This document discusses the concept of machine translation, outlining its history, types (statistical, rule-based, hybrid, and neural), and the challenges particularly with translating local languages like Gujarati. It highlights the advantages of machine translation, such as speed and flexibility, while also noting limitations like poor context understanding and accuracy issues. Key references are included that support the discussion on the status and evolution of machine translation.

1. Literary Theory and Crticism
Name : Asha R. Dhedhi
Roll no : 02
Semester: M.A. SEM - 2 (2020-21)
Enrollment No: 2069108420200010
Topic: Local Languages in Machine Translation
Email ID: ashadhedhi1806@gmail.com
Submitted to: Department of English
(MKBU)

2. What is Machine Translation?
● Sub-Field of
Computational Linguistic
● Machine Translation is
the task of Automatically
convert the Source text
in one langauage to
another language

3. A Brief History of Machine
Translation

4. Four Types of Machine
Translation
Statistical Machine
Translation
Rule-Based Machine
Translation
Hybrid Machine
Translation
Neural Machine
Translation

5. Gujarati Proverbs translated in
Google Translation
● Translate the proverbs without context
● Straightforward translation

7. Gender-biased Language

8. Disambiguation
● No suitable translation when a word have more than
one meaning
● Yohoshua Bar-Hillel pointed out that…..
“Translation Machine should not only be
supplied with a diction but also with a
“Universal EEncyclopedia.”
(The Present Status of Automatic Translation Machine)

9. Use of Controlled Language
Natural
Language
Controlled
Natural Language
Evolved naturally in
Human through
repetition without
conscious planning.
Sub-sets of natural
Languages

10. How to Avoid Controlled Language
According to Sharon O’Brien
● Keep Sentences Short
● Avoid the Use of Pronoun
● Only Use Dictionary approved word
● Use only Active Voice

11. Advantages of Machine
Translation
● Fast and Efficient
● Less Time Consuming
● Comparatively Cheap
● Flexibility of Machine Translator
● Easily Available
● Multiple Language Supporting

12. Limitations of Machine Translation
● Simplistic Word Choice
● Lack of Context
● Accuracy Level is very Law
● Lack of Quality Translation
● Difficult to Translate Slang, Nuances and other
culturally relevant phrases
● Loses consciseness of Language
● Poor Understanding of Parent
Language(Source Text)

13. References
● Bar-Hillel, Yehoshua. (1960) “The Present Status of Automatic
Translation of Languages.” Advances in Computers, Volume 1, pp.
91–163.
● Casacuberta, Francisco; Civera, Jorge; Cubel, Elsa
Lagarda,Antonio; Lapalme, Guy; Macklovitch, Elliott; Vidal, Enrique;
(2009) “Human Interaction for High-Quality Machine Translation.”
Communications of the ACM, pp. 135–138.
● Lyons, John (1991). Natural Language and Universal Grammar. New
York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 68–70. ISBN 978-0521246965.

14. ● O'Brien, Sharon (2003). "Controlling Controlled English - An
Analysis of Several Controlled Language Rule Sets.”
● Shah, Asharam Dalichand. (1921) Gujarati Kahevat
Sangraha:A Collection of Gujarati Proverb. 2nd ed., Published
by Mulchand Asharam Shah.