A simple report on implementation of an Optical Character Recognition (ORC) as a Handwritten Digit Recognition Machine. It is basically tested on a single neural network using 3 methods: K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Random Forest Classifier (RFC) Algorithm.
Provides a brief overview of what machine learning is, how it works (theory), how to prepare data for a machine learning problem, an example case study, and additional resources.
Machine Learning and Real-World ApplicationsMachinePulse
This presentation was created by Ajay, Machine Learning Scientist at MachinePulse, to present at a Meetup on Jan. 30, 2015. These slides provide an overview of widely used machine learning algorithms. The slides conclude with examples of real world applications.
Ajay Ramaseshan, is a Machine Learning Scientist at MachinePulse. He holds a Bachelors degree in Computer Science from NITK, Suratkhal and a Master in Machine Learning and Data Mining from Aalto University School of Science, Finland. He has extensive experience in the machine learning domain and has dealt with various real world problems.
Identification of Relevant Sections in Web Pages Using a Machine Learning App...Jerrin George
A brief introduction about Machine Learning, Supervised and Unsupervised Learning, and Support Vector Machines.
Application of a Supervised Algorithm to identify relevant sections of webpages obtained in search results using an SVM.
Explainable AI - making ML and DL models more interpretableAditya Bhattacharya
Abstract –
Although industries have started to adopt AI and Machine Learning in almost every sector to solve complex business problems, but are these models always trustworthy? Machine Learning models are not any oracle but rather are scientific methods and mathematical models which best describes the data. But science is all about explaining complex natural phenomena in the simplest way possible! So, can we make ML and DL models more interpretable, so that any business user can understand these models and trust the results of these models?
In order to find out the answer, please join me in this session, in which I will take about concepts of Explainable AI and discuss its necessity and principles which help us demystify black-box AI models. I will be discussing about popular approaches like Feature Importance, Key Influencers, Decomposition trees used in classical Machine Learning interpretable. We will discuss about various techniques used for Deep Learning model interpretations like Saliency Maps, Grad-CAMs, Visual Attention Maps and finally go through more details about frameworks like LIME, SHAP, ELI5, SKATER, TCAV which helps us to make Machine Learning and Deep Learning models more interpretable, trustworthy and useful!
Provides a brief overview of what machine learning is, how it works (theory), how to prepare data for a machine learning problem, an example case study, and additional resources.
Machine Learning and Real-World ApplicationsMachinePulse
This presentation was created by Ajay, Machine Learning Scientist at MachinePulse, to present at a Meetup on Jan. 30, 2015. These slides provide an overview of widely used machine learning algorithms. The slides conclude with examples of real world applications.
Ajay Ramaseshan, is a Machine Learning Scientist at MachinePulse. He holds a Bachelors degree in Computer Science from NITK, Suratkhal and a Master in Machine Learning and Data Mining from Aalto University School of Science, Finland. He has extensive experience in the machine learning domain and has dealt with various real world problems.
Identification of Relevant Sections in Web Pages Using a Machine Learning App...Jerrin George
A brief introduction about Machine Learning, Supervised and Unsupervised Learning, and Support Vector Machines.
Application of a Supervised Algorithm to identify relevant sections of webpages obtained in search results using an SVM.
Explainable AI - making ML and DL models more interpretableAditya Bhattacharya
Abstract –
Although industries have started to adopt AI and Machine Learning in almost every sector to solve complex business problems, but are these models always trustworthy? Machine Learning models are not any oracle but rather are scientific methods and mathematical models which best describes the data. But science is all about explaining complex natural phenomena in the simplest way possible! So, can we make ML and DL models more interpretable, so that any business user can understand these models and trust the results of these models?
In order to find out the answer, please join me in this session, in which I will take about concepts of Explainable AI and discuss its necessity and principles which help us demystify black-box AI models. I will be discussing about popular approaches like Feature Importance, Key Influencers, Decomposition trees used in classical Machine Learning interpretable. We will discuss about various techniques used for Deep Learning model interpretations like Saliency Maps, Grad-CAMs, Visual Attention Maps and finally go through more details about frameworks like LIME, SHAP, ELI5, SKATER, TCAV which helps us to make Machine Learning and Deep Learning models more interpretable, trustworthy and useful!
The Presentation answers various questions such as what is machine learning, how machine learning works, the difference between artificial intelligence, machine learning, deep learning, types of machine learning, and its applications.
An introductory course on building ML applications with primary focus on supervised learning. Covers the typical ML application cycle - Problem formulation, data definitions, offline modeling, platform design. Also, includes key tenets for building applications.
Note: This is an old slide deck. The content on building internal ML platforms is a bit outdated and slides on the model choices do not include deep learning models.
The AML group carries out both theoretical and experimental work on developing and applying new machine learning techniques for solving various application problems.
A short presentation for beginners on Introduction of Machine Learning, What it is, how it works, what all are the popular Machine Learning techniques and learning models (supervised, unsupervised, semi-supervised, reinforcement learning) and how they works with various Industry use-cases and popular examples.
Machine learning_ Replicating Human BrainNishant Jain
Slides will make you realize how humans makes decision and following the same pattern how Machines are trained to learn and make decisions. Slides gives an overview of all the steps involved in designing an efficient decision making machine.
Scikit Learn Tutorial | Machine Learning with Python | Python for Data Scienc...Edureka!
(Python Certification Training for Data Science: https://www.edureka.co/python)
This Edureka video on "Scikit-learn Tutorial" introduces you to machine learning in Python. It will also takes you through regression and clustering techniques along with a demo on SVM classification on the famous iris dataset. This video helps you to learn the below topics:
1. Machine learning Overview
2. Introduction to Scikit-learn
3. Installation of Scikit-learn
4. Regression and Classification
5. Demo
Subscribe to our channel to get video updates. Hit the subscribe button and click the bell icon.
Data Science Interview Questions | Data Science Interview Questions And Answe...Simplilearn
This video on Data science interview questions will take you through some of the most popular questions that you face in your Data science interviews. It’s simply impossible to ignore the importance of data and our capacity to analyze, consolidate, and contextualize it. Data scientists are relied upon to fill this need, but there is a serious dearth of qualified candidates worldwide. If you’re moving down the path to be a data scientist, you need to be prepared to impress prospective employers with your knowledge. In addition to explaining why data science is so important, you’ll need to show that you're technically proficient with Big Data concepts, frameworks, and applications. So, here we discuss the list of most popular questions you can expect in an interview and how to frame your answers.
Why learn Data Science?
Data Scientists are being deployed in all kinds of industries, creating a huge demand for skilled professionals. The data scientist is the pinnacle rank in an analytics organization. Glassdoor has ranked data scientist first in the 25 Best Jobs for 2016, and good data scientists are scarce and in great demand. As a data, you will be required to understand the business problem, design the analysis, collect and format the required data, apply algorithms or techniques using the correct tools, and finally make recommendations backed by data.
You can gain in-depth knowledge of Data Science by taking our Data Science with python certification training course. With Simplilearn’s Data Science certification training course, you will prepare for a career as a Data Scientist as you master all the concepts and techniques. Those who complete the course will be able to:
1. Gain an in-depth understanding of data science processes, data wrangling, data exploration, data visualization, hypothesis building, and testing. You will also learn the basics of statistics.
Install the required Python environment and other auxiliary tools and libraries
2. Understand the essential concepts of Python programming such as data types, tuples, lists, dicts, basic operators and functions
3. Perform high-level mathematical computing using the NumPy package and its large library of mathematical functions
Perform scientific and technical computing using the SciPy package and its sub-packages such as Integrate, Optimize, Statistics, IO and Weave
4. Perform data analysis and manipulation using data structures and tools provided in the Pandas package
5. Gain expertise in machine learning using the Scikit-Learn package
Learn more at www.simplilearn.com/big-data-and-analytics/python-for-data-science-training
For the full video of this presentation, please visit:
https://www.embedded-vision.com/platinum-members/embedded-vision-alliance/embedded-vision-training/videos/pages/may-2019-embedded-vision-summit-parodi
For more information about embedded vision, please visit:
http://www.embedded-vision.com
Facundo Parodi, Research and Machine Learning Engineer at Tryolabs, presents the "An Introduction to Machine Learning and How to Teach Machines to See" tutorial at the May 2019 Embedded Vision Summit.
What is machine learning? How can machines distinguish a cat from a dog in an image? What’s the magic behind convolutional neural networks? These are some of the questions Parodi answers in this introductory talk on machine learning in computer vision.
Parodi introduces machine learning and explores the different types of problems it can solve. He explains the main components of practical machine learning, from data gathering and training to deployment. Parodi then focuses on deep learning as an important machine learning technique and provides an introduction to convolutional neural networks and how they can be used to solve image classification problems. He also touches on recent advancements in deep learning and how they have revolutionized the entire field of computer vision.
The Presentation answers various questions such as what is machine learning, how machine learning works, the difference between artificial intelligence, machine learning, deep learning, types of machine learning, and its applications.
An introductory course on building ML applications with primary focus on supervised learning. Covers the typical ML application cycle - Problem formulation, data definitions, offline modeling, platform design. Also, includes key tenets for building applications.
Note: This is an old slide deck. The content on building internal ML platforms is a bit outdated and slides on the model choices do not include deep learning models.
The AML group carries out both theoretical and experimental work on developing and applying new machine learning techniques for solving various application problems.
A short presentation for beginners on Introduction of Machine Learning, What it is, how it works, what all are the popular Machine Learning techniques and learning models (supervised, unsupervised, semi-supervised, reinforcement learning) and how they works with various Industry use-cases and popular examples.
Machine learning_ Replicating Human BrainNishant Jain
Slides will make you realize how humans makes decision and following the same pattern how Machines are trained to learn and make decisions. Slides gives an overview of all the steps involved in designing an efficient decision making machine.
Scikit Learn Tutorial | Machine Learning with Python | Python for Data Scienc...Edureka!
(Python Certification Training for Data Science: https://www.edureka.co/python)
This Edureka video on "Scikit-learn Tutorial" introduces you to machine learning in Python. It will also takes you through regression and clustering techniques along with a demo on SVM classification on the famous iris dataset. This video helps you to learn the below topics:
1. Machine learning Overview
2. Introduction to Scikit-learn
3. Installation of Scikit-learn
4. Regression and Classification
5. Demo
Subscribe to our channel to get video updates. Hit the subscribe button and click the bell icon.
Data Science Interview Questions | Data Science Interview Questions And Answe...Simplilearn
This video on Data science interview questions will take you through some of the most popular questions that you face in your Data science interviews. It’s simply impossible to ignore the importance of data and our capacity to analyze, consolidate, and contextualize it. Data scientists are relied upon to fill this need, but there is a serious dearth of qualified candidates worldwide. If you’re moving down the path to be a data scientist, you need to be prepared to impress prospective employers with your knowledge. In addition to explaining why data science is so important, you’ll need to show that you're technically proficient with Big Data concepts, frameworks, and applications. So, here we discuss the list of most popular questions you can expect in an interview and how to frame your answers.
Why learn Data Science?
Data Scientists are being deployed in all kinds of industries, creating a huge demand for skilled professionals. The data scientist is the pinnacle rank in an analytics organization. Glassdoor has ranked data scientist first in the 25 Best Jobs for 2016, and good data scientists are scarce and in great demand. As a data, you will be required to understand the business problem, design the analysis, collect and format the required data, apply algorithms or techniques using the correct tools, and finally make recommendations backed by data.
You can gain in-depth knowledge of Data Science by taking our Data Science with python certification training course. With Simplilearn’s Data Science certification training course, you will prepare for a career as a Data Scientist as you master all the concepts and techniques. Those who complete the course will be able to:
1. Gain an in-depth understanding of data science processes, data wrangling, data exploration, data visualization, hypothesis building, and testing. You will also learn the basics of statistics.
Install the required Python environment and other auxiliary tools and libraries
2. Understand the essential concepts of Python programming such as data types, tuples, lists, dicts, basic operators and functions
3. Perform high-level mathematical computing using the NumPy package and its large library of mathematical functions
Perform scientific and technical computing using the SciPy package and its sub-packages such as Integrate, Optimize, Statistics, IO and Weave
4. Perform data analysis and manipulation using data structures and tools provided in the Pandas package
5. Gain expertise in machine learning using the Scikit-Learn package
Learn more at www.simplilearn.com/big-data-and-analytics/python-for-data-science-training
For the full video of this presentation, please visit:
https://www.embedded-vision.com/platinum-members/embedded-vision-alliance/embedded-vision-training/videos/pages/may-2019-embedded-vision-summit-parodi
For more information about embedded vision, please visit:
http://www.embedded-vision.com
Facundo Parodi, Research and Machine Learning Engineer at Tryolabs, presents the "An Introduction to Machine Learning and How to Teach Machines to See" tutorial at the May 2019 Embedded Vision Summit.
What is machine learning? How can machines distinguish a cat from a dog in an image? What’s the magic behind convolutional neural networks? These are some of the questions Parodi answers in this introductory talk on machine learning in computer vision.
Parodi introduces machine learning and explores the different types of problems it can solve. He explains the main components of practical machine learning, from data gathering and training to deployment. Parodi then focuses on deep learning as an important machine learning technique and provides an introduction to convolutional neural networks and how they can be used to solve image classification problems. He also touches on recent advancements in deep learning and how they have revolutionized the entire field of computer vision.
An investigation into the building blocks for Neural Networks and modern day machine learning. This investigation touches on the evolution of the most basic of neural networks to more modern day concepts, particularly in methodologies that allow better training of these networks to produce more accurate real-life models.
Automatic Detection of Performance Design and Deployment Antipatterns in Comp...Trevor Parsons
Enterprise applications are becoming increasingly complex. In recent times they have moved away from monolithic architectures to more distributed systems made up of a collection of heterogonous servers. Such servers generally host numerous soft- ware components that interact to service client requests. Component based enterprise frameworks (e.g. JEE or CCM) have been extensively adopted for building such ap- plications. Enterprise technologies provide a range of reusable services that can assist developers building these systems. Consequently developers no longer need to spend time developing the underlying infrastructure of such applications, and can instead concentrate their efforts on functional requirements.
Poor performance design choices, however, are common in enterprise applications and have been well documented in the form of software antipatterns. Design mistakes generally result from the fact that these multi-tier, distributed systems are extremely complex and often developers do not have a complete understanding of the entire ap- plication. As a result developers can be oblivious to the performance implications of their design decisions. Current performance testing tools fail to address this lack of system understanding. Most merely profile the running system and present large vol- umes of data to the tool user. Consequently developers can find it extremely difficult to identify design issues in their applications. Fixing serious design level performance problems late in development is expensive and can not be achieved through ”code op- timizations”. In fact, often performance requirements can only be met by modifying the design of the application which can lead to major project delays and increased costs.
This thesis presents an approach for the automatic detection of performance design and deployment antipatterns in enterprise applications built using component based frameworks. Our main aim is to take the onus away from developers having to sift through large volumes of data, in search of performance bottlenecks in their applica- tions. Instead we automate this process. Our approach works by automatically recon- structing the run-time design of the system using advanced monitoring and analysis techniques. Well known (predefined) performance design and deployment antipat- terns that exist in the reconstructed design are automatically detected. Results of ap- plying our technique to two enterprise applications are presented.
The main contributions of this thesis are (a) an approach for automatic detection of performance design and deployment antipatterns in component based enterprise frameworks, (b) a non-intrusive, portable, end-to-end run-time path tracing approach for JEE and (c) the advanced analysis of run-time paths using frequent sequence mining to automatically identify interesting communication patterns between com- ponents.
Virtual Environments as Driving Schools for Deep Learning Vision-Based Sensor...Artur Filipowicz
At the turn of the 20th century, inventors and industrialists alike strived to enable every person to own and drive a car. Overtime, automobile ownership grew to meet that vision. One hundred years later, automobile manufacturers and technology companies are working on self-driving cars which would be neither owned nor driven by individuals. The benefits of replacing cars with fully autonomous vehicles are enormous. While it is difficult to put a value on lives saved, injuries avoided, pollution reduced, and commute time repurposed, economic savings from this technology are estimated to be on the order of trillions of dollars. The main roadblock in achieving the vision for this century is developing technology which would enable autonomous vehicles to perceive and understand the environment as well as, if not better than, human divers. Perception is a roadblock because presently no algorithm is capable of reaching human levels of cognition.
This thesis explores the interaction between virtual reality simulation and Deep Learning which may develop computer vision that rivals human vision. The specific problem considered is detection and localization of a stop object, the stop sign, based on an image. A video game, Grand Theft Auto 5, is used to collect over half a million images and corresponding ground truth labels with and without stop signs in various lighting and weather conditions. A deep convolutional neural network trained on this data and fine tuned on real world data achieves accuracy in stop sign detection of over 95% within 20 meters of the stop sign and has a false positive rate of 4% on test data from the real world. Additionally, the physical constraints on this problem are analysed, a framework for the use of simulators is developed, and domain adaptation and multi-task learning are explored.
We introduce computational network (CN), a unified framework for describing arbitrary learning machines, such as deep neural networks (DNNs), convolutional neural networks (CNNs), recurrent neural networks (RNNs), long short term memory (LSTM), logistic regression, and maximum entropy model, that can be illustrated as a series of computational steps. A CN is a directed graph in which each leaf node represents an input value or a parameter and each non-leaf node represents a matrix operation upon its children. We describe algorithms to carry out forward computation and gradient calculation in CN and introduce most popular computation node types used in a typical CN.
We further introduce the computational network toolkit (CNTK), an implementation of CN that supports both GPU and CPU. We describe the architecture and the key components of the CNTK, the command line options to use CNTK, and the network definition and model editing language, and provide sample setups for acoustic model, language model, and spoken language understanding. We also describe the Argon speech recognition decoder as an example to integrate with CNTK.
Smart Crowd Analyzer is a real-time system for indoor crowd analysis. The system is implemented based on a people counter, that detects individuals as well as group of individuals. With bi-directional counting, age and gender determination; as well as regular customer detection system; it proves to be an ideal mechanism for crowd analysis. All these analysis are then reported on a website that provides stats and business insights to its users.
The following report is based on a DBMS of an online Art Gallery Online Shopping Store made using Django (front-end) and MYSQL_8.0 (for database storage).
The following deliverables are carried out:-
1. Brief Overview on UBER
2. Environmental Forces that influences organization n vice-versa.
3. Macro Environment and Competitive Environment
4. Decision Making in UBER
5. Pros and Cons of Group-Decision Making
6. Procedure for making group decisions
7. Encouragement Methods for Creative Decisions
A pictorial view of religious hatred in general perceptive as well as the current circumstances in Pakistan. Causes and Factors resulting in religious Hatred as well as how to resolve this Social Issue; has been discussed.
It answers the following deliverables:-
1. Ethical Views affection Decision Making in UBER
2. Ways to Guide Future Decision Making in UBER
3. Issues in UBER surrounding Corporate Social Responsibility
4. Manager's Efforts to Reconcile with the Natural Environment
Effective Body Language For Presentation SkillsHamdaAnees
The following slides contains content related to body language for presentation skills. It gives a brief description of what Body Language comprises of and how type of body language is considered in businesses and enterprises.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
1. Machine Learning Course Project
Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
Paper Title : Handwritten Digit Recognition
Submitted by:
2017-EE-02 Mehrunisa Ashraf
2017-EE-07 Hamda Anees
Supervised by:
Sir Kashif Javad
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Lahore
2. Acknowledgments
We wish to express our gratitude to Dr. Kashif Javad, Professor Associate at Department of
Electrical Engineering for his remarkable supervision. I thank him for his relentless support,
patience, and encouragement. that led to the success of this project. I am also very thankful to
the other officials and supervisors who rendered their help during the period of the project work.
Sir K.M.Hassan
(Chairman Electrical Department)
i
3. Abstract
Handwritten digit recognition has recently been of very interest among the researchers because
of the evolution of various Machine Learning, Deep Learning and Computer Vision algorithms.
In this paper, the author has compared the results of some of the most widely used Machine
Learning Algorithms such as Support Vector Machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbours (KNN)
Random Forest Classifier (RFC); with Deep Learning algorithm such as Multilayer Convo-
lutional Neural-Network (CNN) using Keras with Theano and Tensorflow. However, in our
project we will only be comparing the result of the techniques of simple Machine Learning al-
gorithms and would not be covering the Deep Learning Techniques. The algorithms will be
trained and tested on the same data to draw a comparison between the simple Machine Learning
Techniques. Using the algorithms, an accuracy of 97.84% using SVM, 96.72% using KNN,
96.91% using RFC, was achieved. The paper was implemented on a CPU. Additional accuracy
can be achieved by reducing training and testing time, with the use of a GPU. Through GPU,
we get much parallel processing and attain much better computation results.
Key Words:- Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Support Vector Machine,
K- Nearest Neighbour, Random Forest Classifier, Multi-Convolutional Neural Network, Keras
8. Chapter 1
Motivation & Objective
This paper is conducted by using Machine learning concepts. Before going deep into the topic,
we must know about some of these concepts.
Machine Learning may be a method which trains the machine to try to to the work by itself
with none human interaction. At a high level, machine learning is that the process of teach-
ing a computing system on the way to make accurate predictions when fed the info . Those
predictions will be the output. There are many sub-branches in machine learning like Neural
Networking, Deep Learning, etc. Among these, Deep Learning is considered to be the most
popular sub-branch of Machine Learning.
Initially, the idea of Machine Learning has come into existence during the 1950s, with the def-
inition of perception. It is the first machine which was capable of sensing learning. Further,
there was multilayer perceptron in the 1980s, with a limited number of hidden layers. However,
the concept of perceptron was not in usage because of its very limited learning capability. Af-
ter many years, in the early 2000s, a new concept called Neural Networks came into existence
with many hidden layers. The emergence of neural networks, brought many machine learning
concepts like deep learning into creation. Because of these multiple levels of representation
phenomenon, it has become easy to learn and recognize machines. The human brain is con-
sidered as a reference to build deep learning concepts, as the human brain similarly processes
information in multiple layers.
A human can easily solve and recognize any problem, but this is not the same in the case of
a machine. Many techniques or methods should be implemented to work as a human. Apart
from all the advancements that have been made in this area, there is still a significant research
gap that needs to be filled.
1
9. Chapter 2
Problem Statement
Handwritten character recognition is one among the practically important issues in pattern
recognition applications. The applications of digit recognition includes in postal mail sorting,
check processing, form data entry, etc. The heart of the matter lies within the power to develop
an efficient algorithm which will recognize handwritten digits and which is submitted by users
by the way of a scanner, tablet, and other digital devices. This paper presents an approach to a
state-of-art handwritten digit recognition based on different machine learning techniques. The
main objective of this paper[3] is to ensure effective and reliable approaches for recognition
of handwritten digits. Several machines learning algorithm namely, Support Vector Machine
(SVM), Random Forest Classifier (RFC),and K-Nearest Neighbour (KNN) has been used to
achieve high performance on the digit string recognition problem.
2
10. Chapter 3
Introduction
Handwritten digits recognition has been a well-researched subarea within the sector of AI, that is
concerned with learning models to differentiate handwritten digits from a good sort of sources.
It is one among the foremost important issues in data processing , machine learning, pattern
recognition along side many other disciplines of AI .The main application of machine learning
methods over the last decade has determined efficacious in conforming decisive systems which
are competing to human performance and which accomplish far improved than manually written
classical AI systems used in the beginnings of optical character recognition technology.
3.1 Challenges
The challenge in handwritten character recognition is mainly caused by the large variation of
individual writing styles because distinct community may use diverse style of handwriting, and
control to draw the similar pattern of the characters. Hence, robust feature extraction is ex-
tremely important to enhance the performance of a handwritten character recognition system.
3.2 Current State
Nowadays handwritten digit recognition has obtained lot of concentration in the area of pattern
recognition system sowing to its application in diverse fields. In next days, character recognition
system might serve as a cornerstone to initiate paperless surroundings by digitizing and process-
ing existing paper documents. Handwritten digit dataset are vague in nature because there may
not always be sharp and perfectly straight lines.
3.3 Goal
The main goal in digit recognition is feature extraction is to get rid of the redundancy from the
info and gain a simpler embodiment of the word image through a group of numerical attributes.
It deals with extracting most of the essential information from image data . In addition the
curves aren’t necessarily smooth just like the printed characters. Furthermore, characters dataset
are often drawn in several sizes and therefore the orientation which are always alleged to be
written on a suggestion in an upright or downright point. Accordingly, an efficient handwritten
3
11. List of Tables 4
recognition system are often developed by considering these limitations. It is quiet exhausting
that sometimes to spot hand written characters because it are often seen that the majority of the
citizenry can’t even recognize their own written scripts. Hence, there exists constraint for user
to write down apparently for recognition of handwritten documents.
Pattern recognition along side Image processing plays compelling role within the area of hand-
written character recognition. The study, describes numerous types of classification of feature
extraction techniques like structural feature based methods, statistical feature based methods
and global transformation techniques.
12. Chapter 4
Literature Review
4.1 Project Overview
The paper [3] proposes a state-of-art handwritten digit recognition system. The Author has com-
pared the results of some of the most widely used Machine Learning Algorithms such as Support
Vector Machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbours (KNN) Random Forest Classifier (RFC). The
algorithms have been trained and tested on the same data to draw a comparison between the
simple Machine Learning Techniques.
4.2 Machine Learning
According to Arthur Samuel [1], “Machine learning is a subfield of computer science which
gives computers the ability to learn without being explicitly programmed”[18]. This study helps
in predicting and learning from the data imported with the help of algorithms implemented. Ma-
chine learning is used where there is difficulty in programming tasks instead machine learning
algorithms are used to achieve the task. Machine learning concepts are classified into three
categories:
• Supervised Learning
• Unsupervised Learning
• Reinforcement Learning
Supervised Learning:
Consider, a dataset is given as input and assumptions can be made on the output data how it
looks like. In supervised learning, there’s a relationship between the input data and the output
data. The output can be predicted with the input given.
5
13. List of Tables 6
Unsupervised Learning:
Unsupervised learning is an approach where the algorithm has to identify the hidden patterns in
the given input. So, the algorithm works without any guidance as the input data is not labeled or
classified.
Reinforcement Learning:
Reinforcement learning is a suitable action to maximize reward in a particular situation. It is to
find the best possible behavior or path it should take in a specific situation.
In this paper, we will be investigating the performance of few selected methods or algorithms
namely Support Vector Machine, Random Forest Classifier and K-Nearest Neighbour.
4.3 Support Vector Machine (SVM)
Support Vector Machine (SVM) was introduced by introduced by Boser, Guyon, and Vapnik
in 1992. It is a core part of machine learning methods. A support vector machine (SVM) is a
supervised learning algorithm that can be used for binary classification or regression and even
it belongs to the family of a linear classifier. In other words, SVM is a popular application and
it is used in natural language processing, speech recognition, image recognition, and computer
vision. It constructs an optimal hyperplane for the decisions and the two margins separate action
between the two classes in the data is maximized. It refers to a small subset of the training
observation and used to support the optimal location of the decisions. In the process regression
and classification prediction tools and take care that the algorithm does not lead to overfitting.
4.4 Random Forest Algorithm
Random forest, like its name implies, consists of an outsized number of individual decision trees
that operate as an ensemble. Each [4] individual tree within the random forest spits out a cate-
gory prediction and therefore the class with the foremost votes becomes our model’s prediction.
The prediction is formed by accumulating the predictions of the ensemble by superiority voting
for classification. It returns generalization error rate and is stronger to noise. Still, almost like
most classifiers, RF can also suffer from the curse of learning from an intensely imbalanced
training data set. Since it’s constructed to mitigate the general error rate, it’ll tend to focus more
on the prediction efficiency of the bulk class, which repeatedly leads to poor accuracy for the
minority class.
4.5 K-Nearest Neighbour Algorithm
The k-nearest neighbors algorithm (k-NN) may be a non-parametric machine learning method
first developed by Evelyn Fix and Joseph Hodges in 1951, and later expanded by Thomas Cover.
It is used for classification and regression. In both cases, the input consists of the k closest train-
ing examples in feature space. The output depends on whether k-NN is employed for classifica-
tion or regression:
• In k-NN classification, the output is a class membership. An object is assessed by a
plurality vote of its neighbors, with the thing being assigned to the category commonest
14. List of Tables 7
among its k nearest neighbors (k may be a positive integer, typically small). If k = 1, then
the thing is just assigned to the category of that single nearest neighbor.
• In k-NN regression, the output is that the property value for the thing . This value is that
the average of the values of k nearest neighbors.
15. Chapter 5
Methodology
We have used simple machine learning techniques to predict the digits. Since this is a compara-
tive study hence we have tested out some of the most widely used Machine Learning Algorithms
such as Support Vector Machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbours (KNN) Random Forest Classi-
fier (RFC) and have compared the accuracy of each of the techniques.
5.1 Dataset
In our experiment we have used MNIST Handwritten digits dataset, a subset of a larger set
NIST.[6] It consists of a database of 70,000 handwritten digits, divided into 60,000 model train-
ing images and 10,000 images for the evaluation of the model. It contains images of digits
taken from a variety of scanned documents, normalized in size and centered. This makes it
an excellent dataset for evaluating models, allowing the developer to focus on the machine
learning with very little data cleaning or preparation required. Each image is a 28 by 28
pixel square (784 pixels total) in order to get better accuracy and distinction between black
and white pixels in the image. The dataset can be easily accessed from the link given below:
http://yann.lecun.com/exdb/mnist/
FIGURE 5.1: Sample images of MNIST Dataset
5.2 Machine Learning Techniques:-
• KNN
• RFC
• SVM
8
16. List of Tables 9
5.3 Support Vector Machine
A machine learning algorithm,[5] support vector machine algorithm is to seek out a hyperplane
in an N-dimensional space (N — the amount of features) that distinctly classifies the info points.
It’s basically to separate the 2 classes of knowledge points, there are many possible hyperplanes
that would be chosen. Our objective is to seek out a plane that has the utmost margin that is the
distance between data points of both classes. Maximizing the margin distance provides some
reinforcement in order that future data points are often classified with more confidence.
FIGURE 5.2: SVM
Hyperplanes and Support Vectors
To classify the info points we use decision boundaries that are called hyperplanes. Data points
falling on either side of the hyperplane are often attributed to different classes. They will [5] be
classified as positive and negative regions on the edges of hyperplane. Also, the dimension of the
hyperplane depends upon the amount of features. Once we have the amount of inputs equals to
2, the hyperplane is simply a line and just in case of three input features it becomes a plane in two
dimension but it becomes difficult to predict the hyperplane when number of features increases.
FIGURE 5.3: Hyperplanes SVM
17. List of Tables 10
The points which are closer to the hyperplanes are referred to as Support vectors which in-
fluence the position and orientation of the hyperplane. Support vectors as you’ll see in picture
are deciding the margin. When the position of support vectors changes, the margin also changes.
Large Margin Intuition
In logistic regression, we take the output of the linear function and squash the worth within the
range of [0, 1] using the sigmoid function. If the squashed value is bigger than a threshold value
(0.5) we assign it a label 1, else we assign it a label 0. In SVM, we take the output of the linear
function and if that output is bigger than 1, we identify it with one class and if the output is -1,
we identify is with another class. Since the edge values are changed to 1 and -1 in SVM, we
obtain this reinforcement range of values ([-1, 1]) which acts as margin.
Support Vector Machine (SVM) parameters in code
FIGURE 5.4: SVM Parameter Code
Steps to follow:
• Import Library
• Train data
• Test data
• Various options related to SVM training; like changing kernel, gamma and C value.
• Create the model
• model¡-svm(Target Predictor1+Predictor2+Predictor3, data=Train,
kernel=’linear/polynomial’,gamma=0.1,cost=100)
• Predict Output
Tuning of SVM Parameters
• The kernel parameter can be one from “Linear”,”Poly”,”rbf” etc.
• Gamma value can be tuned by setting the “Gamma” parameter.
• C value in Python is tuned by the “Cost” parameter in R.
18. List of Tables 11
Pros and Cons associated with SVM
• Pros:
• Effective when number of dimension is greater than number of samples.
• Effective in high dimensional spaces.
• Efficient with a clear margin of separation.
• Memory efficient because of using support vectors.
• Cons:
• Its performance gets effected due to noise data when target classes are overlapping.
• Probability estimations are calculated by expensive five fold cross validation in it.
• Performance gets effected due to large data set which demands more time in training.
Conclusion:
Support Vector Machine is an elegant and powerful supervised machine learning algorithm.
5.4 Random forest
Another machine learning algorithm is Random [5] forests or random decision forests which
are an ensemble learning method for classification, regression and other tasks that operate by
constructing a multitude of decision trees at training time and outputting the class that is the
mode of the classes or mean/average prediction of the individual trees.
To make better model:
1. It should be having Features with predictive power.
2. No (low)-correlation between the trees of the forest.
3. A model has a big impact of the features we select and the hyper-parameters we choose.
Random Forest Hyperparameters:
• max-depth
• min-sample-split
• max-leaf-nodes
• min-samples-leaf
19. List of Tables 12
• n-estimators
• max-sample (bootstrap sample)
• max-features
FIGURE 5.5: RFC Parameter Code
Random Forest Hyperparameters in this code:
N-Estimators:
N-estimators determines the number of trees in forests.In this graph, we can clearly see that the
performance of the model sharply increases and then stagnates at a certain level:
FIGURE 5.6: N-Estimators
Trend shows that with a large number of estimators in a random forest model the results are not
best. Although it will not degrade the model, it can save you the computational complexity and
prevent the use of a fire extinguisher on your CPU!
N-jobs:
This parameter is used to specify how many concurrent [5] processes or threads should be used
for routines that are parallelized with joblib. N-jobs is an integer, specifying the maximum num-
ber of concurrently running workers. If 1 is given, no joblib parallelism is used at all, which is
useful for debugging. If set to -1, all CPUs are used. For n-jobs below -1, (n-cpus + 1 + n-jobs)
20. List of Tables 13
are used.
N-jobs is none by default, which means unset; it will generally be interpreted as n-jobs=1, unless
the current joblib. Parallel backend context specifies otherwise.
Conclusion:
The random forest is a classification algorithm consisting of many decisions trees. It uses bag-
ging and feature randomness when building each individual tree to try to create an uncorrelated
forest of trees whose prediction is more accurate than that of any individual tree.
5.5 KNN Algorithm
K nearest neighbors is also a machine learning algorithm that stores all available cases and clas-
sifies new cases by a majority vote of its k neighbors. This algorithms segregates unlabeled data
points into well-defined groups.
How to select appropriate k value?
Determining the value of k plays a significant role in determining the efficacy of the model.
Thus, selection of k will determine how well the data can be utilized to generalize the results of
the kNN algorithm. A large k value has benefits which include reducing the variance due to the
noisy data; the side effect being developing a bias due to which the learner tends to ignore the
smaller patterns which may have useful insights.
KNN Algorithm- Pros and Cons
• Pros:
• Highly unbiased and simple algorithm in nature.
• No prior assumption of the underlying data.
• It is easy to implement and has gained good popularity.
• Cons:
• If we take a deeper look, this doesn’t create a model since there’s no abstraction process
involved.
• The prediction time is pretty high in this algorithm, and a lazy learner it is.
• Building this algorithm requires time to be invested in data preparation.
Steps to Follow:
• Data collection
21. List of Tables 14
• Preparing and exploring the data
• Normalizing numeric data
• Creating training and test data set
• Training a model on data
• Evaluate the model performance
• Improve the performance of the model
22. Chapter 6
Implementation of the Learning
Techniques
The paper is implemented by following the following steps:-
6.1 Procedure
1. Write the code for KNN, RFC and SVM. (The screenshots of the code is given in the
section below)
2. Open command prompt(Write cmd in search bar).
3. Provide the directory to the folder where the code is written, by writing (cd Folder) in
command prompt.
4. Install all the following requirements in your command prompt.
5. Requirements:-
• Python 3.5 + (pip install python==3.5)
• Scikit-Learn (pip install scikit-learn)
• Numpy (pip install numpy)
• Matplotlib (pip install matplotlib)
6. Now, run the python files on which you have written the code (python knn.py), (python
svm.py) or (python rfc.py).
After Running the python files, you will receive all the print statements in the ”summary.log”
file.
6.2 Codes for Machine Learning Algorithm
The following are the codes for the implementation of the machine learning algorithms (as
discussed in the paper).
15
30. Chapter 7
Results & Observation
While implementing the algorithm model on the training data, the results are observed on the
test data, special focus on the accuracy of the model. With the calculated accuracy and precision,
we can comprehend the efficiency of the training model.
7.1 Evaluation Metric
In this paper, we have evaluated the machine learning techniques (as mentioned in the method-
ology), upon the below given criteria:
• Accuracy
• Precision
• Recall
• F1-Score
7.2 Output of KNN Classification
The image below shows a step-by-step output of the KNN Classifier. We have obtained an
accuracy of 97.43% on the trained classifier,and on the prediction labels dataset, we got an
accuracy of 96.72%.
23
32. List of Tables 25
FIGURE 7.2: Validation Data Confusion Matrix for KNN
FIGURE 7.3: Test Images for KNN Algorithm
33. List of Tables 26
7.3 Output of SVM Classification
The following image shows a step-by-step output of the SVM classifier. We have obtained an
accuracy of 97.79% on trained classifier and 97.84% on prediction labels dataset.
34. List of Tables 27
FIGURE 7.4: SVM-Confusion Matrix
FIGURE 7.5: Validation Data Confusion Matrix for SVM
35. List of Tables 28
FIGURE 7.6: Test Data Confusion Matrix for SVM
FIGURE 7.7: Test Images for SVM Algorithm
36. List of Tables 29
7.4 Output of Random Forest Classification
The following image shows a step-by-step output of the RFC classifier. We obtained an accuracy
of 96.78% on trained classifier and 96.91% on prediction labels dataset. newline
FIGURE 7.8: RFC-Confusion Matrix
37. List of Tables 30
FIGURE 7.9: Validation Data Confusion Matrix for RFC
FIGURE 7.10: Test Data Confusion Matrix for RFC
38. List of Tables 31
FIGURE 7.11: Test Images for RFC Algorithm
7.5 Confusion matrix
In all the outputs of the classifiers, we see a confusion matrix. A confusion matrix defines a
specific table that allows the visualization of the performance of an algorithm by providing the
accuracy corresponding to each of the input and output classes.[2]
39. List of Tables 32
FIGURE 7.12: KNN-Evaluation Metric for Test Images
FIGURE 7.13: SVM-Evaluation Metric for Test Images
40. List of Tables 33
FIGURE 7.14: RFC-Evaluation Metric for Test Images
Accuracy RFC KNN SVM
Trained Classifier 96.78% 97.43% 97.79%
Test Images 96.91% 96.72% 97.84%
TABLE 7.1: Accuracy Comparison
7.6 Machine Learning Accuracy & Test Error Comparison
We have seen the working of three of the most commonly used Machine Learning algorithms
used for Handwritten Digit recognition. The method of Random Forest Classifier is able to
recognize the digits 96.91% correctly. Using the K Nearest Neighbors, we are able to get an ac-
curacy of 96.72% for the digit recognition. Similarly, for the SVM classifier, we get an accuracy
of 97.84% for the digit recognition.
41. List of Tables 34
Model Test Error Rate
KNN Classifier 3.28%
Random Forest Classifier 3.09%
Support Vector Machine 2.16%
TABLE 7.2: Test Error Comparison
7.7 Result and Analysis
Hence, we can conclude, after implementing the algorithm on the training data and test data;
compared to all of the algorithms, SVM succeeded in achieving better accuracy (after that is
RFC and lastly, KNN). The main reason for the better performance of the SVM than any other
algorithms, is that SVM is developed to overcome the classification problems now recent stud-
ies are made on the use of SVM to overcome the regression issues as well. Moreover, while
implementing the following algorithms KNN algorithm took the longest time in predicting the
test instances. Hence Support Vector Machine (SVM) clearly leaves K-NN behind in terms of
efficiency in Prediction Time and also in terms of computation and memory load.
7.8 Conclusion
An implementation of Handwritten Digit Recognition has been implemented in this paper.Additionally,
some of the most widely used Machine Learning algorithms i.e. RFC, KNN and SVM have been
trained and tested on the same data to draw a comparison between the simple Machine Learn-
ing Techniques. Using the algorithms, an accuracy of 97.84% using SVM, 96.72% using KNN,
96.91% using RFC, was achieved. Also, the current implementation is done only using the CPU.
For additional accuracy, reduced training and testing time, the use of GPU is required. Using
GPU we will achieve parallel computing and attain much better results.
42. References
[1] Akkireddy Challa. ” automatic handwritten digit recognition on document images using
machine learning methods”,jan 2019,blekinge institute of technology, karlskrona, sweden.
Accessed Jan 03, 2021.
[2] CM. ” confusion matrix”. Accessed Jan 03, 2021.
[3] Anuj Dutt and Aash Dutt. ” handwritten digit recognition using deep learning”, volume-6,
issue-7, july 2017, issn: 2278 – 1323. Accessed Jan 03, 2021.
[4] Angona Sarker Masud Rana Abdullah Al Jobair S M Shamim, Mohammad Badrul
Alam Miah. ”handwritten digit recognition using machine learning algorithms”,global
journal of computer science and technology: Dneural artificial intelligence, vol-18,issue-
1,2018,. Accessed Jan 03, 2021.
[5] Mayank Semwal Vipul Malhotra. ” detect malicious benign websites using machine learn-
ing”. Accessed Jan 03, 2021.
[6] Christopher J.C. Burges Yann LeCun, Corinna Cortes. ” the mnist database of handwritten
digits”. Accessed Jan 03, 2021.
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