The document discusses three key points about malaria:
1. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes. It remains a major infectious killer in parts of Africa, Asia, and elsewhere.
2. Plasmodium parasites have a complex life cycle involving mosquitoes and human hosts. Within human red blood cells the parasites multiply cyclically, causing fever and other symptoms.
3. While no longer a major threat in the US, malaria was historically widespread and could potentially reemerge if control efforts falter. Ongoing research aims to better understand the parasite and develop new treatments.
1. The document discusses how zoology provides an essential foundation for understanding modern biological research, like genomics and parasitic diseases. It gives examples of how studying the taxonomy and biology of schistosomes and body lice has helped answer interesting evolutionary questions.
2. It then focuses on schistosomes, parasitic flatworms that cause schistosomiasis. Genomic studies have helped reveal genes involved in the parasite's complex lifecycle and ability to infect different hosts. However, drug resistance requires identifying new drug targets.
3. It also discusses how genomic analysis of the body louse determined that humans began regularly wearing clothing, by tracing the evolutionary divergence of head and body lice.
This document discusses the classification and nomenclature of human parasites. It begins by explaining that parasites are scientifically classified using binomial nomenclature with their genus and species. Parasites are further classified into taxonomic groups like phylum, class, order, family and genus based on their life cycles and morphological characteristics.
The document then provides examples of how major groups of human parasites are classified, including protozoa (amebae, flagellates, ciliates), fungi, platyhelminthes (cestodes, trematodes), nematodes, acanthocephala, and arthropods. It notes that classifying parasites can be difficult due to lack of specimens, morphological variations, and differences
This document classifies and describes various parasites. It divides parasites into protozoans and metazoans. Protozoans are further divided into ciliates, sarcomastigophorans, and apicomplexans. Various parasites are listed under each category, along with the diseases they cause. Metazoans are divided into nematodes, platyhelminths, and trematodes. Different parasitic nematodes, cestodes, and trematodes are described along with their transmission methods.
1) Researchers sequenced the genome of "Coxiella-like endosymbiont of Amblyomma americanum" (CLEAA), a bacterium that lives within the lone star tick.
2) Analysis of the CLEAA genome revealed it contains pathways for biosynthesis of many vitamins and cofactors that are scarce in vertebrate blood. This suggests CLEAA plays a role in providing nutrients to the tick.
3) CLEAA is highly prevalent within the lone star tick and is closely related to Coxiella burnetii, the agent of Q fever, but does not appear to be directly derived from it. In contrast to C. burnetii, CLE
This document summarizes eukaryotic microorganisms called protozoa. Protozoa are single-celled, motile organisms that live in aquatic environments. They include important human parasites that can cause diseases like malaria and dysentery. Protozoa reproduce asexually through fission or budding. Some can also undergo sexual reproduction through processes like conjugation. Amoebas are a phylum of protozoa that can cause the disease amoebiasis via the parasite Entamoeba histolytica, which is transmitted through cysts in feces and causes intestinal infections or liver/lung disease.
http://www.pathologycancun2015.org/ Slides from my talk at the World Association of Societies of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine in Cancun, Mexico., November 21, 2015.
Exosomes are smallest extracellular vesicles of size 30 to 100 nm originated from late endosomes. These are released by broad array of cells including B‐ cells, cells, dendritic cells (DCs), T‐cells, epithelial cells,
platelets and many more.
1. The document discusses how zoology provides an essential foundation for understanding modern biological research, like genomics and parasitic diseases. It gives examples of how studying the taxonomy and biology of schistosomes and body lice has helped answer interesting evolutionary questions.
2. It then focuses on schistosomes, parasitic flatworms that cause schistosomiasis. Genomic studies have helped reveal genes involved in the parasite's complex lifecycle and ability to infect different hosts. However, drug resistance requires identifying new drug targets.
3. It also discusses how genomic analysis of the body louse determined that humans began regularly wearing clothing, by tracing the evolutionary divergence of head and body lice.
This document discusses the classification and nomenclature of human parasites. It begins by explaining that parasites are scientifically classified using binomial nomenclature with their genus and species. Parasites are further classified into taxonomic groups like phylum, class, order, family and genus based on their life cycles and morphological characteristics.
The document then provides examples of how major groups of human parasites are classified, including protozoa (amebae, flagellates, ciliates), fungi, platyhelminthes (cestodes, trematodes), nematodes, acanthocephala, and arthropods. It notes that classifying parasites can be difficult due to lack of specimens, morphological variations, and differences
This document classifies and describes various parasites. It divides parasites into protozoans and metazoans. Protozoans are further divided into ciliates, sarcomastigophorans, and apicomplexans. Various parasites are listed under each category, along with the diseases they cause. Metazoans are divided into nematodes, platyhelminths, and trematodes. Different parasitic nematodes, cestodes, and trematodes are described along with their transmission methods.
1) Researchers sequenced the genome of "Coxiella-like endosymbiont of Amblyomma americanum" (CLEAA), a bacterium that lives within the lone star tick.
2) Analysis of the CLEAA genome revealed it contains pathways for biosynthesis of many vitamins and cofactors that are scarce in vertebrate blood. This suggests CLEAA plays a role in providing nutrients to the tick.
3) CLEAA is highly prevalent within the lone star tick and is closely related to Coxiella burnetii, the agent of Q fever, but does not appear to be directly derived from it. In contrast to C. burnetii, CLE
This document summarizes eukaryotic microorganisms called protozoa. Protozoa are single-celled, motile organisms that live in aquatic environments. They include important human parasites that can cause diseases like malaria and dysentery. Protozoa reproduce asexually through fission or budding. Some can also undergo sexual reproduction through processes like conjugation. Amoebas are a phylum of protozoa that can cause the disease amoebiasis via the parasite Entamoeba histolytica, which is transmitted through cysts in feces and causes intestinal infections or liver/lung disease.
http://www.pathologycancun2015.org/ Slides from my talk at the World Association of Societies of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine in Cancun, Mexico., November 21, 2015.
Exosomes are smallest extracellular vesicles of size 30 to 100 nm originated from late endosomes. These are released by broad array of cells including B‐ cells, cells, dendritic cells (DCs), T‐cells, epithelial cells,
platelets and many more.
The document discusses an experiment on hermaphrodite ferns. Statistical analysis showed a relationship between spore density and male sex determination, with higher spore densities promoting more male or hermaphrodite ferns. This is likely due to competition for limited resources causing males to develop for their higher self-sufficiency. The sexual phenotype of ferns is also influenced by their social environment and pheromones help regulate reproduction to avoid inbreeding depression.
Malaria is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium that are transmitted via the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. The most severe form of malaria is caused by P. falciparum, which can lead to high mortality if left untreated. Malaria transmission varies geographically, from holoendemic areas with very high rates of infection to hypoendemic areas with low transmission. Disease severity depends on the infecting species and the level of immunity developed in the human host.
- Malaria is caused by five species of Plasmodium parasites that are transmitted between humans and female mosquitos. The parasites have complex life cycles involving sexual reproduction in mosquitos and asexual reproduction in human liver and blood cells.
- While treatments and preventive measures exist, malaria continues to infect over one third of the global population. Researchers are working to develop vaccines by identifying the molecular interactions between parasite ligands and host receptors involved in invasion and infection.
- The parasites invade and reside within human red blood cells, where they slowly digest the cell contents for growth. They can evade the immune system by hiding within the red blood cell. Understanding the specific molecular interactions is key to developing better drugs and vaccines.
Plasmodium is a protozoan parasite that causes malaria in humans. There are four species that infect humans: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae. P. falciparum is the most deadly. Malaria infects over 200 million people worldwide each year and kills over 1 million. It is most common in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, Asia, and South America. The parasite has a complex life cycle involving transmission between humans and female Anopheles mosquitoes. Effective prevention relies on controlling mosquito populations and chemoprophylaxis with antimalarial drugs.
Malaria is a disease caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted via mosquito bites. It is a major public health problem in tropical areas, causing around 500 million cases and 1 million deaths annually. Young children and pregnant women are most vulnerable. The parasite has a complex life cycle alternating between human and mosquito hosts. Symptoms occur during the parasite's blood stage and include fever, chills and anemia. Host and parasite factors determine disease severity, from asymptomatic to severe or fatal cases.
This document provides an overview of protozoa, including their structure, classification, life cycles, reproduction, and nutrition. Some key points:
- Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotes that can be free-living or parasitic. Many cause asymptomatic or mild infections in humans.
- They have complex internal structures like organelles and can move using flagella, cilia or pseudopodia. Major groups include Sarcomastigophora and Apicomplexa.
- Life cycles include active feeding trophozoite stages and protective cyst stages. Reproduction is mainly asexual binary fission but some have sexual cycles.
- All protozoa eat preformed organic materials through
Plasmodium falciparum is a protozoan parasite and the most common, virulent, and deadly cause of malaria in humans. It is transmitted via the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. P. falciparum's lifecycle involves two hosts as it infects liver cells and red blood cells in humans. Destruction of red blood cells causes symptoms and can be fatal. Malaria disproportionately impacts sub-Saharan Africa and poses a major public health challenge.
INFECTION WITH MALARIA PARASITES Plasmodium Spp.med zar
1) Malaria is caused by a parasite called Plasmodium that is transmitted via the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. There are four species that cause malaria in humans: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, and P. ovale. P. falciparum causes the most severe disease.
2) Symptoms of malaria include fever, chills, and flu-like illness that occurs in cyclical waves. P. falciparum infections can progress to severe complications affecting the brain, lungs and kidneys if not promptly treated.
3) Diagnosis is made through microscopic examination of blood smears to detect the parasite, and treatment involves ant
Malaria is an infectious disease spread by mosquitoes that infects over 3 billion people worldwide. It is caused by a parasite called Plasmodium, which has a complex life cycle involving both human and mosquito hosts. Young children and pregnant women are most vulnerable. While rates of malaria have decreased, it remains a major public health problem and cause of economic hardship in developing countries. Controlling mosquitoes and proper diagnosis/treatment of infections are key to reducing the malaria burden.
Malaria is caused by a parasite transmitted through mosquito bites. It affects over 3 billion people worldwide and causes hundreds of thousands of deaths each year, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa and among young children and pregnant women. The malaria parasite has a complex life cycle involving stages in both the human and mosquito hosts. Prevention methods target different stages of the life cycle, including insecticide-treated bed nets, indoor residual spraying, antimalarial drugs, and mosquito control. While progress has been made in reducing malaria cases and deaths, it remains a major global health problem, especially in poor tropical and subtropical regions.
Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via mosquito bites. It has a complex life cycle alternating between human and mosquito hosts. The disease ranges from mild to severe depending on parasite species and host immune status. Common symptoms include fevers, chills, and flu-like illness. Severe malaria can involve cerebral symptoms, severe anemia, respiratory distress, and other complications without prompt treatment. Transmission is dependent on environmental factors permitting parasite and vector survival.
The document summarizes key information about the phylum Sporozoa, including its general characteristics as obligate intracellular protozoa that lack motile organelles. It describes the complex life cycles of sporozoans, which involve both sexual and asexual reproduction. Three major parasitic species are discussed in depth: Sarcocystis, which causes sarcocystosis in humans and livestock; Toxoplasma gondii, the causative agent of toxoplasmosis; and Plasmodium, the protozoan genus that includes the human malaria parasites. For each species, the document outlines their hosts, life cycles, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment.
Malaria is a mosquito-borne parasitic disease caused by Plasmodium parasites. It affects over 100 tropical and subtropical countries and causes hundreds of millions of cases and millions of deaths annually. The disease is transmitted via the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. It has a complex life cycle involving sexual reproduction in the mosquito and asexual reproduction in human hosts. Symptoms vary depending on the Plasmodium species but can include fever, chills, flu-like illness, and in severe cases organ damage or death. Diagnosis is via blood smear microscopy or rapid antigen tests. Prevention focuses on mosquito control and use of insecticide-treated bed nets, while treatment involves antimalarial medications
1. Protozoa are single-celled microscopic organisms found worldwide in most habitats. While most species are free-living, all higher animals are infected by one or more protozoan species.
2. Protozoa are classified into four main types: amoebas, flagellates, ciliates, and parasitic sporozoans. They move using pseudopods, flagella, or cilia.
3. Several protozoan species are human parasites that can cause diseases like malaria, amoebiasis, and others. Symptoms vary depending on the species and strain. Laboratory diagnosis uses examinations of body fluids and tissues. Treatment involves antiprotozoal drugs.
This document provides an overview of intestinal parasites and their diagnosis. It discusses protozoa like Entamoeba histolytica and helminths that can infect the human gastrointestinal tract. Entamoeba histolytica is highlighted as it is the only protozoan species known to cause disease. It has two forms - an invasive, pathogenic form that can lead to amebiasis, and a non-invasive, commensal form. The life cycle and morphology of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites and cysts are described. Symptoms of intestinal and extra-intestinal amebiasis are also outlined.
An introduction to Medical Parasitologyrinki singh
Medical parasitology: “the study and medical implications of parasites that infect humans”. A parasite: “a living organism that acquires some of its basic ...
Malaria is a serious infectious disease spread by mosquitoes and caused by parasites of the Plasmodium species. It is one of the most common and deadly diseases worldwide, with approximately 500 million cases and 1 million deaths per year. Children and those in sub-Saharan Africa are most at risk. The symptoms of malaria include fever, chills, and flu-like illness, with cycles of fever and chills that occur every two days for P. vivax and P. ovale infections and every three days for P. malariae infections. P. falciparum infection can become severe and cause life-threatening complications without prompt treatment.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
The document discusses an experiment on hermaphrodite ferns. Statistical analysis showed a relationship between spore density and male sex determination, with higher spore densities promoting more male or hermaphrodite ferns. This is likely due to competition for limited resources causing males to develop for their higher self-sufficiency. The sexual phenotype of ferns is also influenced by their social environment and pheromones help regulate reproduction to avoid inbreeding depression.
Malaria is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium that are transmitted via the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. The most severe form of malaria is caused by P. falciparum, which can lead to high mortality if left untreated. Malaria transmission varies geographically, from holoendemic areas with very high rates of infection to hypoendemic areas with low transmission. Disease severity depends on the infecting species and the level of immunity developed in the human host.
- Malaria is caused by five species of Plasmodium parasites that are transmitted between humans and female mosquitos. The parasites have complex life cycles involving sexual reproduction in mosquitos and asexual reproduction in human liver and blood cells.
- While treatments and preventive measures exist, malaria continues to infect over one third of the global population. Researchers are working to develop vaccines by identifying the molecular interactions between parasite ligands and host receptors involved in invasion and infection.
- The parasites invade and reside within human red blood cells, where they slowly digest the cell contents for growth. They can evade the immune system by hiding within the red blood cell. Understanding the specific molecular interactions is key to developing better drugs and vaccines.
Plasmodium is a protozoan parasite that causes malaria in humans. There are four species that infect humans: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae. P. falciparum is the most deadly. Malaria infects over 200 million people worldwide each year and kills over 1 million. It is most common in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, Asia, and South America. The parasite has a complex life cycle involving transmission between humans and female Anopheles mosquitoes. Effective prevention relies on controlling mosquito populations and chemoprophylaxis with antimalarial drugs.
Malaria is a disease caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted via mosquito bites. It is a major public health problem in tropical areas, causing around 500 million cases and 1 million deaths annually. Young children and pregnant women are most vulnerable. The parasite has a complex life cycle alternating between human and mosquito hosts. Symptoms occur during the parasite's blood stage and include fever, chills and anemia. Host and parasite factors determine disease severity, from asymptomatic to severe or fatal cases.
This document provides an overview of protozoa, including their structure, classification, life cycles, reproduction, and nutrition. Some key points:
- Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotes that can be free-living or parasitic. Many cause asymptomatic or mild infections in humans.
- They have complex internal structures like organelles and can move using flagella, cilia or pseudopodia. Major groups include Sarcomastigophora and Apicomplexa.
- Life cycles include active feeding trophozoite stages and protective cyst stages. Reproduction is mainly asexual binary fission but some have sexual cycles.
- All protozoa eat preformed organic materials through
Plasmodium falciparum is a protozoan parasite and the most common, virulent, and deadly cause of malaria in humans. It is transmitted via the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. P. falciparum's lifecycle involves two hosts as it infects liver cells and red blood cells in humans. Destruction of red blood cells causes symptoms and can be fatal. Malaria disproportionately impacts sub-Saharan Africa and poses a major public health challenge.
INFECTION WITH MALARIA PARASITES Plasmodium Spp.med zar
1) Malaria is caused by a parasite called Plasmodium that is transmitted via the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. There are four species that cause malaria in humans: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, and P. ovale. P. falciparum causes the most severe disease.
2) Symptoms of malaria include fever, chills, and flu-like illness that occurs in cyclical waves. P. falciparum infections can progress to severe complications affecting the brain, lungs and kidneys if not promptly treated.
3) Diagnosis is made through microscopic examination of blood smears to detect the parasite, and treatment involves ant
Malaria is an infectious disease spread by mosquitoes that infects over 3 billion people worldwide. It is caused by a parasite called Plasmodium, which has a complex life cycle involving both human and mosquito hosts. Young children and pregnant women are most vulnerable. While rates of malaria have decreased, it remains a major public health problem and cause of economic hardship in developing countries. Controlling mosquitoes and proper diagnosis/treatment of infections are key to reducing the malaria burden.
Malaria is caused by a parasite transmitted through mosquito bites. It affects over 3 billion people worldwide and causes hundreds of thousands of deaths each year, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa and among young children and pregnant women. The malaria parasite has a complex life cycle involving stages in both the human and mosquito hosts. Prevention methods target different stages of the life cycle, including insecticide-treated bed nets, indoor residual spraying, antimalarial drugs, and mosquito control. While progress has been made in reducing malaria cases and deaths, it remains a major global health problem, especially in poor tropical and subtropical regions.
Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via mosquito bites. It has a complex life cycle alternating between human and mosquito hosts. The disease ranges from mild to severe depending on parasite species and host immune status. Common symptoms include fevers, chills, and flu-like illness. Severe malaria can involve cerebral symptoms, severe anemia, respiratory distress, and other complications without prompt treatment. Transmission is dependent on environmental factors permitting parasite and vector survival.
The document summarizes key information about the phylum Sporozoa, including its general characteristics as obligate intracellular protozoa that lack motile organelles. It describes the complex life cycles of sporozoans, which involve both sexual and asexual reproduction. Three major parasitic species are discussed in depth: Sarcocystis, which causes sarcocystosis in humans and livestock; Toxoplasma gondii, the causative agent of toxoplasmosis; and Plasmodium, the protozoan genus that includes the human malaria parasites. For each species, the document outlines their hosts, life cycles, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment.
Malaria is a mosquito-borne parasitic disease caused by Plasmodium parasites. It affects over 100 tropical and subtropical countries and causes hundreds of millions of cases and millions of deaths annually. The disease is transmitted via the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. It has a complex life cycle involving sexual reproduction in the mosquito and asexual reproduction in human hosts. Symptoms vary depending on the Plasmodium species but can include fever, chills, flu-like illness, and in severe cases organ damage or death. Diagnosis is via blood smear microscopy or rapid antigen tests. Prevention focuses on mosquito control and use of insecticide-treated bed nets, while treatment involves antimalarial medications
1. Protozoa are single-celled microscopic organisms found worldwide in most habitats. While most species are free-living, all higher animals are infected by one or more protozoan species.
2. Protozoa are classified into four main types: amoebas, flagellates, ciliates, and parasitic sporozoans. They move using pseudopods, flagella, or cilia.
3. Several protozoan species are human parasites that can cause diseases like malaria, amoebiasis, and others. Symptoms vary depending on the species and strain. Laboratory diagnosis uses examinations of body fluids and tissues. Treatment involves antiprotozoal drugs.
This document provides an overview of intestinal parasites and their diagnosis. It discusses protozoa like Entamoeba histolytica and helminths that can infect the human gastrointestinal tract. Entamoeba histolytica is highlighted as it is the only protozoan species known to cause disease. It has two forms - an invasive, pathogenic form that can lead to amebiasis, and a non-invasive, commensal form. The life cycle and morphology of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites and cysts are described. Symptoms of intestinal and extra-intestinal amebiasis are also outlined.
An introduction to Medical Parasitologyrinki singh
Medical parasitology: “the study and medical implications of parasites that infect humans”. A parasite: “a living organism that acquires some of its basic ...
Malaria is a serious infectious disease spread by mosquitoes and caused by parasites of the Plasmodium species. It is one of the most common and deadly diseases worldwide, with approximately 500 million cases and 1 million deaths per year. Children and those in sub-Saharan Africa are most at risk. The symptoms of malaria include fever, chills, and flu-like illness, with cycles of fever and chills that occur every two days for P. vivax and P. ovale infections and every three days for P. malariae infections. P. falciparum infection can become severe and cause life-threatening complications without prompt treatment.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
A Survey of Techniques for Maximizing LLM Performance.pptx
Malariaintro2010 (2)
1. “The awkward fact with which US policy wrestles is that
People flee the world’s Haitis for a combination of motives.
All are deserving of some compassion but how much?”
Newsweek, Dec. 4 1991
“Give me your tired, your poor,
Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,
The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.
Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed, to me”
Inscribed at base of Statue of Liberty, by Emma Lazarus
2. As you know
in the developing world treatable
infectious diseases remain big killers
Leading causes of death in Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia for persons age
0-44 (World Health Organization)
3. Now it’s time to look at number 3:
Malaria
Leading causes of death in Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia for persons age
0-44 (World Health Organization)
4. That’s right:
300 million new cases per year
making it the most prevalent serious
infectious disease!
Leading causes of death in Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia for persons age
0-44 (World Health Organization)
6. –Like HIV and TB, malaria is
–unequally distributed, even in the tropics
7. –In areas of Africa with high transmission
–there are 2700 deaths per day = 2 per minute
www.columbia.edu/itc/hs/medical/pathophys/parasitology/2006/PAR-05Color .pdf
14. Acute Symptoms
Classical features include cyclic symptoms
– Cold stage: chills and shaking
– Hot stage: fever, headache, vomiting, seizures in
children
– Sweating stage: weakness
– Feel well for period of time, then cycle repeats itself
www.uhhg.org/mcrh/resources/video/malariappt.pdf
18. Each disease has a distinct course
“Tertian Malaria”
(P.falciparum, P.ovale and P.vivax)
fever occurs every third day.
“Quartan Malaria”
(P. malariae)
fever occurs every fourth day.
www.uhhg.org/mcrh/resources/video/malariappt.pdf
19. Each disease has a distinct course
P.ovale and P.vivax
can cause chronic malaria,
reappearing after months or years
due to latent parasites in liver
www.uhhg.org/mcrh/resources/video/malariappt.pdf
20. Each disease also has a distinct
geographical distribution
www.uhhg.org/mcrh/resources/video/malariappt.pdf
21. Each disease also has a distinct
geographical distribution
www.columbia.edu/itc/hs/medical/pathophys/parasitology/2006/PAR-05Color .pdf
22. Each disease also has a distinct
geographical distribution
www.columbia.edu/itc/hs/medical/pathophys/parasitology/2006/PAR-05Color .pdf
23.
24. Malaria damages the body
in a number of ways
Red blood cell destruction -> anemia
Waves of parasites bursting red blood cells
Lead to classic cycles of fever and chills
25. Malaria damages the body
in a number of ways
Changes adhesive properties of infected
Red blood cells -> blocking blood vessels
leading to Tissue hypoxia
26. Malaria damages the body
in a number of ways
If this happens in brain it is cerebral malaria
which is often fatal
Blocking blood
vessels can also
cause kidney failure
27. Malaria damages the body
in a number of ways
In severe cases 20% of patients can die,
even with the best care
31. Malaria is not currently a
serious threat in the US
1300 cases in US per year
Essentially all “imported”
Also transfusion related malaria
www.uhhg.org/mcrh/resources/video/malariappt.pdf
35. Not that long ago….
www.columbia.edu/itc/hs/medical/pathophys/parasitology/2006/PAR-05Color .pdf
36.
37. It could come back!
www.columbia.edu/itc/hs/medical/pathophys/parasitology/2006/PAR-05Color .pdf
38. Let step back and look
at the parasites that cause malaria
39. It was discovered
more than 100 years ago
A French army doctor in
Algeria observed
parasites inside
red blood cells of malaria
patients and proposed
for the first time that a
protozoan caused
disease
Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran
www.uhhg.org/mcrh/resources/video/malariappt.pdf
40. 907 Nobel Prize for Physiology
r Medicine!
French army doctor in
Algeria observed
parasites inside
red blood cells of malaria
patients and proposed
for the first time that a
protozoan caused
disease
Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran
www.uhhg.org/mcrh/resources/video/malariappt.pdf
41. So just who
is this
Plasmodium?
www.columbia.edu/itc/hs/medical/pathophys/parasitology/2006/PAR-05Color .pdf
42. It’s not a
bacterium or
virus but a
eukaryote
like us
www.columbia.edu/itc/hs/medical/pathophys/parasitology/2006/PAR-05Color .pdf
43. However,
unlike us
it lives a
solitary life
as a single
cell
www.columbia.edu/itc/hs/medical/pathophys/parasitology/2006/PAR-05Color .pdf
45. Let’s go back to the family tree
http://drnelson.utmem.edu/Woods.Hole/slide5.png
46. Let’s go back to the family tree
You and me
http://drnelson.utmem.edu/Woods.Hole/slide5.png
47. mushrooms
You and me
http://drnelson.utmem.edu/Woods.Hole/slide5.png
48. mushrooms
You and me
plants
http://drnelson.utmem.edu/Woods.Hole/slide5.png
49. We are family….
mushrooms
You and me
Plasmodium
plants
http://drnelson.utmem.edu/Woods.Hole/slide5.png
50. They are on the same region of
the eukaryote tree as plants
You and me
Plasmodium
plants
http://drnelson.utmem.edu/Woods.Hole/slide5.png
51. Consistent with this,
we now know Plasmodium
and its relatives have a
remnant of the chloroplast
called the apicoplast
which may help it digest
heme and other things
it harvests from red blood cells
52. Consistent with this,
we now know Plasmodium
and its relatives have a
remnant of the chloroplast
called the apicoplast
which may help it digest
heme and other things
It harvests from red blood cells
We don’t have this sort of organelle
How might we use that fact??!
53. Plasmodium and its relatives
also have a specialized
Structure at one end of the cell
Involved in invading other cells
56. Plasmodium has a wildly complex life cycle
6
2
5
3
4 1
Purves et al., Life: The Science of Biology, 4th Edition
57. And that’s just in the mosquito!
6
2
5
3
4 1
Purves et al., Life: The Science of Biology, 4th Edition
58. The wildly complex life cycle continued
7
8
Purves et al., Life: The Science of Biology, 4th Edition
59. Had enough yet??
9
Purves et al., Life: The Science of Biology, 4th Edition
60. Now we get to the troublesome stage
Cycles of replication inside red blood cells
Lead to cycles of fever and chills
And aggregated blood cells block blood vessels
10
Purves et al., Life: The Science of Biology, 4th Edition
61. We also need to get back to the next mosquito to complete the cycle
11
Purves et al., Life: The Science of Biology, 4th Edition
What is Malaria? -Malaria is a serious febrile illness caused by an intracellular parasite of the genus Plasmodium . The parasite is transmitted by the Anopheles species of mosquitoes. -There are only four species of the parasite that are capable of transmitting the disease to humans: P. falciparum, vivax, ovale, and malariae. -Malaria due to any one of the Plasmodia species can make a person very sick- but P. falciparum is the most deadly as cases have died within 24 hours of onset of symptoms. References: 1,2
What is Malaria? -Malaria is a serious febrile illness caused by an intracellular parasite of the genus Plasmodium . The parasite is transmitted by the Anopheles species of mosquitoes. -There are only four species of the parasite that are capable of transmitting the disease to humans: P. falciparum, vivax, ovale, and malariae. -Malaria due to any one of the Plasmodia species can make a person very sick- but P. falciparum is the most deadly as cases have died within 24 hours of onset of symptoms. References: 1,2
What is Malaria? -Malaria is a serious febrile illness caused by an intracellular parasite of the genus Plasmodium . The parasite is transmitted by the Anopheles species of mosquitoes. -There are only four species of the parasite that are capable of transmitting the disease to humans: P. falciparum, vivax, ovale, and malariae. -Malaria due to any one of the Plasmodia species can make a person very sick- but P. falciparum is the most deadly as cases have died within 24 hours of onset of symptoms. References: 1,2
-Malaria can present with a non-specific prodrome lasting up to several days. Symptoms include malaise, anorexia, headache, myalgia and low grade fever. However, malaria can also start more suddenly, with acute onset of severe illness. -After several more days, the classic cyclic "paroxysms" may develop. These include 3 stages – cold, hot, & sweating. It may take 3-7 days for the cycles to appear, if they appear at all. Until then the fevers may be erratic. -The cold stage lasts 15 minutes to several hours. Symptoms include feeling cold, shivering, and teeth chattering. Temp rises rapidly, skin is pale and cold, may see cyanosis of the lips and nail beds. -The hot stage lasts 2 to 6 hours. Fever is up to 106 F with falciparum and up to 104 F with others. Symptoms include severe headache, malaise, myalgia, anorexia, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, dry cough, and shortness of breath; may have delirium. -The defervescence or sweating stage lasts 2 to 4 hours. The fever falls rapidly; there is profuse sweating. Afterward, the patient may be exhausted and sleep for hours, but is much improved. -After an interval free of fever the cycle of chills, fever, and sweating is repeated either daily, every other day, or every 3 rd day. -With falciparum, fevers tend to be persistent with intermittent spikes. Falciparum malaria is typically not as cyclic as the other three. But remember that these classic paroxysms often are not present, and that malaria can have ANY pattern. Ref: 1.
-Malaria can present with a non-specific prodrome lasting up to several days. Symptoms include malaise, anorexia, headache, myalgia and low grade fever. However, malaria can also start more suddenly, with acute onset of severe illness. -After several more days, the classic cyclic "paroxysms" may develop. These include 3 stages – cold, hot, & sweating. It may take 3-7 days for the cycles to appear, if they appear at all. Until then the fevers may be erratic. -The cold stage lasts 15 minutes to several hours. Symptoms include feeling cold, shivering, and teeth chattering. Temp rises rapidly, skin is pale and cold, may see cyanosis of the lips and nail beds. -The hot stage lasts 2 to 6 hours. Fever is up to 106 F with falciparum and up to 104 F with others. Symptoms include severe headache, malaise, myalgia, anorexia, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, dry cough, and shortness of breath; may have delirium. -The defervescence or sweating stage lasts 2 to 4 hours. The fever falls rapidly; there is profuse sweating. Afterward, the patient may be exhausted and sleep for hours, but is much improved. -After an interval free of fever the cycle of chills, fever, and sweating is repeated either daily, every other day, or every 3 rd day. -With falciparum, fevers tend to be persistent with intermittent spikes. Falciparum malaria is typically not as cyclic as the other three. But remember that these classic paroxysms often are not present, and that malaria can have ANY pattern. Ref: 1.
-Malaria can present with a non-specific prodrome lasting up to several days. Symptoms include malaise, anorexia, headache, myalgia and low grade fever. However, malaria can also start more suddenly, with acute onset of severe illness. -After several more days, the classic cyclic "paroxysms" may develop. These include 3 stages – cold, hot, & sweating. It may take 3-7 days for the cycles to appear, if they appear at all. Until then the fevers may be erratic. -The cold stage lasts 15 minutes to several hours. Symptoms include feeling cold, shivering, and teeth chattering. Temp rises rapidly, skin is pale and cold, may see cyanosis of the lips and nail beds. -The hot stage lasts 2 to 6 hours. Fever is up to 106 F with falciparum and up to 104 F with others. Symptoms include severe headache, malaise, myalgia, anorexia, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, dry cough, and shortness of breath; may have delirium. -The defervescence or sweating stage lasts 2 to 4 hours. The fever falls rapidly; there is profuse sweating. Afterward, the patient may be exhausted and sleep for hours, but is much improved. -After an interval free of fever the cycle of chills, fever, and sweating is repeated either daily, every other day, or every 3 rd day. -With falciparum, fevers tend to be persistent with intermittent spikes. Falciparum malaria is typically not as cyclic as the other three. But remember that these classic paroxysms often are not present, and that malaria can have ANY pattern. Ref: 1.
-Malaria can present with a non-specific prodrome lasting up to several days. Symptoms include malaise, anorexia, headache, myalgia and low grade fever. However, malaria can also start more suddenly, with acute onset of severe illness. -After several more days, the classic cyclic "paroxysms" may develop. These include 3 stages – cold, hot, & sweating. It may take 3-7 days for the cycles to appear, if they appear at all. Until then the fevers may be erratic. -The cold stage lasts 15 minutes to several hours. Symptoms include feeling cold, shivering, and teeth chattering. Temp rises rapidly, skin is pale and cold, may see cyanosis of the lips and nail beds. -The hot stage lasts 2 to 6 hours. Fever is up to 106 F with falciparum and up to 104 F with others. Symptoms include severe headache, malaise, myalgia, anorexia, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, dry cough, and shortness of breath; may have delirium. -The defervescence or sweating stage lasts 2 to 4 hours. The fever falls rapidly; there is profuse sweating. Afterward, the patient may be exhausted and sleep for hours, but is much improved. -After an interval free of fever the cycle of chills, fever, and sweating is repeated either daily, every other day, or every 3 rd day. -With falciparum, fevers tend to be persistent with intermittent spikes. Falciparum malaria is typically not as cyclic as the other three. But remember that these classic paroxysms often are not present, and that malaria can have ANY pattern. Ref: 1.
-Malaria can present with a non-specific prodrome lasting up to several days. Symptoms include malaise, anorexia, headache, myalgia and low grade fever. However, malaria can also start more suddenly, with acute onset of severe illness. -After several more days, the classic cyclic "paroxysms" may develop. These include 3 stages – cold, hot, & sweating. It may take 3-7 days for the cycles to appear, if they appear at all. Until then the fevers may be erratic. -The cold stage lasts 15 minutes to several hours. Symptoms include feeling cold, shivering, and teeth chattering. Temp rises rapidly, skin is pale and cold, may see cyanosis of the lips and nail beds. -The hot stage lasts 2 to 6 hours. Fever is up to 106 F with falciparum and up to 104 F with others. Symptoms include severe headache, malaise, myalgia, anorexia, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, dry cough, and shortness of breath; may have delirium. -The defervescence or sweating stage lasts 2 to 4 hours. The fever falls rapidly; there is profuse sweating. Afterward, the patient may be exhausted and sleep for hours, but is much improved. -After an interval free of fever the cycle of chills, fever, and sweating is repeated either daily, every other day, or every 3 rd day. -With falciparum, fevers tend to be persistent with intermittent spikes. Falciparum malaria is typically not as cyclic as the other three. But remember that these classic paroxysms often are not present, and that malaria can have ANY pattern. Ref: 1.
-Malaria can present with a non-specific prodrome lasting up to several days. Symptoms include malaise, anorexia, headache, myalgia and low grade fever. However, malaria can also start more suddenly, with acute onset of severe illness. -After several more days, the classic cyclic "paroxysms" may develop. These include 3 stages – cold, hot, & sweating. It may take 3-7 days for the cycles to appear, if they appear at all. Until then the fevers may be erratic. -The cold stage lasts 15 minutes to several hours. Symptoms include feeling cold, shivering, and teeth chattering. Temp rises rapidly, skin is pale and cold, may see cyanosis of the lips and nail beds. -The hot stage lasts 2 to 6 hours. Fever is up to 106 F with falciparum and up to 104 F with others. Symptoms include severe headache, malaise, myalgia, anorexia, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, dry cough, and shortness of breath; may have delirium. -The defervescence or sweating stage lasts 2 to 4 hours. The fever falls rapidly; there is profuse sweating. Afterward, the patient may be exhausted and sleep for hours, but is much improved. -After an interval free of fever the cycle of chills, fever, and sweating is repeated either daily, every other day, or every 3 rd day. -With falciparum, fevers tend to be persistent with intermittent spikes. Falciparum malaria is typically not as cyclic as the other three. But remember that these classic paroxysms often are not present, and that malaria can have ANY pattern. Ref: 1.
-Malaria can present with a non-specific prodrome lasting up to several days. Symptoms include malaise, anorexia, headache, myalgia and low grade fever. However, malaria can also start more suddenly, with acute onset of severe illness. -After several more days, the classic cyclic "paroxysms" may develop. These include 3 stages – cold, hot, & sweating. It may take 3-7 days for the cycles to appear, if they appear at all. Until then the fevers may be erratic. -The cold stage lasts 15 minutes to several hours. Symptoms include feeling cold, shivering, and teeth chattering. Temp rises rapidly, skin is pale and cold, may see cyanosis of the lips and nail beds. -The hot stage lasts 2 to 6 hours. Fever is up to 106 F with falciparum and up to 104 F with others. Symptoms include severe headache, malaise, myalgia, anorexia, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, dry cough, and shortness of breath; may have delirium. -The defervescence or sweating stage lasts 2 to 4 hours. The fever falls rapidly; there is profuse sweating. Afterward, the patient may be exhausted and sleep for hours, but is much improved. -After an interval free of fever the cycle of chills, fever, and sweating is repeated either daily, every other day, or every 3 rd day. -With falciparum, fevers tend to be persistent with intermittent spikes. Falciparum malaria is typically not as cyclic as the other three. But remember that these classic paroxysms often are not present, and that malaria can have ANY pattern. Ref: 1.
-Malaria can present with a non-specific prodrome lasting up to several days. Symptoms include malaise, anorexia, headache, myalgia and low grade fever. However, malaria can also start more suddenly, with acute onset of severe illness. -After several more days, the classic cyclic "paroxysms" may develop. These include 3 stages – cold, hot, & sweating. It may take 3-7 days for the cycles to appear, if they appear at all. Until then the fevers may be erratic. -The cold stage lasts 15 minutes to several hours. Symptoms include feeling cold, shivering, and teeth chattering. Temp rises rapidly, skin is pale and cold, may see cyanosis of the lips and nail beds. -The hot stage lasts 2 to 6 hours. Fever is up to 106 F with falciparum and up to 104 F with others. Symptoms include severe headache, malaise, myalgia, anorexia, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, dry cough, and shortness of breath; may have delirium. -The defervescence or sweating stage lasts 2 to 4 hours. The fever falls rapidly; there is profuse sweating. Afterward, the patient may be exhausted and sleep for hours, but is much improved. -After an interval free of fever the cycle of chills, fever, and sweating is repeated either daily, every other day, or every 3 rd day. -With falciparum, fevers tend to be persistent with intermittent spikes. Falciparum malaria is typically not as cyclic as the other three. But remember that these classic paroxysms often are not present, and that malaria can have ANY pattern. Ref: 1.
-The massive RBC destruction and the sudden release of cell breakdown products results in the onset of fever. -Recall that there are no symptoms during the liver stages. So many RBCs can become infected, that huge numbers of them are destroyed. As this destruction occurs, severe anemia can result . -In addition, infected RBCs that aren’t yet destroyed develop sticky "knobs" on their surfaces. These knobs cause RBC clumping and sludging. RBCs adhere to capillary walls, and interfere with blood flow in vital organs such as brain, liver, lung, and kidney. Tissues become hypoxic, and tissue damage interferes with vital organ functions. -Immune complexes and mediators are released contributing to tissue hypoxia and capillary permeability. Ref: 1, 5.
-The massive RBC destruction and the sudden release of cell breakdown products results in the onset of fever. -Recall that there are no symptoms during the liver stages. So many RBCs can become infected, that huge numbers of them are destroyed. As this destruction occurs, severe anemia can result . -In addition, infected RBCs that aren’t yet destroyed develop sticky "knobs" on their surfaces. These knobs cause RBC clumping and sludging. RBCs adhere to capillary walls, and interfere with blood flow in vital organs such as brain, liver, lung, and kidney. Tissues become hypoxic, and tissue damage interferes with vital organ functions. -Immune complexes and mediators are released contributing to tissue hypoxia and capillary permeability. Ref: 1, 5.
-The massive RBC destruction and the sudden release of cell breakdown products results in the onset of fever. -Recall that there are no symptoms during the liver stages. So many RBCs can become infected, that huge numbers of them are destroyed. As this destruction occurs, severe anemia can result . -In addition, infected RBCs that aren’t yet destroyed develop sticky "knobs" on their surfaces. These knobs cause RBC clumping and sludging. RBCs adhere to capillary walls, and interfere with blood flow in vital organs such as brain, liver, lung, and kidney. Tissues become hypoxic, and tissue damage interferes with vital organ functions. -Immune complexes and mediators are released contributing to tissue hypoxia and capillary permeability. Ref: 1, 5.
-The massive RBC destruction and the sudden release of cell breakdown products results in the onset of fever. -Recall that there are no symptoms during the liver stages. So many RBCs can become infected, that huge numbers of them are destroyed. As this destruction occurs, severe anemia can result . -In addition, infected RBCs that aren’t yet destroyed develop sticky "knobs" on their surfaces. These knobs cause RBC clumping and sludging. RBCs adhere to capillary walls, and interfere with blood flow in vital organs such as brain, liver, lung, and kidney. Tissues become hypoxic, and tissue damage interferes with vital organ functions. -Immune complexes and mediators are released contributing to tissue hypoxia and capillary permeability. Ref: 1, 5.
- You should suspect malaria in any febrile patient with a history of possible exposure to infected mosquitoes, whether they’ve been on chemoprophylaxis or not. One of the most important concepts to understand is: when to do a malaria blood smear on a patient?—and the answer is…WHENEVER malaria is suspected or possible. -The Geimsa-stained blood smear is considered the “gold standard” for lab diagnosis of malaria. -The thick smears are used for screening to detect the presence of malaria parasites -The thin smears are used for identifying which species is/are present -Multiple thick smears and thin smears should be prepared— a) Use venous or capillary blood for the blood smears– b) If the sample is negative, it should be repeated as often as every 6-8 hours for 24 –36 hours for two reasons—1) because symptoms can precede detectable parasitemia by 24-36 hours; and 2) if the parasites are synchronous, they may be present in the peripheral circulation for only half of the cycle (cycle is 48 h for falcip, vivax, and ovale). If the sample is positive, then slides should be repeated periodically to determine whether the parasitemia is decreasing in response to treatment –very important, especially with falciparum. Para-sight F is like a rapid “dipstick” for Plasmodium falciparum only- it doesn’t identify the presence of other species. It is a very promising technique, but isn’t yet available in the U.S. -The most common lab findings that can be seen on a CBC are: (1) anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia (or leukocytosis), without eosinophilia -Other lab findings include: (2) elevated liver enzymes (3) elevated urinary albumin, urobilinogen, and bilirubin -The most specific finding , of course, is the presence of parasites on peripheral blood smears. Ref: 1.
-There are several diagnostic features that we look for when examining the thin blood smears under the microscope that help identify the species. In general they include: a) which developmental erythrocytic stages are present; b) the size of the parasitized RBCs- whether they’re enlarged, normal (or smaller ) c) the morphology of the RBCs and the parasites In this slide we see many RBCs with ring forms in them: -Ring forms are small and delicate (about 1/5 the size of the RBC), and its quite common to see multiple forms in single RBCs; Ref: 1,5.
-This is the banana or crescent-shaped gametocyte- it has a single nucleus. If you see this, you know the patient has P. falciparum . Ref: 5.
Malaria has had a huge impact on civilization throughout history, and continues to do so now. It is the most prevalent disease in the world. About 2 billion people live in malarious areas throughout the world and there are 100 to 300 million new cases each year. About 1 to 3 million people die from Malaria each year. Malaria kills more people each year than any other communicable disease except Tuberculosis. And few diseases have the potential for more impact on military readiness. Today, malaria continues to be a very real threat to military personnel because of frequent deployments to areas of the world where malaria is endemic. These include humanitarian missions, military exercises, and special operations. Ref: 1,
Malaria has had a huge impact on civilization throughout history, and continues to do so now. It is the most prevalent disease in the world. About 2 billion people live in malarious areas throughout the world and there are 100 to 300 million new cases each year. About 1 to 3 million people die from Malaria each year. Malaria kills more people each year than any other communicable disease except Tuberculosis. And few diseases have the potential for more impact on military readiness. Today, malaria continues to be a very real threat to military personnel because of frequent deployments to areas of the world where malaria is endemic. These include humanitarian missions, military exercises, and special operations. Ref: 1,
Malaria has had a huge impact on civilization throughout history, and continues to do so now. It is the most prevalent disease in the world. About 2 billion people live in malarious areas throughout the world and there are 100 to 300 million new cases each year. About 1 to 3 million people die from Malaria each year. Malaria kills more people each year than any other communicable disease except Tuberculosis. And few diseases have the potential for more impact on military readiness. Today, malaria continues to be a very real threat to military personnel because of frequent deployments to areas of the world where malaria is endemic. These include humanitarian missions, military exercises, and special operations. Ref: 1,
Malaria has had a huge impact on civilization throughout history, and continues to do so now. It is the most prevalent disease in the world. About 2 billion people live in malarious areas throughout the world and there are 100 to 300 million new cases each year. About 1 to 3 million people die from Malaria each year. Malaria kills more people each year than any other communicable disease except Tuberculosis. And few diseases have the potential for more impact on military readiness. Today, malaria continues to be a very real threat to military personnel because of frequent deployments to areas of the world where malaria is endemic. These include humanitarian missions, military exercises, and special operations. Ref: 1,
Malaria has had a huge impact on civilization throughout history, and continues to do so now. It is the most prevalent disease in the world. About 2 billion people live in malarious areas throughout the world and there are 100 to 300 million new cases each year. About 1 to 3 million people die from Malaria each year. Malaria kills more people each year than any other communicable disease except Tuberculosis. And few diseases have the potential for more impact on military readiness. Today, malaria continues to be a very real threat to military personnel because of frequent deployments to areas of the world where malaria is endemic. These include humanitarian missions, military exercises, and special operations. Ref: 1,
-Malaria can present with a non-specific prodrome lasting up to several days. Symptoms include malaise, anorexia, headache, myalgia and low grade fever. However, malaria can also start more suddenly, with acute onset of severe illness. -After several more days, the classic cyclic "paroxysms" may develop. These include 3 stages – cold, hot, & sweating. It may take 3-7 days for the cycles to appear, if they appear at all. Until then the fevers may be erratic. -The cold stage lasts 15 minutes to several hours. Symptoms include feeling cold, shivering, and teeth chattering. Temp rises rapidly, skin is pale and cold, may see cyanosis of the lips and nail beds. -The hot stage lasts 2 to 6 hours. Fever is up to 106 F with falciparum and up to 104 F with others. Symptoms include severe headache, malaise, myalgia, anorexia, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, dry cough, and shortness of breath; may have delirium. -The defervescence or sweating stage lasts 2 to 4 hours. The fever falls rapidly; there is profuse sweating. Afterward, the patient may be exhausted and sleep for hours, but is much improved. -After an interval free of fever the cycle of chills, fever, and sweating is repeated either daily, every other day, or every 3 rd day. -With falciparum, fevers tend to be persistent with intermittent spikes. Falciparum malaria is typically not as cyclic as the other three. But remember that these classic paroxysms often are not present, and that malaria can have ANY pattern. Ref: 1.
-Malaria can present with a non-specific prodrome lasting up to several days. Symptoms include malaise, anorexia, headache, myalgia and low grade fever. However, malaria can also start more suddenly, with acute onset of severe illness. -After several more days, the classic cyclic "paroxysms" may develop. These include 3 stages – cold, hot, & sweating. It may take 3-7 days for the cycles to appear, if they appear at all. Until then the fevers may be erratic. -The cold stage lasts 15 minutes to several hours. Symptoms include feeling cold, shivering, and teeth chattering. Temp rises rapidly, skin is pale and cold, may see cyanosis of the lips and nail beds. -The hot stage lasts 2 to 6 hours. Fever is up to 106 F with falciparum and up to 104 F with others. Symptoms include severe headache, malaise, myalgia, anorexia, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, dry cough, and shortness of breath; may have delirium. -The defervescence or sweating stage lasts 2 to 4 hours. The fever falls rapidly; there is profuse sweating. Afterward, the patient may be exhausted and sleep for hours, but is much improved. -After an interval free of fever the cycle of chills, fever, and sweating is repeated either daily, every other day, or every 3 rd day. -With falciparum, fevers tend to be persistent with intermittent spikes. Falciparum malaria is typically not as cyclic as the other three. But remember that these classic paroxysms often are not present, and that malaria can have ANY pattern. Ref: 1.