Magnus Technical News Letter Nov-2016

Magnus Technical News Letter
Edition #129 November ‘16
In this Issue
Tips for Academic Success
By HR Department
Pipe Supports Selection
By Piping Department
Project Execution Strategy
By Process Department
Proper Column Construction Techniques
By Guest Article
www.magnus-global.com

Making the transition academically
from high school to college requires
students to realize that there are greater
academic expectations at the college
level. Students in engineering often have to alter the
amount of time they spend studying and the way they
study in order to be academically successful. The key to
academic success in college is to learn and select new
study strategies appropriate for the academic task,
monitor your academic progress, and evaluate your
learning process.
General Academic Tips
• Everyone needs extra help. If you’re having difficulty
in a class, seek out the support you need EARLY!
• Get to know your professors—go to your faculty
member’s office hours at least twice during the
semester.
• Make an appointment to meet your advisor and get
to know him or her.
• Form study groups! Working on a team is a critical
part of being an engineer and study groups help you
perform better as you create a network of support.
• Get involved—balance is key in engineering and one
of the biggest predictors of success is who you choose
to surround yourself with.
• Make sure that if you work, it’s no more than 15
hours per week.
• Repeated exposure to the material you are learning is
essential to retaining. Review to remember and
remember to review!
Taking Notes
• Go to class and take notes.
• Make sure you label example problems, equations,
theories etc.
• Be sure to write down any explanatory remarks your
professor makes about a problem (i.e. how do you get
from one step to another or why a particular method
was used with which particular conditions).
• After class, read over your notes and either condense
(humanities/social science classes) or expand
(engineering classes) your notes in the left hand
column of the paper.
Reading Assignments
• Preview the chapter before you read the
assignment.
• Read the assignment BEFORE you go to class.
• Take notes on your reading to keep you focused.
• Review your reading notes.
Test Preparation
• If available, work old exams. The methods with
which your engineering professors want you to
demonstrate your understanding of the material
is often radically different than high school. Even
if you’ve been exposed to material before, keep
in mind that chemistry, calculus, and physics
exams in college are different than chemistry,
calculus, and physics exams in high school.
• Join a study group to learn information and solve
problems covered in class.
• Predict test areas & prepare for an exam at least
one week prior to the exam.
Study Strategies
• Annotation – writing notes in the margin of your
textbook in your own words
• Adapted Cornell Notetaking – taking the notes
on the right side of the margin and condensing or
expanding on the left hand side
• Concept mapping – a variation on outlining in
which you diagram main ideas and supporting
details to learn concepts covered in class
• Outlining – representing the ideas presented in
the text by separating main ideas from
supporting ideas using an outline structure
• Practice test – a sample exam using predicted
topics and the professor’s test format
• Predicting test areas – reviewing notes and
selecting topics for exams
• Time-spaced learning – learning and reviewing
course material in blocks of time that are varied
throughout the week
Tips for Academic Success

Previously, we had seen saw about
the selection of Springs. In this Edition
we will continue on selection of Constant
Effort Spring and General Notes
6. Constant effort spring
• Whenever load variation exceeds 25% or exceeds the
specified maximum load variation percentage in a
variable hanger, then a Constant Effort Spring is
selected.
• In CES the load remains constant when the pipe
moves from its cold position to hot position. Thus
irrespective of travel the load remains constant over
complete range of movement.
• The pipe is supported by a drop rod connected via
turnbuckle to the end of the lever arm.
• The spring coil applies a force to the trunnion arm of
the lever which tends to pull the lever-arm UP against
the load of the pipe.
• The geometry of the lever
arm provides a balance btw
the pipe load & spring force.
The pipe may therefore
move due to thermal
expansion while being
supported with a nominally
constant force through this
travel range.
Selection procedure of Constant effort springs:
Whenever in the Piping system the pipe tends to lift up
by more than 2inches i.e. 50mm in that case use of
Variable Spring Hangers is not suitable. This is because of
the large Load variations throughout its operation. In
such cases the Constant Effort Springs are used.
Irrespective of the displacement the Spring Exerts same
load on the Piping system absorbing the displacements.
Some examples of higher vertical movements of the pipe
are high temperature, long runs, equipment nozzle
displacements, well displacement, or where it is
necessary to restrict transfer of load to adjacent terminal
of equipment or where the spring variability exceeds
25%.
1. Identify the support close to the equipment
nozzle that may be lifting up during the
operating conditions and hence causing nozzle
overload.
2. Remove the rigid support and add a spring
hanger in that location.
3. Modify the load cases to include the spring
effect and run the analysis.
4. Determine the load and the total movement.
5. Total movement = design movement + over
travel (Over Travel is included only when the
design movement is more than 2inch or 50mm)
6. Over travel = 20% of the design movement or
25mm whichever is higher.
7. Choose the spring catalogue of any vendor from
the project Approved Vendor List e.g. Anvil,
Lisega, PTP, Carpenter & Patterson are some of
the popular names.
8. Select a suitable constant spring from the table
and ensure that the spring selected must lie
within the working range (Between red and
black line)
9. Note the spring rate and Hot Load & Cold Load
(Both will be same because of the constant
effort spring)
10. Use this spring rate and Constant effort load and
use in the stress analysis.
11. Depending on the structural availability the
spring can be installed as Hanger Type or “CAN”
Type (Bottom Type).
12. The spring box must be able to move freely
without any restriction.
13. In case of Hanger type spring the height of the
box above the Pipe is also important for proper
functioning of the spring. Note down the height
and pipe lateral movement. Calculate the angle
of this lateral deflection with respect to the
spring box. This angle shall not exceed 4
Degrees. If it is more than try to install the pipe
at a lower height from the pipe.
14. In case of “CAN” type spring, Stress Engineer
must check the eccentricity of the spring load
flange and the spring base plate while providing
foundation information to civil.
Piping Spring Supports - 2

7. Types of VES/CES
Hanger type:
In hanger type spring support, the pipe is hung
from the secondary support using hanger type
spring, as shown. Clevis, Hanger rod, turn-buckle, pipe
clamp, etc. are some other attachments associated with
such a support.
9. Points to remember
• Design spring based on the installation load
(operating load).
• Compactness of the units. Installation heights
designed to a minimum.
• During occasional case the pipe may move more
than the operating movement. In such a case, if
we choose maximum deflection range the spring
cannot get further movement and thus the spring
fails. To overcome such a problem provides
“Cushion Range” means even if in occasional
cases the spring may get compressed, so choose
always “MID-RANGE”.
• Initial design itself the spring cannot be designed
for occasional loads (e.g. Seismic, wind etc.) &
movement then it may be an over design.
• For hanging spring support the lateral
movements (rod swing) should not exceed 4
degree.
• For bottom type supports, where horizontal
movement of more than ½” is envisaged, Teflon
covered load pads should be specified.
• Always mention the hydro test load, while
ordering a spring. This will help the spring vendor
in designing the spring locking arrangement.
• Standard inventory finish: Hot dip galvanized.
• Coils come with a protective coating :
• Protects from a wide range of corrosives.
• Does not affect the flex life of the spring.
• Supports are fitted with nameplates marked with
the installation and operating load, support
reference mark, type and unique serial number.
Piping Spring Supports - 2
Bottom support type:
In bottom support spring, the pipe is resting on the top
of the spring load plate, as shown. This type of spring
support is also known as ‘CAN’ Type or ‘F’ Type spring.
 Hanger type or bottom support type is selected based
on pipe layout and the space availability for
mounting.
8. General notes & guidelines
• Any re-adjustment of spring element shall be carried
out only when the line is full with the fluid or its
equivalent in density to balance the weight of piping
and the preset load of spring.
• The adjustment of hanger type spring element is done
by rotating turn buckle or adjustment nuts provided
in the hanger rod.
• During hydraulic testing, flushing or chemical cleaning
of the pipeline, the spring must be kept under locked
condition or protected against overloading due to
weight of testing / flushing fluid, by providing
temporary.
• After re-adjustment it is important to check whether
sufficient range is available on scale for required
movement of the pipe during operation.

The Project Execution Strategy
should be decided early in the planning
process, preferably during the Feasibility
Study. More specifically, the “best fit” approach
should be apparent sometime between identifying a
baseline scope and schedule. In most cases, the
Feasibility Study will contain enough information for the
project sponsor to finalize recommendations to
management on which Execution Strategy best fits the
project.
There are specific conditions and determining factors
that will help you decide which approach best suits your
project. The most critical conditions & influences to be
considered when selecting an execution approach are as
follows:
• Experience & Resource Availability
• Scope, Size & Complexity
• Timetable: Fast Track or Conventional
• Local Conditions, Infrastructure, Industrial Base
• Special Financing Requirements
Engineering, Procurement, and Construction (EPC)
The selection of the EPC Contractor generally results
when the Owner wants limited risk and is prepared to
pay a higher price for a fixed budget. This approach is
recommended for several reasons, but mostly if the
Owner lacks the experience and resources (skilled
project staff) to effectively manage the project.
Benefits of choosing the EPC approach include:
• Reduced Owner Risk
• Fixed Schedule with delivery date
• Fixed Budget (less change orders)
• Single Source for Performance Guarantee
Negatives of the EPC Approach can include:
• High premium
• Longer bidding process
• Limited control over details
• Change Orders arising from additional scope
With the EPC approach, before signing of the contract, it
is paramount that the Owner spells out as much detail as
possible within the scope of work. A poorly detailed
scope will most certainly result in change orders or
poor quality. Because this is to be avoided, it is
especially important that the Owner’s project
manager resist pressures to fast track the bidding
process. Most of the Owner’s risk can be eliminated
in this single contract, so it is important that it is as
detailed as possible. Unfortunately in some cases,
certain details cannot practically be obtained prior
to the Contract; this is a common occurrence in
complex projects that require lots of interfacing with
existing facilities. In those cases, be sure that you
are carrying sufficient contingency on the
conservative side.
Engineering, Procurement, Construction, and
Management (EPCM)
The EPCM approach allows the Owner to maintain
more control over the project’s Scope and Schedule,
while the EPCM contractor serves and acts on the
Owner’s behalf. The role of the EPCM contractor is
to provide the Owner with engineering,
procurement assistance, construction supervision
and management.
The extent of services provided by the EPCM
contractor is dependent on the capabilities of the
Owner’s staff.

However, typically the EPCM
contractor will be responsible for:
• Design and Engineering work
• Providing documentation and expertise for the
permitting process
• Negotiations with vendors and contractors, and
recommendations to Owner
• Issuing Purchase Orders and contracts on behalf of
the Owner (dependent on Owner’s desire)
• Monitoring and controlling project vendors and
contractors during procurement and construction
The Owner will provide:
• Overall control (staff a Project Management Team)
• Approval of the selection of vendors and contractors
• Issue contracts and purchase orders (unless delegated
to EPCM)
• Acquire permits and approvals
Benefits of the EPCM approach include:
• Maintain overall control of the Project
• No mark-up due to Contract Risk
• Competitive pricing, advantages remain with Owner
Negatives of the EPCM approach include:
• Owner has most of the risk
• Increased Owner effort required
• Potential for Gaps in Scope Coverage between
Contractor and Vendors
Owner Managed Project
Here, the Owner is fully committing to manage all
aspects of the project. This approach has the
potential for the greatest cost saving, but only if the
Owner has the resources and experience for the
complexity and size of the project. Again, if a
feasibility study is performed in the early stages of
the project, the project sponsor should be able to
make a recommendation on whether this approach
is viable.
Benefits of the Owner managed approach include:
• Absolute Control over project
• Direct Oversight over Engineering & Design
• Competitive Pricing, advantages remain with
Owner
• Potential for Cost Savings and fast-tracking
Negatives for the Owner managed approach include:
• Owner has all the Risk
• Increased Owner Effort Required
• Potential for Gaps in Scope Coverage
• Potential for Gaps in Design & Engineering
• Need for Temporary or reallocation of Resources
• Increase Demand on Departmental Staff
• Potential for Cost Overruns
Summary
Selecting the
Project
Execution
Strategy is
ultimately
dependent on
the Owner’s
risk tolerance
and Project
Management
capabilities,
desired level of
involvement
and control,
and budget
constraints.

There are a number of ways in which
the superstructure can be built. In areas
where average to good quality bricks are
available, the walls of houses for two to three
storeyed constructions can be built out of bricks with the
slabs, lintels, chajja etc. in reinforced concrete. Such
construction is termed as load bearing construction
(Fig 1). This is essentially because the entire load coming
from the slabs, beams, walls etc is transmitted to the
foundation through the brick walls.
Fig 1: Brick Load Bearing Construction
With natural hazards like earthquake or high speed
storms hitting various parts of country more frequently,
such load bearing wall construction is no longer safe for
withstanding horizontal drifts unless retrofitted. Also
such construction is suitable upto G+2 storied building in
general.
Also as the need of building high storied construction
increases, coupled with natural hazards, it is advisable to
opt for RCC (Reinforced Cement Concrete) framed
construction (Fig 2). Basically, RCC framed construction
consists of a series of columns provided suitably in the
house which are interconnected by beams to form a
frame. These columns transfer the building load to
underneath soil through RCC footings.
The frame, starting from the foundation, has to be
designed by a structural engineer who would decide
upon the mix of concrete to be used, the sizes of
columns and beams as well as the reinforcement to be
provided therein, depending on the loads to be
sustained by the structure.
What is Column?
Column is a vertical compression member which
transmits load of the structure to foundations (Fig
2). They are reinforced by means of main
longitudinal (vertical) bars to resist compression
and/or bending; and transverse steel (closed ties) to
resist shearing force (Fig 3).
Typical Loads to be considered for Column Design
Dead Load: Any permanent load acting on the
column, e.g. self-weight of column, weight of beam
Live Load: Any non-permanent or moving load
Earthquake Load: Depends on the seismic zone
where building is located. Higher is the zone, more is
the load
Wind Load: Depends upon the wind speed, height &
location of building. Also terrain and adjacent
structures play a role in determination of this load
Fig 2
Fig 3
A challenge to overcome

Recommended construction
practices for columns
1. A minimum of 4 longitudinal rebars in
rectangular and 6 in circular columns should be
provided in a column (Fig 4).
2. Rebars should be placed symmetrically across the axes
of symmetry (Fig 5). With unsymmetrical reinforcement
there is always a danger of smaller amount of steel being
wrongly placed on the face requiring the larger
reinforcement.
Fig 4
3. If column rebar is to be used for future construction or
expansion, it is recommended to apply a coat of cement
slurry (cement: water = 1: 3) to the exposed portion of
rebars and wrap them with some polythene or jute cloth
to prevent direct contact with atmosphere to guard
against atmospheric corrosion and therefore loss of
material for joining for future constructions.
Note: Cement slurry provides a natural guard against
the atmospheric corrosion to protect it.
4. While lapping/splices column rebars, it should be
ensured that the connecting rebar is given a slope of 1 in
6 (minimum) such that the centre line of both rebar
coincides (Fig 6).
Fig 5
Fig 6
Fig 7a Fig 7b
5. Lapping should preferably be done in the centre
part of column with a min lap length of 57 times the
dia of rebar(c). So if you are using 16 mm rebars then
lap length will be 3 feet.
6. The ends of the ties must be bent as 135° hooks.
The length of tie beyond the 135° bends must be at
least 10 times diameter of steel bar used to make
the closed tie; this extension beyond the bend
should not be less than 75 mm (Fig 7a).
If this guideline is not followed then the tie/ring
holding the vertical rebars have a higher probability
of opening up during an event like earthquake. This
consequently may lead to failure of column (Fig 7b).
7. Minimum grade of concrete to be used for
building a RCC column is M20.
8 Minimum percentage of steel to be used in a RCC
column is 0.8% of cross-sectional area of column.
A challenge to overcome
Article by,
Mr. Sourav Dutta
Manager (Civil)
Tata Steel Ltd

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