction, and the exclusion of other disorders.
Similar to Mammalian reproductive physiology: REPRODUCTIVE DYSFUNCTIONS: ANATOMICAL, ENDOCRINE AND GENETIC DISORDERS (20)
Female and male infertility Causes & Management by Asar Khan
Female and male infertility Causes & Management by Asar Khan
Recently uploaded
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Cytokines and their role in immune regulation.pptx
This presentation covers the content and information on "Cytokines " and their role in immune regulation .
SAR of Medicinal Chemistry 1st by dk.pdf
In this presentation include the prototype drug SAR on thus or with their examples .
Syllabus of Second Year B. Pharmacy
2019 PATTERN.
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
3D Particle-In-Cell (PIC) algorithm,
Plasma expansion in the dipole magnetic field.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
如何办理(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证本科学位证书原版一模一样
原版纸张【微信：741003700 】【(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
原版制作(carleton毕业证书)卡尔顿大学毕业证硕士文凭原版一模一样
原版纸张【微信：741003700 】【(carleton毕业证书)卡尔顿大学毕业证】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
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◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
Evaporation step counter work. I have done a physical experiment.
(Work in progress.)
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Isolation of pure culture, its various method.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Recently uploaded (20)
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Cytokines and their role in immune regulation.pptx
Cytokines and their role in immune regulation.pptx
mô tả các thí nghiệm về đánh giá tác động dòng khí hóa sau đốt
mô tả các thí nghiệm về đánh giá tác động dòng khí hóa sau đốt
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
Basics of crystallography, crystal systems, classes and different forms
Basics of crystallography, crystal systems, classes and different forms
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
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Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Mammalian reproductive physiology: REPRODUCTIVE DYSFUNCTIONS: ANATOMICAL, ENDOCRINE AND GENETIC DISORDERS
- 3. penis penis fertility. testicular torsion testicular cancer epididymitis
- 16. Candidiasis is characterized by severe itching; a thick, yellow, cheesy discharge; a yeasty odor; and pain.The disorder, experienced at least once by about 75% of females, is usually a result of proliferation of the fungus following antibiotic therapy for another condition. Predisposing conditions include the use of oral contraceptives or cortisone-like medications, pregnancy, and diabetes.
- 25. sugar diabetes
- 26. sugar diabetes
- 33. miscarriages
- 37. genetic puberty secondary sexual characteristics hypogonadism infertile osteoporosis [1] GnRH hormone hypothalamus testosterone oestrogen progesterone Hormone replacement therapy
- 38. amenorrhoea menstruation Cryptorchidism gonadotropins LH FSH Hypogonadism testosterone oestrogen progesterone Infertility
- 41. puberty hernia
- 44. yoga acupuncture maya abdominal massage pelvic adhesions endometriosis intrauterine adhesions