Malaria is an infectious disease spread by mosquitoes that infects over 3 billion people worldwide. It is caused by a parasite called Plasmodium, which has a complex life cycle involving both human and mosquito hosts. Young children and pregnant women are most vulnerable. While rates of malaria have decreased, it remains a major public health problem and cause of economic hardship in developing countries. Controlling mosquitoes and proper diagnosis/treatment of infections are key to reducing the malaria burden.
Etiology (study of the cause/ causation of disease or condition):
Malaria in humans is caused by four species of Plasmodium (protozoan parasite)
Plasmodium Vivax (benign tertian malaria)
Plasmodium falciparum (malignant tertian, sub-tertian malaria)
Plasmodium malariae (quartan malaria)
Plasmodium ovale (mild tertian malaria ovale tertian)
In other mammals, birds and reptiles it is caused by many other species.
Etiology (study of the cause/ causation of disease or condition):
Malaria in humans is caused by four species of Plasmodium (protozoan parasite)
Plasmodium Vivax (benign tertian malaria)
Plasmodium falciparum (malignant tertian, sub-tertian malaria)
Plasmodium malariae (quartan malaria)
Plasmodium ovale (mild tertian malaria ovale tertian)
In other mammals, birds and reptiles it is caused by many other species.
Malaria(Plasmodium falciparum)- Epidemiology, Life Cycle, Prevention and Erad...Sarath
Ā
Malaria(Plasmodium falciparum)- Epidemiology, Life Cycle, Prevention and Eradication.
Contains Videos in two slides. So try using Power Point 2010.
My email : doc.sarathrs@gmail.com
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganongās Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
Ā
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1Ā±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years ā 64.8%, 20 years ā 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6Ā±1525.6 days), 148 LCP ā more than 10 years (LS=5054.4Ā±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7Ā±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0āN12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0āN12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganongās Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
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Malaria(Plasmodium falciparum)- Epidemiology, Life Cycle, Prevention and Erad...Sarath
Ā
Malaria(Plasmodium falciparum)- Epidemiology, Life Cycle, Prevention and Eradication.
Contains Videos in two slides. So try using Power Point 2010.
My email : doc.sarathrs@gmail.com
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganongās Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
Ā
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1Ā±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years ā 64.8%, 20 years ā 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6Ā±1525.6 days), 148 LCP ā more than 10 years (LS=5054.4Ā±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7Ā±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0āN12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0āN12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganongās Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Ā
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actorās Wellness Journeygreendigital
Ā
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
Ā
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Ā
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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2. Malaria is an infectious disease that is spread by mosquitoes, in particular female
mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles. Malaria is a disease that is found in hundreds of
different countries around the world and over 3 billion people are at risk from the
disease.
2
3. Note this slide is animated
Malaria is caused by a eukaryotic protist, a single celled organism. The parasite belongs
to a genus known as Plasmodium. The image shows a false coloured micrograph
showing one of the life stages of the parasite (shown in blue) inside human red blood
cells.
Four species of Plasmodium infect humans:
ā¢ Plasmodium falciparum
ā¢ Plasmodium vivax
ā¢ Plasmodium malariae
ā¢ Plasmodium ovale
Click once
Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax are the parasites that cause the most
cases of malaria worldwide. (Other two species are greyed out.)
Click again
Plasmodium falciparum can cause serious complications and can be fatal if untreated. It
is responsible for the most deaths due to malaria. (Plasmodium vivax is greyed out)
3
4. Note this slide is animated
Plasmodium has a complex life cycle. Part of it takes place inside a human host and part of it
takes places inside a mosquito vector.
There are essentially five key stages to the Plasmodium life cycle:
1. The Anopheles mosquito bites a human injecting the Plasmodium parasite which enters the
humans blood. At this stage the parasite is in a form known as a sporozoite, which is long
and thin and is capable of moving in between and within cells.
2. The parasite travels in the blood until it reaches the liver. At this point the parasite
recognises and invades liver cells where it remains for around 10 days. In the liver it
undergoes a transformation into thousands of new parasites known as a merozoites. These
newly formed merozoites are released into the bloodstream.
3. The merozoites invade red blood cells and then reproduce. Each merozoite enters a red
blood cell and once inside it grows and divides asexually to form up to 20 new merozoites.
These burst out of the cell and invade neighbouring red blood cells. This whole process takes
approximately 48 hours.
4. Some parasites do not form merozoites but develop into a sexual stage of the lifecycle called
gametocytes. These are taken up by a mosquito when they feed on an infected human.
5. Once inside the mosquito gut the gametocytes change into mature gametes (eggs and
sperm) which fuse and develop into an ookinete. The ookinete burrows through the lining of
the mosquitoās gut wall where it forms an oocyst in which tens of thousands of sporozoites
are formed. They burst out of the oocyst and travel to the salivary gland of the mosquito
where the cycles begins again.
Click once
Stage 1 : Transmission to human
Click again
Stage 2: Liver stage
Click again
Stage 3: Red blood cell stage
Click again
Stage 4: Transmission to mosquito
Click again
Stage 5: Mosquito stages
4
5. According to the World Health Organization, there were 225 million cases of malaria
worldwide and 781,000 deaths in 2009. Although this is a lot, these numbers have
decreased from 233 million cases and nearly 1 million deaths in 2000.
The majority of malaria deaths are due to the Plasmodium falciparum parasite and are in
children under the age of five in Africa.
Pregnant woman are also vulnerable to malaria as they have lower natural immunity to
the disease. If they are infected with malaria when pregnant this can have a serious
impact on their unborn child. Pregnant women with malaria are susceptible to:
ā¢ placental infections (a build up of parasites in the placenta) that can lead to
miscarriage
ā¢ death of newborns due to premature birth or low birth weight.
5
6. Pregnant women and children under the age of five are most vulnerable to malaria
infections. This is because they have a lower natural immunity to the disease compared
to others in the community.
Adults can also be affected by malaria, however if they have lived in the same area for a
long period of time they are likely to build up some immunity to the parasite. This does
not mean that they are not infected but may mean they have less severe symptoms.
People who travel from malaria free areas to malaria endemic areas are also at risk of
contracting the disease. Holiday makers and immigrant workers can be vulnerable to
infections as they have no immunity to the disease. Drugs are available that can be given
to these people to kill the parasite if they become infected.
6
7. This map shows areas where Plasmodium falciparum is endemic around the world. You
can see that the highest levels of malaria are between the Tropics of Cancer and
Capricorn.
Malaria is a disease of the developing world affecting people in some of the poorest
countries, especially in subāSaharan Africa. It is considered a disease of poverty but is
also a major cause of poverty .
7
8. These are images from four regions where malaria is found: Cambodia in South East Asia
(top left), Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania, Africa (top right) Shanty town in India, (bottom left),
a remote rural village in Peru, South America (bottom right).
Question to the students: Why do you think these areas have high levels of malaria?
What do they have in common?
ā¢ Warm climate (over 19ā20 Ā°C) and heavy rainfall. Long rainy seasons can form areas
of standing water which are ideal mosquito breeding grounds.
ā¢ Poor housing and sanitation facilities. The houses in these areas donāt always have
windows or mesh screens to prevent mosquitoes and other biting insects entering
the house.
ā¢ Some are in rural areas, in close proximity to forest (except Dar es Salaam in
Tanzania) which provides ideal habitats for some mosquito species.
8
9. Malaria causes significant economic losses, and can decrease gross domestic product
(GDP) by as much as 1.3% in countries with high levels of transmission. It is estimated
that malariaārelated health expenditure and lost productivity costs Africaās economy
over $8 billion per year. It also deters foreign investment, tourism and trade. These
sustained annual economic losses have resulted in substantial differences in GDP
between countries with and without malaria, particularly in Africa.
Malaria disproportionately affects poor people who cannot afford treatment or have
limited access to health care. This traps families and communities in a vicious cycle of
poverty and disease which they are unable to break away from.
9
10. Note this slide is animated
Early diagnosis and treatment of malaria reduces disease and prevents deaths. It also
contributes to reducing malaria transmission. There are two ways malaria can be
diagnosed: Microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs).
Click once
Microscopy ā a blood sample is taken from the patient and is looked at under the
microscope. If parasites are visible within the blood smear they are diagnosed as having
malaria.
Question to the students: What are the limitations of microscopy?
The key limitation is that this method of diagnosis can only be used in laboratories
where there is electricity and trained medical staff.
Click again
The second method of diagnosis is RDTs.
RDTs are quick tests that use a drop of blood from the finger tip to identify if the patient
has malaria. The tests are sensitive to antigens (proteins that are produced by the
parasite) that bind with a dye to form a coloured strip (a bit like a pregnancy test) to
indicate whether there are parasites in the blood. The image shows a test and you can
see two strips, one is the control strip and the other indicates a positive result.
An RDT takes just 15 minutes and can be used in rural communities by trained
community workers, making this a valuable and life saving diagnostic tool.
10
11. Antiāmalarial drugs kill the parasite but do not prevent the patient from being reā
infected. Early and effective treatment of malaria with antiāmalarial drugs can shorten
the duration of the infection and prevent further complications which could be fatal.
In many countries, antiāmalarial drugs can be purchased over the counter without
prescription from doctors or medical practioners. This can lead to inappropriate use of
the drugs, for example, if someone has a fever they may take antiāmalarial drugs when
malaria is not the cause of the fever. This uncontrolled use of single drug therapies, such
as chloroquine, in the past has led to parasites developing drug resistance. This causes
great problems as the drugs available to patients are ineffective and cannot be
prescribed to treat the disease.
A new compound known as artemisinin was found to be effective against malaria in the
1990s. It is now used in combination with other drugs particularly to deal with
Plasmodium falciparum infections. Artemisinin is recommended as first line treatment
for malaria by the World Health Organization.
11
12. Protection against mosquito bites and controlling vector populations are effective
methods of preventing malaria transmission. Vector control in particular works to reduce
malaria transmission at a community level and can significantly reduce transmission
from very high levels to close to zero. For individuals, personal protection against
mosquito bites through the use of bed nets and insect repellents is the first line of
defense to prevent malaria.
Insecticideātreated nets (ITNs) and long lasting insecticide impregnated nets (LLINs) offer
both a physical and chemical barrier to mosquitoes.
LLINs are the preferred form of insecticide treated nets for public health distribution
programmes and recommended by the World Health Organization as they can be
effective for 3ā5 years.
Indoor residual spraying (IRS) with insecticides is an extremely effective way to rapidly
reduce malaria transmission. It can be effective for 3ā6 months, depending on the
insecticide used and the type of surface on which it is sprayed. DDT can be effective for
9ā12 months in some cases.
Drugs can also be used to prevent malaria. For travellers, malaria can be prevented
through chemoprophylaxis, taking drugs that suppress the blood stage of malaria
infections, thereby preventing malaria disease.
Pregnant women are also offered antiāmalarial drugs during their pregnancy. This is
known as Intermittent Preventive Treatment in pregnancy (IPTp). This practice aims to
reduce the possible complications during pregnancy such as severe anaemia and
placental infections which can threaten the life of the mother and child.
12
13. The Malaria Challenge is a multimedia resource which can provide you with information
on the lifecycle of the malaria parasite and how the disease can be treated and
prevented. It includes videos, animations and interviews with malaria researchers to give
an insight into the many different issues surrounding this topic. This information can be
used to find out more about malaria and enable students to take part in a discussion
based activity.
Use the following slide(s) to introduce the discussion activity you have decided to run.
Hide the two slides that are not relevant to the activity that you decide to run, e.g. if you
are running the Big Debate, hide slides 15 and 16.
13
14. Note this slide is animated
In this activity each group will randomly select a stage of the malaria life cycle.
All members of the group must research the particular lifecycle stage they have been
allocated using the Malaria Challenge resource. You should identify the stageās relevance
in the disease lifecycle and the prevention interventions that specifically target it.
Then as a group discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the prevention
interventions and how effective they could be at eradicating malaria.
By the end of this discussion each member of the group should be clear on the issues
surrounding the malaria stage and its prevention interventions. They are now āexpertsā
and should have each completed a worksheet with key points from the group
discussions.
The next stage is to form new groups with an āexpertā from each malaria stage. In these
newly formed groups each person will take it in turns to put forward their thoughts and
findings on their particular stage of the malaria lifecycle. After this, as a group, put
together an argument for the three best methods or techniques to eradicate malaria
which the spokesperson(s) will present to the rest of the class.
Click once
Form āexpertā groups to discuss the best methods to eradicate malaria.
Click again
Feedback your thoughts to the class.
14
15. Before starting the discussion the group should nominate the following roles:
ā¢ Spokesperson(s): the person or persons who will speak on behalf of the group
during the feedback session
ā¢ Scribe: the person responsible for taking notes on all the discussion and completing
the group worksheet
ā¢ Financier: the person responsible for doing the calculations and ensuring that the
available funds are correctly allocated and the group doesnāt overspend!
The first stage of the discussion process is to consider funding principles, a set of
considerations or guidelines to help the group in their decision making. Ideas for funding
principles include:
ā¢ Should you only fund projects in malaria endemic countries?
ā¢ Should the project have to use innovative technology?
ā¢ Will the project have a large scale impact?
ā¢ Should a project you fund further advances in the understanding of malaria?
ā¢ Should a project you fund further advances in the treatment of malaria?
As a group discuss each of the funding applications in turn, discussing their advantages
and disadvantages. Once a decision has been made place the card in a yes, no or maybe
pile. The scribe should complete the group worksheet with the assistance of the
financier.
Note: They do not have to spend all of the money. If they do not think all of the projects
should receive funding, then they can leave surplus funds.
Once they have completed their worksheet, the spokesperson should prepare to feed
back their decisions to the rest of the class with explanations as to why they chose those
particular projects.
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16. In this activity the students will be playing the role of malaria programme managers for a
community in a malaria endemic area. These regions are Cambodia, Uganda, Tanzania
and Brazil.
In groups they must assess the situation facing their allocated community and propose a
strategy that will work towards eliminating malaria from the region.
The groups must present their proposal to the rest of the class and summarise their
reasons for suggesting this strategy.
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17. These discussion guidelines apply to all of the activities, make sure these guidelines are
followed during the activity. Everyone should contribute to the discussion and no one
should be excluded.
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