1. THE MADAGASCAR CULTURE
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ma.html

2. INTRODUCTION
The goal of this presentation is to enhance our communication with the Madagascar culture by
recognizing and understanding cultural differences. We are all human beings, but we are all different and
we need to learn about each other in order to communicate effectively. This presentation will explain
how we need to become aware of both our own and other’s verbal and nonverbal messages. We must
also recognize our own culture as well as the cultural differences in the way that others think, behave,
and speak. This presentation will not only examine cultural values, but also discuss the life of a child in
Madagascar, death beliefs and rituals. In addition, this presentation will describe Madagascar dress, taboos
or fady, holidays and sports and how they are significant to the Malagasy people, as well as women in
culture, stereotypes, and gift giving. When we acknowledge and understand each other’s differences, we
are not only able to relate to other cultures, but also communicate effectively by learning how to adapt
our behavior and respond appropriately.
Presented in order:
Language, Greetings, Courtesies, & Gestures (By: Laura Boynton)
Cultural values, Children in culture, Death beliefs & rituals (By: Carolyn Abbot)
Dress, Taboos, & Fady (By: Sara Chance)
Holidays, Festivals, & Sports (By: Joseph Beaney)
Women in culture, Stereotypes, & Gift giving (By: Jelani Dorrelllo)

3. QUICK FACTS
Location
Madagascar is the fourth largest island in the world and is
located in the Indian Ocean off the southern east coast of
Africa (Madagascar, 2010).
Population
In 2011, the population of Madagascar was estimated to be
about 20 million (The World Factbook, 2011).
Living conditions
Madagascar is one of the poorest countries in the world, with
approximately 71.3 percent of people living in poverty and
83.3 percent living on less than two dollars a day (Purdy, E.,
2006).
Inhabitants
The island of Madagascar is predominately populated by
people broadly classified as belonging to two groups- those of
Malayo-Indonesian decent and those of African descent
(Madagascar, 2010).
Religion
Over 50% of the people follow tradition religious beliefs; 40%
are Christian (Protestants and Roman Catholics) and 7% are http://mappery.com/1895-Madagascar-Map
Muslims (Madagascar, 2010).

4. Saying Hello
● The official languages of Madagascar are Malagasy and French
(The World Factbook, 2011). There are 20 different versions of
the Malagasy language, so there are several ways of saying hello in
Madagascar (Morning Meeting, 2009):
● Salama (sa-lam-a)
● Bonjour (bon-jure)
● Akory be (a-kor-a bay)
● Tonga soa (toon-ga soo-a)
● Salut (sa-loo)
http://thefragranceofshootingstars.blogspot.com/2011/02/reach-out-and-touch-how-i-will-be.html

5. GREETINGS
● During formals greetings, the counterpart’s title must
be used before any conversation is initiated (World Trade
Press, 2010, p. 2). The handshake should be sincere and
given while smiling and maintaining eye contact. A
handshake is also used when saying good bye (Malagasy,
2011).
● Among strangers, a single handshake and a hello is the
proper way people are introduced. A kiss is on both
cheeks is exchanged only among family and close friends
(Malagasy, 2011).
● As a sign of respect to those who are older, women
and young people of both sexes are to initiate greetings
when they meet elders (Malagasy, 2011).
http://www.iisd.ca/cms/aewa-mop4/

6. COURTESIES
● The people of Madagascar value good manners and take the time
greeting one another. Before entering into conversation with anyone, a
salutations or greeting should be offered. Even while shopping at a
retail store, the clerk should be offered a greeting before making any
kind of inquires (World Trade Press, 2010, p. 2).
● The people of Madagascar are generally warm and hospitable, but
sensitive. They will not typically initiate a conversation or even keep
the conversation going with strangers (Malagasy, 2011).
● Refusing gifts, food, or drink, even if it is done politely, is considered
rude (Malagasy, 2011). When offered a gift or other things, avoid
offending someone by making up an excuse rather than saying no
thank you to what is being offered.
http://lfp-blog.com/dr-lams-blog/mindfulness-mondays/mindfulness-mondays-17-opening-yourself-to-other-cultures/

7. GESTURES
● In Madagascar, pointing at things with an extended
index finger, especially at things that are considered
sacred to the Madagascar people, is considered
impolite or rude. (Hand Gestures Around the World,
2011).
● Rather than pointing with an index finger, simply
point with your whole hand or just point with your
knuckle.
http://myenewsblog.blogspot.com/2010/11/meaning-of-hand-gestures-find-out.html

8. Cultural Values
www.wildmadagascar.com
● The spirited people of Madagascar, known as the Malagasy, are as diverse as the island’s wildlife. The
Malagasy people believe in maintaining a humble existence. They live by the concept of Fihavana, or
“brotherhood,” which translates to always looking for compromise and avoiding
confrontations” (Lonely Planet, 2005).

9. Malagasy Children
www.madagascar.org

10. Children in Culture
● “Ala-valon-jaza: When the baby’s hair is cut for the first time. Antambahoka grandparents from the south
perform the haircutting ceremony. The child is put in a basin and bathed. After the hair cutting, the family
then sits to a meal of rice, zebu, milk and honey. Coins are put into a bowl and the older children in the
family compete for the most amount of coins” (Lonely Planet, 2005).
● “Most children who live in Madagascar help their families raise rice and herd cattle, mainly ox-like
mammals, and they measure their wealth by how many cattle they have” (Huntington, 1988).
● “ Toys for children in Madagascar are far removed from those available to children in more developed
countries as they are made from discarded plastic bags, oil-drum lids and pebbles” (Huntington, 1988).
● “Due to the child’s capacity and important contribution to the household, they are respected as active
social participants in the family” (Huntington, 1988).
● “The children’s respect seems to be based on parents’ authority, and the fear of breaking the culturally
required rules connected to fàdy (taboo), tsiny (guilt/blame) and tódy (punishment/retaliation) constitutes
an obstacle to child-initiated participation” (Milfred, 2008).
● “In Madagascar, in the heartland of the ethnic group Antaboque, twins are rejected by their parents at
birth, the victims of a tradition from another age. They risk abandonment, infanticide or child trafficking in
this country where 85% of the population lives below the poverty line” (France 24, 2010).

11. Children in Culture
● “Within families of any rank, elders possess greater hasina (life-
giving power) young not only by virtue of the maturity and
experience, but also because they are perceived as closer to the
dead and thus share a part of their power” (Wild Madagascar,
2009).
● “The Malagasy family exemplifies the ideals of an extended
family including distant cousins and deceased ancestors” (Lonely
Planet, 2005).
● “In Merina households, each member of the family is expected
to eat a meal in turn according to age; the youngest is served last.
Family members are seated around the table in an arrangement
that reflects age-rank, the father , grandfather occupying the
“noble corner” (the northeast). Failure to honor the rank is
considered violation of fady. Children who eat before their elders
can be severely punished” (Wild Madagascar, 2009).
http://www.soschildrensvillages.org.uk/charity-news/archive/2007/11/madagascar-update

12. Dead Join the Living in a
Family Celebration
www.nytimes.com

13. Death: Beliefs and Rituals
● “Ancestors are periodically taken from their tombs, and once the dancing stops the bundled corpses
are put on the ground, family members lovingly run their fingers across the skeletal outline protruding
through the shrouds. Bones and dust are moved about in an effort to sustain a human shape. Elders tell
children about the importance of those lying before them” (Bearak, 2010).
● “Many Malagasy believe the boundary between life and death is not altogether impermeable, that the
spirits of their ancestors can somehow pass back and forth. To them, the Famadihana is a time to convey
the latest family news to the deceased and ask them for blessings and sagely guidance” (Bearak, 2010).
● “In Tsangatsaine, the Antakarana people perform this ceremony…two tall trees growing side by side
near a noble family home are tied together. This symbolizes the unification of the Antakarana tribe, as
well as connecting the past with the present and the living with the dead”(Lonely Planet, 2005).
● “It is a widely-held belief that their ancestors possess magical powers” (Lonely Planet, 2005).
● “The Malagasy regard the dead with awe and reverence, and give the afterlife as much importance as
the present; the dead play a role in the life of the living rarely seen in other cultures” (Lonely Planet,
2005).
● “Mourners carry out elaborate rituals at funerals, and if it is deemed that the dead are displeased,
further rituals are enacted to appease them” (Lonely Planet, 2005).

14. Death: Beliefs and Rituals
● “The burial tomb, a prominent part of the island landscape in all regions, is the primary link between
the living and the dead” (Lonely Planet, 2005).
● “All of the Malagasy people have traditionally accepted the existence of a supreme God, known
commonly as Zanahary (Creator) or Andriamanitra (Sweet, or Fragrant Lord)” (Lonely Planet, 2005).
● There are a number of different “souls” that are recognized by the Malagasy.
● Among the Merina, these include the fanahy, a kind of essence which determines individual
characteristics and behavior. Another is the soul of a person after death, the ambiroa, which is called to
the tomb for the celebration of the famadihana, but which over time, is believed to blend with the
collective spirit of the ancestors.
● Other concepts include the soul of a recently deceased person, the lolo, which is said to be harmless
but feels homesick for it’s old surroundings and often appears in the form of a butterfly.
● The angatra, ghosts of the unknown dead, are often malevolent and frighten people at night.
● “The emphases in the minds of the people, however, are not the afterlife or on the experiences of the
dead souls either as ghosts or in heaven or hell, but on the relationship of the dead with the living and
the role of the former as bearers of power and authority” (Lonely Planet, 2005).

15. Malagasy Dress and
Malagasy Fady/Taboos
By: Sara Chance
http://www.wwf.mg
http://www.madagascar-library.com

16. Malagasy dress
● The traditional dress of the Malagasy people is called a lamba (Heale &
Latif 2009).
● A Lamba is a length of silk or cotton worn around the shoulders in a toga
like fashion. It also can be draped over the head like a shawl (Heale & Latif
2009).
● The way a lamba is draped around a woman indicates whether she is
single, married or widowed (Heale & Latif 2009).
● If one end of the lamba hangs down the right side of the body, it indicates http://www.africa.com
mourning (Heale & Latif 2009).
● Different groups of Malagasy use different materials for their lambas. The
Merina’s wear lambas made of white cotton and it is draped across the left
shoulder like a Roman toga. Women of other groups such as the Sakalava
and Antakarana wear colorful cotton lambas that they use for carrying
babies while shopping or working in the fields. (Heale & Latif 2009).

17. Malagasy dress
● Men also wear lambas either around the waist or tied in a knot on
the shoulder. On special occasions they may wear the long lamba
mena, meaning red cloth, indicating authority (Heale & Latif, 2009).
● Nowadays another garment is worn under the lamba. Women may
wear a long dress and men may wear jeans or shorts (Heale & Latif,
2009).
● Hats are worn often since they are seen as a sign of respectability.
The Betsileo wear four corner hats, the Merina favor rice-straw hats,
and the Bara wear cone shaped hats (Heale & Latif, 2009).
● Clothing has the potential to convey a great amount of information,
including the wearer's age, gender, occupation, social position, and
group affiliations as well as the contexts, cultures, and communities
with which the wearer identifies. Moreover, "textiles offer important
insights into how people identify themselves at particular times and http://www.blog.africaimports.com
how they define and symbolize notions of personhood, gender, and
power through objects" (Kreamer, 2002, p.18).

18. Malagasy Fady or Taboo
● Madagascar is a country full of superstitions. These superstitions developed when the Malagasy saw or
experienced something unfamiliar, consequently declaring it as fady (taboo). (World Trade Press, 2010)
● Fady dictate the “do’s and don’ts” of Malagasy actions, objects, or events. The observance of fady controls
the Malagasy life. Communities, families, and even individuals have their own set of fady. (World Trade
Press, 2010)
● Here are a few examples of the fady from World Trade Press. Madagascar Society and Culture Complete
Report that the Malagasy adhere to:
● “It is fady for strangers to refuse hospitality.”
● “It is fady to sing while eating or your teeth will grow long.”
● “Do not eat while lying down or your parents will choke to death.”
● “Eating Angonoka tortoise (an endangered species) is bad luck.”
● “It is offensive to hand over old underwear to laundry women.”
● “Babies born on an evil day are killed to preempt their evil destiny. Their remains are not buried in the
family tombs but are thrown in the forest and usually fed to crocodiles.”
● “In some regions, it is fady to plant trees. Disobedience is punishable by death.”
● “In almost all parts of Madagascar, it is fady to point a finger at a grave. This causes ancestors to get
angry and will make your finger fall off.
● (World Trade Press, 2010, pg. 18)

19. Malagasy Fady or Taboo
● “Eating geese is forbidden in the village of Ambohimanga (one of holiest places in
Madagascar). Geese once warned villagers of an attacking band of thieves.”
● “It is fady for the Andranoro tribe to utter the word “salt.” Salt is referred to as “that which
flavors the food.””
● “It is fady for the Antaisaka people of Mananjary to give birth to twins. Newly born twins are
abandoned in the forest.”
● “The Bezanozano people must not hunt indris (lemur) because this animal once saved some
locals from falling from a tree.”
● “In the Imerina tribe, people must place an egg on the ground before handing it to anyone.”
(World Trade Press, 2010, p.19)

20. Malagasy Fady or Taboo
● Some fady focus specifically on visitors. For example, a visitor’s presence in local
cemeteries is fady unless he or she is accompanied by a local guide. While the
Malagasy do not expect foreigners to observe fady, they are still surprised or offended
when foreign visitors do not observe them. However, since fady refers to just about
everything Malagasy, and they vary from community to community, foreigners can
hardly be expected to keep track of them all (World Trade Press, 2010).
● Foreigners however are encouraged to contact the elders in local villages in order
to find out the particular fadys of that village in order to be respectful and to not
offend the villagers (World Trade Press, 2010).

21. Holidays and Festivals
There are 7 major holidays in Madagascar:
● New Years Day (Jan 1)
● Martyrs' Day (Mar 29)
● Easter Monday (varies May or
June)
● Labour Day (May 1)
● Ascension (varies May or June)
●Whit Monday (varies May or
June)
● Independence Day (June 26)
● Assumption (Aug 15)
● All Saints Day (Nov 1)
● Christmas Day (Dec 25) http://www.madagascar-tourisme.com/article.php?article_id=72&lang=us
(Public holidays in, 2011) & (Public holidays in, 2010)

22. Holidays and Festivals
http://www.holidaysreport.de/ENGLISCH/FavoriteVEnglisch.htm
● Madagascar celebrates many traditional Christian/Catholic holidays.
● Martyrs' Day is a day they memorialize those who died in the rebellion of 1947 against the French.
● One celebration is called famadihana. During this celebration they exhume the remains of a selected
relative. The remains are then passed around the party and they fill their ancestors in on the latest news
and information.
● They also have Music festivals in early summer called Donia music festival. And then one in late fall early
winter called Gasyfara music festival.
(Holidays & festivities, n.d.)

23. Sports
http://www.google.com/search?
hl=en&biw=1366&bih=596&gbv=2&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=madagascar
+soccer&aq=f&aqi=g2&aql=&oq=
http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/09/fafcw/p/eid/4059/gid/1/grid/A/rid/7168/sid/6996/game.html
● Madagascar has competed in such events as the U.S. Open and the Olympic Games.
● Six sports are the core of the country's school and amateur team competitive system.
● They participate in football (soccer), boxing, track and field, judo, women's basketball, and women's
tennis.
(Encyclopedia Britannica, 2011)

24. Sports
● Madagascar made its Olympic debut in 1964
at the Tokyo Games.
● Soccer is the most popular team sport in
the country.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar_national_football_team
● Their national soccer team is know as The
Scorpions.
(Sports in Madagascar, 2006)
http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&biw=1366&bih=596&gbv=2&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=madagascar
+soccer&aq=f&aqi=g2&aql=&oq= )

25. Malagasy Women in Society,
Stereotypes, & Gift Giving
By: Jelani Dorrelllo
● Women in Society
The clash between traditional and modern.
● Stereotypes
Primitive assumptions
● Gift Giving:
Customs and Gifts go hand in hand

26. Women
● The woman of Madagascar, known as the
Malagasy are a combination of Arabians, Indians
and neighboring African countries, in turn they
are a very diverse and beautiful. Through what
starts as communication, they are able to
coexist as a people despite their ethnic
diversity. (wikipedia)
● Failure to communicate
● Zoly Harilala Rakotoniera, a researcher
who has lived among the Malagasy women
feels that their adherence to traditional
gender roles are due to a lack of
information that is provided for the http://farm5.static.flickr.com/4090/5038586793_019b0e4692.jpg
Malagasy women. (Siyanda.com)
● Fairly traditional
●Follow traditional gender roles despite
modern equality laws which legally makes
them equal to men. Unfortunately due to
centuries of traditional Malagasy gender
roles, the modern woman has yet to catch
on in Madagascar. (Siyanda.com)

27. Woman continued..
● Domestic Violence
● “Misataka”
● Woman can leave abusive husband and return to her family home.
● “Fampodiana” (wikipedia)
● Must pay a hefty fee to purchase his wife back. Almost like a second dowry. The emphasis on fees
in Malagasy society seems to imply a communication disconnect which manifests itself in customs
that act as a middle man between people. A sort of round about way of adressing the issue through
communication.
● “Many Malagasy women are unaware of the fact that their body and their fecundity are things they
can control.” (siyandi.com)
● Murder (wikipedia)
● Can be excused if adultury is proven of the woman.
● Traditional marriage partnership
● “kitay delo andalana”
● 2/3 belongs to husband while 1/3 belongs to wife (wikipedia)

28. Stereotypes
● The stereotypes of the Malagasy people are no different from that of the general African people.
Which are mainly focused on the idea of Africa being a primitive land. These generalizations are
made based on what the west is most exposed to, what the media presents to us. Things like, war,
tribalistic violence because of things like blood diamonds, or a documentary on nomadic African
tribes.
● Ultimately it comes down to a lack of communication
● Without visiting these exotic locales, one can ultimately, only assume. This is stereotyping at its
start.
● Examples
● Clothless
● Live in huts
● Great runners
● Refugees
● Limited education
● Tribal
http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/00441/news-graphics-2007-
_441523a.jpg

29. Gift Giving
● Gift giving is a natural part of the progression of the
communication process of the Malagasy.
● “Lamba” (wikipedia, May 2011)
● Traditional Malagasy clothing made from earthen
materials. This clothing is often times gifted as a sign
of friendship and to ancestors as a sign of respect.
● “Diafotake” (wikipedia, May 2011)
● dowry
● “Betsabetsu” (wikipedia, May 2011)
● A drink that is gifted to the groom’s family from
the bridges family to signify the acceptance of the
union.

30. CONCLUSION
Our perceptions of others affect how we communicate; therefore, we must not only
acknowledge each other’s differences, but also understand each other’s differences. In other
words, we should gain as much knowledge, no matter how small, about other cultures. A quote
from the website, A Kid’s Life in Madagascar, “Remember, in order to help break down the walls
between cultures, we need to learn about each other. Once we understand each other, there
won’t be any reasons left to hate” (Ricky, 2002). True understanding requires us to become aware
of our own as well as other’s cultural differences. Understanding also requires us to become
mindful, which means we become consciously aware of both our own and other’s verbal and
nonverbal communication. Becoming mindful involves an awareness and attention to the present
moment, as well as a nonjudgemental stance. By doing this, our communication is more likely to
remain open rather than closed, which can lead to misunderstandings or negative judgements.
Finally, if we are able to appropriately adapt to others, we may be able to narrow the perceived
gaps that separate us as human beings.

31. QUESTIONS
● Even if we educate ourselves and learn how to communicate with other cultures, can we really
reverse our cultural views that we were raised with or that we have learned?
● A component of becoming mindful is to avoid negative judgements of other cultures, is that
simple?
● What are a few of the fady that seem the most strange to you as an American? How does this
change your image of the Malagasy people?
● The Malagasy people believe the boundary between life and death is not altogether impermeable,
that the spirits of their ancestors can pass back and forth. How do you think that is communicated
to them?
● How would you explain the family structure of the millennium generation to Malagasy children?

32. REFERENCES
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34. REFERENCES
CONTINUED...
Web sites referenced:
http://mappery.com/1895-Madagascar-Map.
http://thefrangranceshootingstars.com/2011/02/reach-out-and-touch-how-i-will-be.html.
http://www.iisd.ca/cms/aewa-mop4/.
http://ifp-blog.com/dr-lams-blog/mindfulness-mondays/mindfulness-mondays-17-opening-yourself-to-other-cultures/.
http://myenewsblog.blogspot.com/2010/11/meaning-of-hand-gestures-find-out.html.
http://www.wildmadagascar.com.
http://www.madagascar.org.
http://www.soschildrenvillages.org.uk/charity-news/archive/2007/11/madagascar-update.
http://www.nytimes.com.
http://www.madagascar-library.com.
http://www.wwf.mg.
http://www.africa.com.
http://www.blog.africaimports.com.
http://www.madagascar-tourisme.com/article.php?article_id=72&lang=us.
http://www.holidaysreport.de/ENGLISH/FavoriteVEnglish.htm.
http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/09/fafcw/p/eid/4059/gid/1/grid/A/rid/7168/sid/6996/game/html.
http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&biw=1366&bih=596&gbv=isch&sa=1&q=madagascar+soccer&aq=f&aql=&oq=.
http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&biw=1366&bih=569&gbv=2&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=madagascar+soccer&au=f&aql=&oq=.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar_national_football_team.
http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/00441/news-graphics-2007-_441523a.jpg
http://farm5.static.flickr.com/4090/5038586793_019b0e4692.jpg