Malaysia

MALAYSIA
1. PRATAP KARPAYAH
2. GIRLAND MUANZA
3. NIK FATIMAH AZ ZAHARA
4. MENAHA MOHANASUNDARRAM
5. TUAN MUHAMMAD HANIF

GENERAL SOCIAL-
ECONOMIC
CHARACTERISTICS OF
RESIDENTIAL LIFE IN
MALAYSIA

GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE AND POLITICAL REGIME IN
MALAYSIA
Government of Malaysia refers to the Federal
Government or national government authority based in the federal
territories of Kuala Lumpur, and the federal executive based in
Putrajaya.
Malaysia is a federation of 13 states operating within
a constitutional monarchy under the Westminster parliamentary
system and is categorised as a representative democracy.
The federal government of Malaysia adheres to and is created by
the Federal Constitution of Malaysia, the supreme law of the land.
The federal government adopts the principle of separation of
powers and has three branches: executive, legislature and
judiciary.
The state governments in Malaysia also have their respective
executive and legislative bodies.
The judicial system in Malaysia is a federalised court system
GENERAL SOCIAL-ECONOMIC
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESIDENTIAL LIFE

ADMINISTRATIVE AND TERRITORIAL
SUBDIVISIONS
• - The states and federal territories of Malaysia are the
principal administrative divisions of Malaysia.
• - Malaysia is a federation comprising thirteen states (Negeri) and
three federal territories (Wilayah Persekutuan).
• -Eleven states and two federal territories are located on the Malay
Peninsula, collectively called Peninsular Malaysia (Semenanjung Malaysia)
or West Malaysia.
• -Two states are on the island of Borneo, and the remaining one federal
territory consists of islands offshore of Borneo; they are collectively referred
to as East Malaysia or Malaysian Borneo.

CLIMATIC AND GEOGRAPHIC
PECULIARITIES
Malaysia weather benefits from a tropical climate with high temperatures and high
humidty throughout the year. Daytime temperatures rise above 30°C (86°F) year-round
and night-time temperatures rarely drop below 20°C (68°F).
Geography and climate
Malaysia is situated in central South-East Asia, bordering Thailand in the north,
with Singapore to the south and Indonesia to the south and west. It is composed of
Peninsular Malaysia and the states of Sabah and Sarawak on the north coast of the
island of Borneo, 650 to 950km (404 to 600 miles) across the South China Sea.
Peninsular Malaysia is an area of forested mountain ranges running north-south. The
coastline extends nearly 1,900km (1,200 miles). The west coast consists of mangrove
swamps and mudflats which separate into bays and inlets. In the west, the plains have
been cleared and cultivated, while the unsheltered east coast consists of tranquil
beaches backed by dense jungle.
Malaysian Borneo, Sarawak has flat landforms and, in some places, swampy coastal
plains with rivers penetrating the jungle-covered hills and mountains of the interior.
Sabah has a narrow coastal plain which gives way to mountains and jungle. Mount
Kinabalu, at 4,094m (13,432ft), is the highest peak in Malaysia.

GENERAL ECONOMIC GROWTH & THE PREDOMINANT TYPE OF
PRODUCTION (INDUSTRIAL AND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION)
Malaysia has a newly industrialised market economy, which is relatively open and
state-oriented.
The economy of Malaysia is the third largest in Southeast Asia. As one of three
countries that control the Strait of Malacca, international trade plays a large role in
Malaysia's economy.
Agricultural Sector
Agriculture is now a minor sector of the Malaysian economy, accounting for 7.1% of
Malaysia's GDP in 2014 and employing 11.1% of Malaysia's labour force, in 1960s
when agriculture accounted for 37% of Malaysia's GDP and employed 66.2% of the
labour force.
The crops grown by the agricultural sector has also significantly shifted from food
crops like paddy and coconut to industrial crops like palm oil and rubber.
Industry sector
- Malaysia's industrial sector accounts for 36.8%,
over a third of the country's GDP in 2014, and
employs 36% of the labour force in 2012.

POPULATION SIZE AND
RESIDENTIAL DENSITY
Census 2010 revealed that the total population of
Malaysia was 28.3 million, compared with 23.3 million
in 2000.
This gives an average annual population growth rate of
2.0 per cent for the period 2000-2010. The rate was
lower compared to that of 2.6 per cent during 1991-
2000.
The state with the highest growth rate for the period
2000-2010 was W. P. Putrajaya (17.8%), followed by
Selangor (2.7%), Melaka (2.6%) and Sabah (2.1%).
Among the states which experienced lower growth rate
were Terengganu (1.4%), Perak (1.4%), W. P. Labuan
(1.3%) and Perlis (1.2%).

POPULATION SIZE AND
RESIDENTIAL DENSITY
Population density of Malaysia
stood at 86 persons per square
kilometer in 2010 compared with
71 persons in 2000.
Unlike the population distribution,
the population density revealed a
different picture.
Selangor being the most populous
state was only ranked fifth in terms
of population density with 674
persons per square kilometer.
Among the most densely
populated states were W. P. Kuala
Lumpur (6,891 persons), Pulau
Pinang (1,490 persons) and W. P.

POPULATION DISTRIBUTION
Population distribution by
state indicated that
Selangor was the most
populous state (5.46
million), followed by Johor
(3.35 million) and Sabah
(3.21 million).
The population share of
these states to the total
population of Malaysia was
42.4 per cent. The least
populated states were W.
P. Putrajaya (72,413) and

RELIGION IN
MALAYSIA
Malaysia is a multicultural
and multiconfessional country.
As of the 2010 Population and
Housing Census,
61.3 percent of the
population practices Islam
19.8 percent Buddhism
9.2 percent Christianity
6.3 percent Hinduism
1.3 percent Chinese
The remainder is accounted for
by other faiths,
including, Animism,, Folk religion,
Sikhism and other belief systems.

MALAYSIA: LANGUAGES AND
ETHNIC GROUPS
Languages
Bahasa Malaysia (official),
English, Chinese
(Cantonese, Mandarin,
Hokkien, Hakka, Hainan,
Foochow), Tamil, Telugu,
Malayalam, Panjabi, Thai
Note: in East Malaysia
there are several
indigenous languages;
most widely spoken are
Iban and Kadazan
Ethnic groups
Malay 50.1%,
Chinese 22.6%,
indigenous 11.8%,
Indian 6.7%,
other 0.7%,
non-citizens 8.2%
(2010 est.)

AGE-SEXUAL COMPOSITION OF THE
POPULATION
This entry provides the
distribution of the population
according to age.
Information is included by sex
and age group (0-14 years, 15-
64 years, 65 years and over).
The age structure of a population
affects a nation's key
socioeconomic issues.
Countries with young populations
(high percentage under age 15)
need to invest more in schools,
while countries with older
populations (high percentage
ages 65 and over) need to invest
Age structure:
0-14 years: 28.8% (male
4,456,033/female 4,206,727)
15-24 years: 16.9% (male
2,580,486/female 2,511,579)
25-54 years: 41.2% (male
6,277,694/female 6,114,312)
55-64 years: 7.6% (male
1,163,861/female 1,122,746)
65 years and over: 5.5%
(male 777,338/female 862,577)
(2014 est.)

GROWTH OF MALAYSIA POPULATION.
Malaysia’s population has been
growing, with forecasts that it will
continue to grow –
The size of households is getting
smaller . In 1970 there was an
average of 5.5 people per household
or, to put it another way, there were
about 182 households for every 1,000
people.
By 2020 the forecast is that the
average will be 4 people, or 250
households for every 1,000 people.
The number of households is
therefore increasing at a faster rate
than the growth of the population. This
unalterable demographic fact is what

MALAYSIA: POPULATION,
URBANIZATION, EMIGRATION.
Median age total: 27.7 years
male: 27.4 years
female: 27.9 years (2014 est.)
Population growth rate 1.47% (2014 est.)
Birth rate 20.06 births/1,000 population (2014
est.)
Death rate 5 deaths/1,000 population (2014 est.)
Net migration rate -0.34 migrant(s)/1,000 population
note: does not reflect net flow of an
unknown number of illegal
immigrants from other countries in
the region (2014 est.)
Urbanization urban population: 72.8% of total
population (2011)
rate of urbanization: 2.49% annual
rate of change (2010-15 est.)

CHARACTERISTIC OF THE
POPULATION’S HEALTH
IN MALAYSIA

1. MORBIDITY AND INJURIES
The Institute for Public Health conducted the
National Health and Morbidity Survey, NHMS in
2011.
NHMS has been started since 1986.
NHMS has been conducted for the fourth time in
2011

A. GENERAL INCIDENCE RATE OF
THE POPULATION
COMMUNICABLE
DISEASE
TB
MALARIA
DYSENTARY
MEASLES
HEPATITIS
• NONCOMMUNICA
BLE DISEASE
– HYPERTENSION
– CANCER
– DENGUE FEVER
– OCCUPATONAL
INJURIES
– STD
– HIV

COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
Malaria has decreased markedly with better surveillance and
prompt treatment.
TB is slightly increase possibly attributed to the increase in influx of
immigrant workers into the country. These workers mostly
originated from poor developing countries in the region.
Dysentery is decrease, might be attributed to improvement of
water supply and basic hygiene.
Immunizable diseases shows decreasing in incidence due to wide
coverage of immunization. The decline in Hepatitis B incidence may
be attributed to the introduction of the National Hepatitis B
immunization.

NON-COMMUNICABLE-
is increase in rates due to rapid economic growth. For example diseases such as
cardiovascular diseases and nutrition.
HYPERTENSION incidence rate that showed a decline, incidence of cardiovascular disease
rose by more than a 100%. Nutritional problems were reflected by increasing trends of
obesity, protein malnutrition and by underweight births.
MALIGNANT CANCEr incidence rate had been reported to rise in 1997 compared to 1990.
DENGUE AND DENGUE HAEMORRHAGIC There had been a markedly tremendous
increase in the incidence rate of this disease over a span of 7 years due to housing estates
and construction sites.
WORK-RELATED ACCIDENTS AND OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES were also observed to
have increased.
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (SYPHILIS AND GONORRHEA) had shown a
decline in incidence Rates.
HIV/AIDS were not reported prior to 1986. However, since then there has been an alarming
increase in incidence of both HIV infections and AIDS.

DIABETES MELLITUS
15.2% (2.6 million) of adults 18 years and above have diabetes
7.2% are known to have diabetes
8.0% are previously undiagnosed with diabetes.
HYPERTENSION
32.7% (5.8 million) of adults 18 years and above have
hypertension
12.8% are known to have hypertension
19.8% are previously undiagnosed with hypertension
HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA
35.1% (6.2 million) of adults 18 years and above have
hypercholesterolemia
8.4% are known to have hypercholesterolemia
26.6% are previously undiagnosed with hypercholesterolemia

B. GENERAL PREVALENCE RATE OF
THE POPULATION

D. INFECTIOUS MORBIDITY RATES
1. MEASLES
2. MALARIA
3. HIV/AIDS
4. TB

MEASLES
Measles immunization
which was introduced later
in 1982.
By 1985, the immunization
coverage with single dose of
live attenuated vaccine at 9
months of age improved
rapidly from 34.6% in 1986
to more than 85% in the late
1990s.
After 1987, the incidence of
measles declined rapidly,
falling from 33/100,000
population in 1987 to
2/100,000 population in

MALARIA
• Every patient presenting at the
clinic with fever has screened
for malaria.
• And from 1980, such efforts
have produced a steep decline
in the number of reported
cases of malaria.
• The incidence then leveled off
until the late 1990s when
another drop in incidence
occurred.
• Since 2000, the incidence has
stabilized at the incidence rate
of between 26 to 55/100,000
population

HIV/AIDS
The increasing prevalenceof HIV
in Malaysia has yet to abate since
the first reported cases in 1986.
The adult prevalence of HIV in
Malaysia is presently at 0.5% .
There was three virtual peaks in
1992, 1996 and 2002, denoting
that the source of transmissions is
localized and continual.
Around 79% of HIV cases and
65.4% of AIDS cases in Malaysia
are within the age group of 20 –
39 years

TUBERCULOSIS
In 1990, there were only 6
cases of TB co-infection with
HIV cases reported among
the 10,873 TB cases.
The number had escalated to
933 cases or 6.5% of the total
number of 14,389.
There is a sudden and
shocking increase of 187
cases (25%) when compared
to the 2001 report.

E. SELECTED CHRONIC DISEASES
RATES

F. SUBSTANCE ABUSE DISORDERS:
ALCOHOL
Among the current drinkers, the
consumption prevalence was
highest in
• urban areas (9.0%, 95% Cl:
7.8,10.3),
• males (12.1%, 95% Cl: 10.8,
13.7), other Bumiputras (21.6%,
95% Cl: 17.6, 26.3),
• age group between 25-29 years
old (10.9%, 95% Cl: 8.7, 13.6),
• singles (12.2%, 95% Cl:
10.2,14.4),
• those with tertiary education
(10.9%, 95% Cl: 9.1, 13.1),
Findings from NHMS 2015 showed a
reduction in the prevalence of
current drinkers in Malaysia as
compared to findings from NHMS
2011.

TOBACCO
Overall, the prevalence of current smoker was 22.8% (95%CI: 21.9, 23.8). There
was a slight reduction from 23.1% reported in 2011.
It was estimatedthat nearly five million Malaysians aged 15 years and above
smoked. The prevalence was highest in Sabah, followed by Kedah and Pahang.
The proportion of current smokers was 30 times higher among males compared to
females (43.0%, 95%CI: 41.4, 44.6 vs 1.4%, 95%CI: 1.1, 1.8)
Significantly higher prevalence of tobacco use was observed among respondents
in rural areas (27.9%, 95%CI: 26.3, 29.6), as compared to urban areas (21.2%,
95%CI: 20.1, 22.4).
Lower proportion of current smokers was observed among the 15-19 years old
age group at 13.2% (95%CI: 11.5,15.2) and peaked at 35-39 years old age group
at 17.4% (95%CI:15.3,19.7).
Approximately a quarter of Malays (24.7%, 95%CI: 23.6, 25.9) and other
Bumiputras (25.8%,95%CI: 23.4, 28.4) were current smokers and their prevalence
were remarkably higher than Chinese (14.2%, 95%CI: 12.7, 15.9) and Indians
(16.5%, 95%CI: 14.0, 19.4).

G. INJURIES
HOME INJURY (CHILDREN AND ELDERLY)
8.2% (0.1 million) of children below 7 years experienced
home injury
5.3% (0.1 million) of elderly 60 years and above
experienced home injury

Cause-specific and age-specific incidence
rates of disability
The disability incidence rate for a given year is the
proportion of the exposed population at the beginning of
that year who become newly entitled
Example : The modified male disability age-adjusted
incidence rate equation to disability benefits during the
year.
DIMt = DIMt
TR +1.47dimt-1 −0.63dimt-2 + εt
DIMt -male disability incidence rate in year t;
DIMt
TR - male disability incidence rate from the TR04II in
year t;
dimt -deviation of the male disability incidence rate from the
TR04II male disability incidence rate in year
εt -random error in year t
2. DISABILITY

Distribution of disabled persons by groups
Male Disability Incidence Rate
Calendar Years 1970-2003
Female Disability Incidence Rate,
Calendar Years 1970-2003

CURRENT GOVERMENT
PROGRAMS OF THE ASSISTANCE
AND SUPPORT OF DISABLED
PERSONS1. Disabled Persons Policy System
Objective Statement
OKU policy set following four objectives:
1. Provide recognition and acceptance of the principle that
people with disabilities have the same rights and
opportunities for full participation in society.
2. Ensure that disabled people enjoy the same rights,
opportunities and equal access under the law of the country.
3. Eliminate discrimination against any person by reason of
incapacity,
4. Educate and raise public awareness about the rights of
disabled people.

2. 1Malaysia People’s Aid (BR1M 2.0) System
Is a part of Government effort to ease burden of
disabled people and lower income group in
Malaysia.
3. Special Needs School for disabled students
- Malaysia offers early intervention programmes for
children with special needs and mainstream
children, catering to their individual development
and growth.
CURRENT GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS OF THE
ASSISTANCE AND SUPPORT OF DISABLED PERSONS

ORGANIZATION OF
THE HEALTH SERVICE
SYSTEM IN MALAYSIA

A. MODEL OF A HEALTH SERVICE
SYSTEM
A. State sources of health
service financing
GNP to the public health
care services: 3.8% (2008),
4.6% (2009), 4.4% (2010).
Public health services is
almost free, only charged in
certain services (outpatient
– RM1 / 0.33USD; inpatient
– max RM500 / USD 166.67
for non gov. servants).
Private health services
require payments, or co-
payments with private
health insurance coverage.
B. System of medical insurance
Private insurance is voluntarily
purchased by individuals.
- Charged based on the health status,
type of insurance and level if coverage
of insurance.
Occupational insurance
-In the private sectors who earns less
than RM3000 a month are protected
by the Employee's Social Security Act
1969 (ESSA 1969).
-They are covered under two
insurance schemes; Employees' Injury
Scheme and Invalidity Pension
Scheme

PRIVATE MEDICAL INSTITUTIONS.
PAID MEDICAL SERVICE FORMS
Malaysia has a widespread system of health care. Healthcare in Malaysia is divided
into user-charged private sector and subsidised public sector.
Government / public hospitals - 151 MOH hospitals (2013)
Government clinics (health centres, rural / community clinics, maternal and child
health clinics, mobile clinics, dental clinics, mobile dental clinics) - about 5300 (2008)
Private hospitals and medical centers - ~130 (2013)
Private practitioner clinics - ~6k-7k private clinics owned by doctors, registered with
Malaysian Medical Council).
Some private hospitals are established as charitable institutions.
Private insurance is voluntarily purchased by individuals, who pay different premiums
depending on the type of health insurance and level of coverage.
Examples of non profitable organizations: MERCY Malaysia, UNICEF Malaysia.

MEDICAL INSTITUTIONS
Government Medical Institutions
The main public health provider is MOH that provides primary care, secondary care and tertiary
care.
An open-door policy in regard to general outpatient services and hospital admissions has been
practiced by the public health sector.
Access to specialist services is nonetheless controlled through a national system of referral.
Specialist services are available at designated hospitals.
Private Medical Institution
Private health providers - “complement”.
Private hospitals exist in a variety of sizes. Newly built private hospitals are equipped with large,
ultramodern and lavish medical technology.
Private general practitioners' clinics - convenient medical service.
The private facilities are monitored and regulated (implementation of Private Health Care Facilities
and Services Act 1998) by the Malaysian government to ensure quality service and cost control. It
expresses specific requirements for facility standards and the assurance of quality services in
accordance with the National Quality Assurance Programme.
The expense of utilizing health services at private facilities (represented by their user fees) is
higher than at public facilities.

MALARIA – TRENDS AND PATTERN
Malaysia has achieved major success in virtually
eliminating malaria from urban and other densely
populated areas.

MALARIA – ERADICATION
PROGRAMS
Vector –Borne Diseases Control Programme
and Strategies
At the national level, the Vector-Borne Diseases Control
Programme (VBDCP) is a dedicated section under the
Disease Control Division of the Public Health Department,
MOH.
The specific objectives of the national malaria control
programs are
- to reduce malaria morbidity and mortality
- to prevent re-establishment of malaria in areas with no
indigenous cases

TUBERCULOSIS – TRENDS AND
PATTERN

TUBERCULOSIS – ERADICATION
PROGRAMS
Strategies
- BCG vaccination for all newborn babies
- Screening of symptomatic cases and high-risk groups,
including mandatory screening of foreign workers and
HIV patients in prisons and drug rehabilitation centers
- Raising awareness of the disease through mass
media
- Training health staff about the disease
- Conducting research relating TB epidemiology and
treatment outcomes, including national TB prevalence
study and a multi drug resistance survey.

LEPROSY
In order to protect the inhabitants from being infected by leprosy, enacted
draconian laws to forcibility isolate those suffering from the disease of leprosy
from the other inhabitants.
These unfortunate human beings treated more as sub-humans were forcibility
isolated into very remote camps in the deep jungle in places
The Malaysian Leprosy Relief Association (MaLRA) was founded by The late
Senator Tan Sri T H Tan in 1959.
Objectives of this association & what MaLRA does?
To assist in the prevention, treatment and control of leprosy with a view of its ultimate
eradication by:
- assisting and encouraging leprosy patients to seek early treatments;
- looking after the welfare of leprosy patients and dependants during
isolation and treatment;
- rehabilitating cured leprosy patients;
- combating prejudice against the disease of leprosy;
- making every effort to eradicate the disease of leprosy.

B. THE MANAGEMENT OF A
HEALTH SERVICE SYSTEM

ORGANIZATION OF HOSPITAL CARE
TO URBAN POPULATION
KINDS OF MEDICAL AID
In Malaysia, there are non MoH hospitals and 4 types
of hospitals under MoH:
District Hospital : 100-200 beds
State General Hospital : 500 – 1500 beds
National Referral Center
is the highest level of hospital in hierarchy.
Has 2800 beds and situated in KL
receives referral from all over the country eg: neurosurgery
Special Institutions
present 7 institutions providing service for specific disease
They are:
National TB Center
Hospital for Leprosy
5 mental hospitals

• Structure of Urban
Hospitals
• Administrative division
• Reception/Registration
• Emergency Department
• Outpatient department
• Pharmacy
• Medico-diagnostic
• Department
• Specialized and
• Rehabilitative Units
• Reanimation and
Operative
• Units
• Pathological Units
• District and State Hospital
provide outpatient and
inpatient care by both
specialist and non-specialist
MOs in:
General Surgery
Pediatrics
Medicine
Obgn
Psychiatry
• Hospitals can also be divided
into
Specialized Hospitals
Nonspecialized Hospital
• These hospitals are classified
such based on the fact
whether present or not any
Specialist working at the

INDICES OF PROVISION OF THE
POPULATION WITH HOSPITAL
BEDS (PER 10 000 PERSONS)
Is the availability of number of beds to 10000
population
Provision of Population with Hospital Beds in Malaysia:
19 beds for 10000 inhabitants
Malaysia ranked at the 100th position while Russia is at
3rd position with 105 beds according to World Health
Statistics by WHO

FREQUENCY OF HOSPITALISATION
(PER 1000 PERSONS)
Frequency of Hospitalization in Malaysia is: 74 per 1000 inhabitants which
is lesser compared with Russia (190 for 1000 inhabitants)
The percentage of the population admitted to MOH hospitals varied
significantly for various states. Perlis and Negeri Sembilan had the highest
percentage of admissions with 10.5% and 9.9% respectively while the
lowest percentages were found in Kedah and Penang with 1.3% and 1.4%
respectively.

AVERAGE DURATION OF THE
PATIENT STAY IN HOSPITAL
The Average Length Of Stay In Hospitals (ALOS) is one measure
of the efficiency with which hospital resources are used
This refers to the number of days (with an overnight stay) that
patients spend in an acute-care inpatient institution.
It is generally measured by dividing the total number of days
stayed by all patients in acute-care inpatient institutions during
a year by the number of admissions or discharges.
The ALOS in Malaysia
 In MoH Institutes 3.23 days
 In Private Hospitals is 3.37 days
The state of Perlis had the longest ALOS of 3.70 days, versus
the shortest ALOS of 2.30 days in Johor.

HOSPITAL LETHALITY AND OTHER
INDICATORS OF HOSPITAL ACTIVITY
ICU Mortality in MoH hospitals:
21.5%
In-hospital mortality rates in
MoH hospitals: 29.5%
Work Loading of Medical
personnel
 1 Doctor for 791 inhabitants
 1 Nurse for 387 inhabitants
Overall Bed Occupancy Rate
(BOR) for MoH hospitals is
68.63%
Bed Turnover: 59 Patients To 1
Bed in Average

D.ORGANIZATION OF MEDICAL
CARE TO RURAL POPULATION
Population with difficulties to medical access:
Orang Asli and Penans
Estate Workers
People on small islands
Two notable programme for in improving access to care for rural population.
Flying doctor services
970 location in Sarawak, 51 location in Sabah and Kelantan
Average patient attendences range from 75,000 – 90,000 per
year including 300- 400 emergency medical evacuation cases.
MOH mobile health teams
193 mobile health teams outreach services to remote population
in 2008.
“Telemedicine” is a programme for rural population to get access with medical
specialists. It is reported that 90% of rural population now have access to a
doctor , with health clinics every 5km.

E. THE MAIN PRINCIPLES OF
EMERGENCY CARE ORGANIZATION
Managed by paramedics and 90% of clinics are equipped
with ambulances.
Strengthening capacity to respond to increasing numbers of
accidents and emerge ncies requires standardizing clinical
treatment, referral protocols and providing better equipment.
Ambulance services in Malaysia are provided by Ministry of
health, Red Crescent, St. Johns’ Amulance, Civil Defence
Department.
National emergency call center network directs emergency
callls, arangges communications between hospital
emergency departments, organize telemedicine and has
mobile medical teams.

F. THE SYSTEM OF PROTECTION OF
MOTHERHOOD AND CHILDHOOD
Child Act 2001
Core principles are non-discrimination, best interest od
child, the right to life, survival and development of the
child
Repealed Juvenile Courts Act 1947 , Women and Girls
Protection Act 1973, and Child Protection Acy 1991
Setting up Child Protection Teams and Child Activity
Centres at district and state levels for children at risk or
vulnerable children to all forms of exploitation and
abuse.
Provides Court of Children which is child-friendly
taking into account the mental and emotional maturity
of a child.

FAMILY PLANNING
With the launching of the National Planning Program in conjunction
with the First Malaysia Plan in 1966, family planning became
an official policy.
The aim: To improve maternal and child health & decelerating the
rate of population growth from 3% in 1966 to 2% in 1985 by setting
targets to increase the number of family planning acceptors
The National Family Planning Board was established to plan,
execute and coordinate all family planning activities in the country.
The program began with the provision of clinical contraceptive
services mainly in the urban areas.
Subsequently, the National Program was expanded to the rural
areas through the integration of family planning with primary health
care services of the Ministry of Health in the early 1970s.

MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH
INDICATORS
The 8th Millennium Developement Goals (MDG) for the
world include reducing child mortality and improving
meternal health. Malaysia has reduced differentials in
maternal and child mortality between Bumiputera and
other ethnic groups and among states through more
equitable social and economic development and better
health services.

 It is Government's responsibility to protect and advance the interests of
society & includes the delivery of high-quality health care.
 The ultimate goal of achieving high quality of care will require strong
partnerships among federal, state, and local governments and the
private sector.
 The Malaysian health care system requires doctors to perform a
compulsory three years service with public hospitals to ensure that the
manpower in these hospitals is maintained.
 Doctors are required to perform 4 years including 2 years of
housemanship and 2 years government service with public hospitals
throughout the nation, ensuring adequate coverage of medical needs
for the general population.
 Foreign doctors are encouraged to apply for employment in Malaysia,
CONCLUSION

 ANNUAL REPORT MALAYSIAN MINISTRY OF HEALTH
2012
 HEALTH INFORMATICS CENTRE, PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT DIVISION, MINISTRY OF HEALTH
MALAYSIA
 HEALTH AT A GLANCE ASIA/PACIFIC 2012, WHO
 HEALTH INFORMATICS CENTRE, MINISTRY OF HEALTH
MALAYSIA
 MALAYSIA HEALTHPLAN 2008, MINISTRY OF HEALTH
MALAYSIA
 10TH MALAYSIA PLAN - 1CARE FOR 1MALAYSIA,
MINISTRY OF HEALTH MALAYSIA
BIBLIOGRAPHY

 Although the quantity rather than quality of health services has been
the focus historically in developing countries, evidence suggests that
quality of care (or the lack of it) must be at the center of every
discussion about better health.
 Quality comprises three elements:
 1. Structure refers to stable, material characteristics (infrastructure,
tools, technology) and the resources of the organizations that provide
care and the financing of care (levels of funding, staffing, payment
schemes, incentives).
 2. Process is the interaction between caregivers and patients during
which structural inputs from the health care system are transformed into
health outcomes.
 3. Outcomes can be measured in terms of health status, deaths, or
disability-adjusted life years—a measure that encompasses the
morbidity and mortality of patients or groups of patients. Outcomes also
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