The talk is about typical mistakes which a Python developer without much experience in high load systems can make. Possible issues and preventive actions will be discussed. Expected audience: developers who are new to an existing highly loaded service or folks who develop a system from scratch. All the stuff based on own production experience.

1. Maintaining a high load Python project:
typical mistakes
Viacheslav Kakovskyi
PyCon Poland 2016

2. Me!
@kakovskyi
Python Software Engineer at SoftServe
Contributor of Atlassian HipChat — Python 2, Twisted
Maintainer of KPIdata — Python 3, asyncio
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3. Agenda
1. What is a high load project?
2. High load Python projects from my experience
3. Typical mistakes
4. Load testing of Python applications
5. Practical example of load testing
6. Summary
7. Further reading
3

4. What is a high load project?
4

5. What is high load project?
● 2+ nodes?
● 10 000 connections?
● 200 000 RPS?
● 5 000 000 daily active users?
● monitoring?
● scalability?
● Multi-AZ?
● redundancy?
● fault tolerance?
● high availability?
● disaster recovery?
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6. What is a high load project?
a project where an inefficient solution or a tiny bug
has a huge impact on your business
(due to a lack of resources)→
→ causes an increase of costs $$$ or loss of reputation
(due to performance degradation)
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7. High load Python projects from my experience
● Instant messenger:
○ 100 000+ connected users
○ 100+ nodes
○ 100+ developers
● Embedded system for traffic analysis:
○ we can't scale and upgrade hardware
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8. Typical mistakes
● Usage of a pure Python third-party dependency
instead of C-based implementation
8

9. Typical mistakes: Pure Python dependencies
● Usage of pure Python third-party dependency
● Example: JSON parsing
● Note: check out C-based libraries with Python binding
○ simplejson
○ ujson
○ python-rapidjson
● Note: run your own benchmarks
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10. Typical mistakes
● Usage of JSON as a serialization format by default
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11. Typical mistakes: JSON all the things
● Usage of JSON as a serialization format by default
● Note: Check out faster formats
○ MessagePack
○ Protocol Buffers
○ Apache Thrift
● Note: Run benchmarks, again!
● Note: Try using YAML for configuration files
11

12. Typical mistakes
● Coding your high load Python project only with Python
12

13. Typical mistakes: Pure Python codebase
● Coding your high load Python project only with Python
● Note: use multi language approach
○ Golang
○ NodeJS
○ Rust
● Note: fine tune performance of Python
○ Cython
○ CPython C/C++ extensions
○ PyPy and CFFI
13

14. Typical mistakes
● Usage of synchronous Python frameworks for networking
14

15. Typical mistakes: synchronous Python
● High amount of concurrent connections
● Multithreaded approach isn't efficient due to overhead
● Requires usage of a select implementation on backend:
○ poll
○ epoll
○ kqueue
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16. Typical mistakes: synchronous Python
● Note: use an asynchronous framework for high loaded
solutions
16
Tornado

17. The answer:
asyncio
&
aiohttp
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18. Typical mistakes: synchronous Python
● Note: learn asyncio
● Note: check out the aio-libs
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○ aiohttp_admin
○ aiomcache
○ aiocouchdb
○ aiomeasures
○ aiobotocore
○ aiozmq
○ aioodbc
○ aiokafka
○ aioes
○ aiolocust
○ aiohttp
○ aiopg
○ aiomysql
○ aioredis
○ aiokafka

19. Typical mistakes
● No usage of threads and processes in project's code
19

20. Typical mistakes: no threads and processes usage
● Note: use threads to split different streams of work for
IO-bound tasks
○ Flask
● Note: use processes to scale your IO-bound application inside
one node
○ gunicorn + aiohttp
● Note: use threads or processes to delegate blocking jobs for
CPU-bound tasks
○ ThreadPoolExecutor, ProcessPoolExecutor
20

21. Typical mistake: deployment of a new
feature without load testing
21

22. Load testing of Python applications
● Purpose: predict when we fu*k production
● Must have for high load projects
● Helps to prevent the reputation losses
● Almost nobody does that
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23. Load testing 101
● Identify how the load might grow up
○ More users
○ More data
○ More operations
○ Less servers
○ Unexpected edge cases
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24. Load testing 101
● Define the most heavy and frequent operations
○ Insertions into data storages
■ PostgreSQL
■ ElasticSearch
■ Redis
○ Calculations and other CPU-bound tasks
○ Calls to external services
■ S3, etc.
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25. Load testing 101
● Identify how to trigger the operations from a user's
perspective
○ REST API endpoints
○ Periodic processing of collected data
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26. Load testing 101
● Collect metrics of product, related to the operations
○ Application metrics with StatsD
■ Counters
■ Timers
○ Per node metrics with collectd
■ CPU
■ RAM
■ IO
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27. Load testing 101
27
● Create a tool, which behaves like gazillion users
○ Establish network connections
○ Make HTTP requests
■ Send some data
■ Retrieve information from our server

28. Load testing in practice
28

29. Load testing in practice
● KPIdata is an asyncio-based pet project for assessing the
quality of higher education
● KPI means Kyiv Polytechnic Institute
● Students and alumni use the web-site as Yelp for
choosing faculties, chairs, and specialities to study
● Check it out on kpidata.org
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30. Load testing in practice
● LocustIO is a load testing tool written in Python
● Simulates millions of simultaneous users
● Runs load tests distributed over multiple hosts
● Supports HTTP, XMPP, XML-RPC
● Check it out on locust.io
● Note: it uses gevent under the hood
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31. Load testing in practice: key features of KPIdata
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32. Load testing in practice: key features of KPIdata
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33. Load testing in practice: key features of KPIdata
33

34. Load testing in practice: key features of KPIdata
34

35. Load testing in practice: identify the load
● More users
○ Admission campaign starts
○ More schoolchildren will know about the site
● More data
○ Semester ends and we will receive a lot of
feedbacks
○ New universities will be involved
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36. Load testing in practice: define frequent operations
● Add a feedback for
○ faculty/semester/subject
● Retrieve statistics for
○ faculty/chair/group
● Search for a feedback
● Calculate ratings in background
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37. Load testing in practice: identify the triggers
● /feedback
● /faculty/{code}
● /chair/{id}
● /group/{name}
● /rating/{entity}
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GET POST
● /feedback

38. Load testing in practice: add application metrics
38
async def collect_web_handler_metrics (app, handler):
async def middleware_handler (handler):
path = request.path.replace( '/', '.')
with statsd.timer('request.' + path):
try:
response = await handler(request)
status_code = response.status
except HTTPNotFound as response:
status_code = 404
except Exception as response:
status_code = 503
finally:
statsd.incr('status_code.' .format(status_code)
response.set_status(status_code)
return response
return middleware_handler

39. Load testing in practice: create dashboards
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● Graphite
● Grafana
● DataDog

40. Load testing in practice: create testing tool
● Create locustfile.py module for execution
● Define TaskSet of test functions
● Define HTTPLocust for spawning the tests
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41. Load testing in practice: create testing tool
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class KPIdataTaskSet(TaskSet):
"""Set of tasks that a Locust user will execute"""
@task
def test_get_faculty(self):
with self.client.get('/faculty/fpm',
catch_response=True) as
response:
if response.status_code == 200:
response.success()
if not response._is_reported:
response.failure('Wrong status code.
Received: {}. Expected: 200.'
.format(response.status_code))

42. Load testing in practice: create testing tool
42
class KPIdataLocust(HttpLocust):
"""Represents HTTP user which attacks KPIdata web-site"""
task_set = KPIdataTaskSet
min_wait = 50
max_wait = 100
host = 'http://kpidata.org'

43. Load testing in practice: before running tests
● Infrastructure: CPU utilization
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44. Load testing in practice: before running tests
● Random node: CPU utilization and Load Average
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45. Load testing in practice: testing in progress
45

46. Load testing in practice: after testing
● Infrastructure: 50% CPU utilization
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47. Load testing in practice: after testing
● Random node:
○ 53% CPU utilization
○ 3.5 Load Average
47

48. Results of load testing
● We know how many RPS we can serve with the environment
● We know what's going on when the limit is exceeded
● We know the bottlenecks of our platform
● We know if we can scale some part of the system
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49. 49

50. Summary
● Try to find C-based analogs of 3rd party dependencies
● Check out serialization formats which are faster than JSON
● Fine tune your Python project with C extension, Cython or
PyPy
● Write some services not in Python
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51. Summary
● Use asyncio and aiohttp for networking applications
● Use ThreadPoolExecutor for blocking operations
● Use processes for scaling inside a node
● Perform load testing for new features before pushing
them to production
51

52. Further reading
● @kakovskyi: Maintaining a high load Python project for newcomers
● @kakovskyi: Instant messenger with Python. Back-end development
● Asyncio-stack for web development
● PEP8 is not enough
● How HipChat Stores and Indexes Billions of Messages Using
ElasticSearch
● A guide to analyzing Python performance
● Why Leading Companies Dark Launch - LaunchDarkly Blog
● What Is Async, How Does It Work, And When Should I Use It?
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53. 53
@kakovskyi
viach.kakovskyi@gmail.com
Questions?