International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Experimental study of the Effect of Fuel Injector nozzle holes on Direct Inje...IOSR Journals
Fuel injection parameters play an important role in diesel engine performance for obtaining
proper combustion. The performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine depend on many parameters.
The important parameters which influence the performance and emission of diesel engine are fuel injection
pressure, fuel nozzle holes and its size. An experimental study was performed on a light duty direct injection
diesel engine at 200 bar, 220 bar and 240 bar injection pressure to study its effect on performance and
emission. The injection pressure was changed by adjusting the fuel injector spring tension. Future emission
legislation will require substantial reductions of NO x and Smoke emissions from diesel engines. The
combustion and formation in a diesel engine is governed mainly by spray formation and mixing. Important
parameters governing these are droplet size, distribution concentration and injection velocity. Smaller orifices
are believed to give smaller droplet size, even with reduce injection pressure, which leads to better fuel
atomization, faster evaporation and better mixing. The performance and emission characteristics were
presented graphically to conclude that they were found better with 5 hole nozzle of Ø = 0.2 mm at the fuel
injection pressure 220 bar for the light duty engine.
Effect of spiral grooves in piston bowl on exhaust emissions of direct inject...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Combined numerical experimental study of dual fuel diesel engine to discuss t...Shans Shakkeer
It is my m.tech seminar presentation,on the basis of a study carried out by Carmelina Abagnale a, Maria Cristina Cameretti a,Luigi De Simio b, Michele Gambino b, Sabatino Iannaccone b, Raffaele Tuccillo ( Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Università di Napoli Federico II, Italy b Istituto Motori, C.N.R., Napoli, Italy ) were presented in 68th Conference of the Italian Thermal Machines Engineering Association, ATI2013, and Published by Elsevier ltd. in 2013
Experimental study of the Effect of Fuel Injector nozzle holes on Direct Inje...IOSR Journals
Fuel injection parameters play an important role in diesel engine performance for obtaining
proper combustion. The performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine depend on many parameters.
The important parameters which influence the performance and emission of diesel engine are fuel injection
pressure, fuel nozzle holes and its size. An experimental study was performed on a light duty direct injection
diesel engine at 200 bar, 220 bar and 240 bar injection pressure to study its effect on performance and
emission. The injection pressure was changed by adjusting the fuel injector spring tension. Future emission
legislation will require substantial reductions of NO x and Smoke emissions from diesel engines. The
combustion and formation in a diesel engine is governed mainly by spray formation and mixing. Important
parameters governing these are droplet size, distribution concentration and injection velocity. Smaller orifices
are believed to give smaller droplet size, even with reduce injection pressure, which leads to better fuel
atomization, faster evaporation and better mixing. The performance and emission characteristics were
presented graphically to conclude that they were found better with 5 hole nozzle of Ø = 0.2 mm at the fuel
injection pressure 220 bar for the light duty engine.
Effect of spiral grooves in piston bowl on exhaust emissions of direct inject...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Combined numerical experimental study of dual fuel diesel engine to discuss t...Shans Shakkeer
It is my m.tech seminar presentation,on the basis of a study carried out by Carmelina Abagnale a, Maria Cristina Cameretti a,Luigi De Simio b, Michele Gambino b, Sabatino Iannaccone b, Raffaele Tuccillo ( Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Università di Napoli Federico II, Italy b Istituto Motori, C.N.R., Napoli, Italy ) were presented in 68th Conference of the Italian Thermal Machines Engineering Association, ATI2013, and Published by Elsevier ltd. in 2013
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
An Experimental Analysis of Performance, Combustion and Emission Characteris...IJMER
The use of biodiesel, the methyl esters of vegetable oils are becoming popular due to their
low environmental impact and potential as a green alternative fuel for diesel engine. With this objective,
the present work has focused on the performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine using
rice bran oil and its blends with diesel. In this investigation, the blends of varying proportions of rice
bran biodiesel with diesel (RB20, RB40, RB60, RB80 & RB100) were prepared, analyzed, and compared
the performance and exhaust emission with diesel using 5.2 kW Single cylinder, 4stroke diesel engine.
The performance and emission characteristics of blends are evaluated at variable loads and constant
rated speed of 1500 rpm and found that the performance of RB20 blend of rice bran oil gives result, that
is near to the diesel and also found that the emission CO, CO2, HC, smoke & NOX of this blend is less
than the diesel.
Karanja and Rapeseed Biodiesel: An Experimental Investigation of Performance...Er Sandeep Duran
In this research work the detailed investigation on performance and combustion characteristics of four stroke single cylinder engine with karanja and rapeseed biodiesel and its blends with diesel (in proportions of 20% and 50% by volume) under various load i.e. at no load, 25%, 50% and full load was assessed. At full load KB50 (karanja biodiesel blend) has been recorded lowest rate of pressure rise. KB20 has lowest
recorded BSFC as compared to all others of biodiesel for all loading condition even than diesel. The RB20 (rapeseed biodiesel blend) recorded maximum BMEP at full load. KB20 was recorded with maximum brake thermal efficiency at full load. So on the basis of performance and combustion parameters KB20 appears to be best alternative fuel than other blends of karanja biodiesel and rapeseed
biodiesel even than diesel.
Anxiety of greenhouse gases and exigency of conventional fuels is an attractive exploration reneged to the researchers view, turn towards alternative fuels. The present work is to demonstrate on performance, combustion and emission characteristics of 20% Karanja Methyl Ester (KOME) blend (B20) and hydrogen with 5, 10, and 15 lpm (liters per Minute) of low flow rate on a dual fuel mode direct injection diesel engine operated at 1500 rpm with rated power output of 3.5 kW. The experimental test were conducted at three various injection operating pressure of 200, 220, and 240bar. The obtained data of above test were compared with base line pressure of diesel at 200 bars. Higher brake thermal efficiency, less brake specific fuel consumption, lower HC, and CO emissions with raised concentration of NOx were obtained at IOP of 240 bars for B20- hydrogen dual fuel mode. The current analysis discovered that the IOP of 240 bars for 15 lpm hydrogen flow rate with B20 dual fuel approach was optimum.
Experimental investigation on exhaust emissions with ceramic coated diesel en...eSAT Journals
Abstract Experiments were conducted to determine exhaust emissions in a conventional diesel engine (CE) and ceramic coated low heat rejection (LHR) diesel engine [with ceramic coated cylinder head] with different operating conditions [normal temperature and pre-heated temperature] of linseed oil based biodiesel with varied injection timing and injector opening pressure. Exhaust emissions [smoke and oxides of nitrogen]. Smoke levels decreased and NOx levels increased with engine with LHR combustion chamber with biodiesel operation. Advanced injection timing, increase of injector opening pressure preheated biodiesel reduced exhaust emissions from LHR engine with biodiesel operation. Keywords: Alternate Fuels, Vegetable Oils, Biodiesel, LHR engine, Exhaust emissions, Combustion characteristics.
Experimental investigation on exhaust emissions with ceramic coated diesel en...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
OPTIMIZATION OF STATIC INJECTION TIMING OF DIESEL ENGINE FUELLED WITH MAHUA B...Journal For Research
The engine performance and emission characteristics of mahua (madhuca indica) biodiesel and its blends with diesel is presented. The thermo-physical properties of all the fuel blends have been measured and presented. The engine tests are conducted on a 4 Stroke Tangentially Vertical (TV) single cylinder kirloskar 1500 rpm water cooled direct injection diesel engine with eddy current dynamometer at different injection timings of 20°, 21°, 22° and 23° bTDC with standard nozzle opening pressure of 220 bar maintained as constant throughout the experiment. From the test results, it is observed that the lower injection timing of 20° bTDC and modified nozzle opening pressure of 220 bars gives better performance and significant reduction in emissions.
Comparative Performance of Crude Pongamia Oil in A Low Heat Rejection Diesel ...IOSR Journals
Experiments were carried out to evaluate the performance of a low heat rejection (LHR) diesel engine with ceramic coated cylinder head [ceramic coating of thickness 500 microns was done on inside portion of cylinder head] with different operating conditions [normal temperature and pre-heated temperature] of crude Pongamia oil with varied injection pressure and injection timing.
Study Design: Performance parameters of brake thermal efficiency, exhaust gas temperature and volumetric efficiency were determined at various values of brake mean effective pressure (BMEP). Methodology: Exhaust emissions of smoke and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) were noted at the various values of BMEP. Combustion characteristics at peak load operation of the engine were measured with TDC (top dead centre) encoder, pressure transducer, console and special pressure-crank angle software package. Brief Results: Conventional engine (CE) showed deteriorated performance, while LHR engine showed improved performance with biodiesel operation at manufacturer’s recommended injection timing of 27obTDC and pressure of 190 bar. The performance of both version of the engine was improved with advanced injection timing and at higher injection pressure when compared with CE with pure diesel operation. The optimum injection timing was 32obTDC for CE, while it was 29obTDC for LHR engine with CPO operation. Peak brake thermal efficiency increased by 7%, smoke levels timing, when compared with pure diesel operation on CE at manufacturer’s recommended injection timing.
Experimental Study of Biodiesel Combustion Characteristics Marwan Khalil
This presentation was my dissertation defense in partial fulfillment of my degree requirements. It presents figures and numbers about the current Energy status and the dependency of the middle east on liquid fuels which, highlights the need of an alternative liquid fuel to retrofit diesel fuel. The Arab Academy for Science, Technology, and Maritime Transport began producing Biodiesel from Waste Vegetable Oils under the Center of Aqua-Cultural Research managed by Dr. Essam Abd el Mula. In this presentation the experimental approach to test the biodiesel blends was presented, moreover results and discussion give in depth information for designers and burner operators about the combustion of biodiesel fuel blends.
The aim of this study is to investigate a technique to enhance the air swirl to achieve
betterment in engine performance characteristics in a direct injection (DI) single cylinder diesel
engine. A good swirl promotes the fast combustion and improves the efficiency. The engine should
run at low speeds in order to have low mechanical losses and fast combustion, enabling good
combustion efficiency. Therefore to produce high turbulence prior to combustion within the cylinder,
swirl induced by the inlet manifold will be helpful. This paper aims at studying the effect of air swirl
generated by directing the air flow in intake manifold on engine performance. The turbulence is
achieved in the inlet manifold with different types of internal threads of constant pitch. In view this,
experimental investigation has been carried out to find the effect of swirl on the performance
characteristics of the engine, by inducing swirl in inlet manifolds with three different types of
internal threads viz. acme, buttress and knuckle threads of constant pitch. The results indicate that
inlet manifold with buttress threads is identified as optimum configuration based on performance
characteristics of engine. This is because inlet manifold with buttress threads achieved a higher swirl
coefficient and swirl ratio compared with inlet manifold having acme and knuckle threads
Experiments were carried out to study exhaust emissions of diesel engine with low heat
rejection (LHR) combustion chamber with ceramic coated cylinder head [ceramic coating of
thickness 500 microns was done on inside portion of cylinder head] with different operating
conditions [normal temperature and pre–heated temperature] of waste fried vegetable oil based
biodiesel with varied injector opening pressure and injection timing. Conventional engine (CE)
showed deteriorated performance, while engine with LHR combustion chamber showed improved
performance with biodiesel operation at manufacturer’s recommended injection timing of 27o bTDC
(before top dead center) and injector opening pressure of 190 bar. The optimum injection timing was
31o bTDC for CE while it was 30o bTDC with engine with LHR combustion chamber with biodiesel
operation. Smoke levels decreased, while nitrogen oxide levels increased with engine with LHR
combustion chamber its optimized injection timing in comparison with pure diesel operation on CE.
A Robust Image Watermarking Based On Gradient VectorQuantization and Denoisin...IJERA Editor
We propose a robust quantization-based image watermarking scheme, called the gradient direction watermarking (GDWM).This is based on the uniform quantization of the direction of gradient vectors. In GDWM, the watermark bits are embedded by quantizing the angles of significant gradient vectors at multiple wavelet scales. The proposed scheme has the following advantages: 1)Increased invisibility of the embedded watermark because the watermark is embedded in significant gradient vectors, 2) robustness to amplitude scaling attacks because the watermark is embedded in the angles of the gradient vectors, and 3) increased watermarking capacity as the scheme uses multiple-scale embedding.. This watermarking technique is more Robust tovarious sizes of watermark Images.we construct a discrete-domain multiresolution and multidirectional expansion using non-separable filter banks, in much the same way that wavelets were derived from filter banks. This construction results in a flexible mutiresolution, local, and directional image expansion using contour segments, and thus it is named the contourlettransform. The discrete contourlet transform has a fast iterated filter bank algorithm that requires order N operations for N-pixel images. Finally, we show simulation results using contourlet denoising method over wavelet.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
An Experimental Analysis of Performance, Combustion and Emission Characteris...IJMER
The use of biodiesel, the methyl esters of vegetable oils are becoming popular due to their
low environmental impact and potential as a green alternative fuel for diesel engine. With this objective,
the present work has focused on the performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine using
rice bran oil and its blends with diesel. In this investigation, the blends of varying proportions of rice
bran biodiesel with diesel (RB20, RB40, RB60, RB80 & RB100) were prepared, analyzed, and compared
the performance and exhaust emission with diesel using 5.2 kW Single cylinder, 4stroke diesel engine.
The performance and emission characteristics of blends are evaluated at variable loads and constant
rated speed of 1500 rpm and found that the performance of RB20 blend of rice bran oil gives result, that
is near to the diesel and also found that the emission CO, CO2, HC, smoke & NOX of this blend is less
than the diesel.
Karanja and Rapeseed Biodiesel: An Experimental Investigation of Performance...Er Sandeep Duran
In this research work the detailed investigation on performance and combustion characteristics of four stroke single cylinder engine with karanja and rapeseed biodiesel and its blends with diesel (in proportions of 20% and 50% by volume) under various load i.e. at no load, 25%, 50% and full load was assessed. At full load KB50 (karanja biodiesel blend) has been recorded lowest rate of pressure rise. KB20 has lowest
recorded BSFC as compared to all others of biodiesel for all loading condition even than diesel. The RB20 (rapeseed biodiesel blend) recorded maximum BMEP at full load. KB20 was recorded with maximum brake thermal efficiency at full load. So on the basis of performance and combustion parameters KB20 appears to be best alternative fuel than other blends of karanja biodiesel and rapeseed
biodiesel even than diesel.
Anxiety of greenhouse gases and exigency of conventional fuels is an attractive exploration reneged to the researchers view, turn towards alternative fuels. The present work is to demonstrate on performance, combustion and emission characteristics of 20% Karanja Methyl Ester (KOME) blend (B20) and hydrogen with 5, 10, and 15 lpm (liters per Minute) of low flow rate on a dual fuel mode direct injection diesel engine operated at 1500 rpm with rated power output of 3.5 kW. The experimental test were conducted at three various injection operating pressure of 200, 220, and 240bar. The obtained data of above test were compared with base line pressure of diesel at 200 bars. Higher brake thermal efficiency, less brake specific fuel consumption, lower HC, and CO emissions with raised concentration of NOx were obtained at IOP of 240 bars for B20- hydrogen dual fuel mode. The current analysis discovered that the IOP of 240 bars for 15 lpm hydrogen flow rate with B20 dual fuel approach was optimum.
Experimental investigation on exhaust emissions with ceramic coated diesel en...eSAT Journals
Abstract Experiments were conducted to determine exhaust emissions in a conventional diesel engine (CE) and ceramic coated low heat rejection (LHR) diesel engine [with ceramic coated cylinder head] with different operating conditions [normal temperature and pre-heated temperature] of linseed oil based biodiesel with varied injection timing and injector opening pressure. Exhaust emissions [smoke and oxides of nitrogen]. Smoke levels decreased and NOx levels increased with engine with LHR combustion chamber with biodiesel operation. Advanced injection timing, increase of injector opening pressure preheated biodiesel reduced exhaust emissions from LHR engine with biodiesel operation. Keywords: Alternate Fuels, Vegetable Oils, Biodiesel, LHR engine, Exhaust emissions, Combustion characteristics.
Experimental investigation on exhaust emissions with ceramic coated diesel en...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
OPTIMIZATION OF STATIC INJECTION TIMING OF DIESEL ENGINE FUELLED WITH MAHUA B...Journal For Research
The engine performance and emission characteristics of mahua (madhuca indica) biodiesel and its blends with diesel is presented. The thermo-physical properties of all the fuel blends have been measured and presented. The engine tests are conducted on a 4 Stroke Tangentially Vertical (TV) single cylinder kirloskar 1500 rpm water cooled direct injection diesel engine with eddy current dynamometer at different injection timings of 20°, 21°, 22° and 23° bTDC with standard nozzle opening pressure of 220 bar maintained as constant throughout the experiment. From the test results, it is observed that the lower injection timing of 20° bTDC and modified nozzle opening pressure of 220 bars gives better performance and significant reduction in emissions.
Comparative Performance of Crude Pongamia Oil in A Low Heat Rejection Diesel ...IOSR Journals
Experiments were carried out to evaluate the performance of a low heat rejection (LHR) diesel engine with ceramic coated cylinder head [ceramic coating of thickness 500 microns was done on inside portion of cylinder head] with different operating conditions [normal temperature and pre-heated temperature] of crude Pongamia oil with varied injection pressure and injection timing.
Study Design: Performance parameters of brake thermal efficiency, exhaust gas temperature and volumetric efficiency were determined at various values of brake mean effective pressure (BMEP). Methodology: Exhaust emissions of smoke and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) were noted at the various values of BMEP. Combustion characteristics at peak load operation of the engine were measured with TDC (top dead centre) encoder, pressure transducer, console and special pressure-crank angle software package. Brief Results: Conventional engine (CE) showed deteriorated performance, while LHR engine showed improved performance with biodiesel operation at manufacturer’s recommended injection timing of 27obTDC and pressure of 190 bar. The performance of both version of the engine was improved with advanced injection timing and at higher injection pressure when compared with CE with pure diesel operation. The optimum injection timing was 32obTDC for CE, while it was 29obTDC for LHR engine with CPO operation. Peak brake thermal efficiency increased by 7%, smoke levels timing, when compared with pure diesel operation on CE at manufacturer’s recommended injection timing.
Experimental Study of Biodiesel Combustion Characteristics Marwan Khalil
This presentation was my dissertation defense in partial fulfillment of my degree requirements. It presents figures and numbers about the current Energy status and the dependency of the middle east on liquid fuels which, highlights the need of an alternative liquid fuel to retrofit diesel fuel. The Arab Academy for Science, Technology, and Maritime Transport began producing Biodiesel from Waste Vegetable Oils under the Center of Aqua-Cultural Research managed by Dr. Essam Abd el Mula. In this presentation the experimental approach to test the biodiesel blends was presented, moreover results and discussion give in depth information for designers and burner operators about the combustion of biodiesel fuel blends.
The aim of this study is to investigate a technique to enhance the air swirl to achieve
betterment in engine performance characteristics in a direct injection (DI) single cylinder diesel
engine. A good swirl promotes the fast combustion and improves the efficiency. The engine should
run at low speeds in order to have low mechanical losses and fast combustion, enabling good
combustion efficiency. Therefore to produce high turbulence prior to combustion within the cylinder,
swirl induced by the inlet manifold will be helpful. This paper aims at studying the effect of air swirl
generated by directing the air flow in intake manifold on engine performance. The turbulence is
achieved in the inlet manifold with different types of internal threads of constant pitch. In view this,
experimental investigation has been carried out to find the effect of swirl on the performance
characteristics of the engine, by inducing swirl in inlet manifolds with three different types of
internal threads viz. acme, buttress and knuckle threads of constant pitch. The results indicate that
inlet manifold with buttress threads is identified as optimum configuration based on performance
characteristics of engine. This is because inlet manifold with buttress threads achieved a higher swirl
coefficient and swirl ratio compared with inlet manifold having acme and knuckle threads
Experiments were carried out to study exhaust emissions of diesel engine with low heat
rejection (LHR) combustion chamber with ceramic coated cylinder head [ceramic coating of
thickness 500 microns was done on inside portion of cylinder head] with different operating
conditions [normal temperature and pre–heated temperature] of waste fried vegetable oil based
biodiesel with varied injector opening pressure and injection timing. Conventional engine (CE)
showed deteriorated performance, while engine with LHR combustion chamber showed improved
performance with biodiesel operation at manufacturer’s recommended injection timing of 27o bTDC
(before top dead center) and injector opening pressure of 190 bar. The optimum injection timing was
31o bTDC for CE while it was 30o bTDC with engine with LHR combustion chamber with biodiesel
operation. Smoke levels decreased, while nitrogen oxide levels increased with engine with LHR
combustion chamber its optimized injection timing in comparison with pure diesel operation on CE.
A Robust Image Watermarking Based On Gradient VectorQuantization and Denoisin...IJERA Editor
We propose a robust quantization-based image watermarking scheme, called the gradient direction watermarking (GDWM).This is based on the uniform quantization of the direction of gradient vectors. In GDWM, the watermark bits are embedded by quantizing the angles of significant gradient vectors at multiple wavelet scales. The proposed scheme has the following advantages: 1)Increased invisibility of the embedded watermark because the watermark is embedded in significant gradient vectors, 2) robustness to amplitude scaling attacks because the watermark is embedded in the angles of the gradient vectors, and 3) increased watermarking capacity as the scheme uses multiple-scale embedding.. This watermarking technique is more Robust tovarious sizes of watermark Images.we construct a discrete-domain multiresolution and multidirectional expansion using non-separable filter banks, in much the same way that wavelets were derived from filter banks. This construction results in a flexible mutiresolution, local, and directional image expansion using contour segments, and thus it is named the contourlettransform. The discrete contourlet transform has a fast iterated filter bank algorithm that requires order N operations for N-pixel images. Finally, we show simulation results using contourlet denoising method over wavelet.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Assessment of sanitation levels of sources of water in Osun State Capital, Ni...IJERA Editor
A study of the physicochemical and bacteriological analysis including BOD and COD was carried out for sources of water in Oshogbo the Capital of the State of Osun. Seven water sampling areas were selected to cover the low, medium and high population density areas of the State Capital. Water samples were collected from five sources of water, namely, shallow well, borehole, stream, rain and river. Water samples were collected from the well, borehole and stream water sources from Dada Estate and Isale Oshun for low density population, Ayetoro, Ogo-Oluwa and Oke-Ayepe for medium density, and Oke-Bale and Igbona for high density population areas. Three sampling points were undertaken for the rain water source while River Oshun source at Isale-Oshun was the 25th water sampling point. A total of 25 water quality parameters were analyzed for each of the 25 water sources sampled using the facility at the Rural Water And Environmental Sanitation Agency, RUWESA in Osun State Government Secretariat in Abere. Results indicated that 8 of the water quality parameters, pH, Turbidity; Magnesium hardness, Free Chlorine, Nitrite, Bacteriological, BOD and COD were not within Standards Organization of Nigeria (SON) permitted water quality standards and are of concern to sanitation of potable water in the State Capital. The level of each parameter differs from source to source as well as from level of population densities. The sources that were adjudged polluted were Ogo-Oluwa and Oke-Ayepe well sources; Ogo-Oluwa, Oke-Bale and Igbona stream sources Oke-Bale Rain source.R and the River source at Isale-Oshun. The polluted sources are all within the medium and high population density areas of the State Capital.
Loss less DNA Solidity Using Huffman and Arithmetic CodingIJERA Editor
DNA Sequences making up any bacterium comprise the blue print of that bacterium so that understanding and analyzing different genes with in sequences has become an exceptionally significant mission. Naturalists are manufacturing huge volumes of DNA Sequences every day that makes genome sequence catalogue emergent exponentially. The data bases such as Gen-bank represents millions of DNA Sequences filling many thousands of gigabytes workstation storing capability. Solidity of Genomic sequences can decrease the storage requirements, and increase the broadcast speed. In this paper we compare two lossless solidity algorithms (Huffman and Arithmetic coding). In Huffman coding, individual bases are coded and assigned a specific binary number. But for Arithmetic coding entire DNA is coded in to a single fraction number and binary word is coded to it. Solidity ratio is compared for both the methods and finally we conclude that arithmetic coding is the best.
Numerical simulation of Pressure Drop through a Compact Helical geometryIJERA Editor
Pipes are used in every industrial thermo-fluid equipment and systems, such as tubes, ducts, heat exchangers, air conditioning and refrigerating systems etc. Flatter velocity profiles and more uniform thermal environments are extremely desirous factors for improved performance of these flow reactors and heat exchangers. One means of achieving it in laminar flow systems is to use mixers and flow inverters. In the present study a new device is introduced by changing the dean number of fluid flowing in helically coiled tubes. The objective is to study velocity profile and pressure drop in the proposed device made up from the configurations of changing radius. Pressure drop in straight, helical coil and compact helical geometry configuration were compared using computational fluid dynamics software (FLUENT) results.
Growth Processes for a pulse of leptin in fasting human subjectsIJERA Editor
A meal-like transient hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia, with a pulse of xamethasone, increased serum leptin levels from baseline by 54±21% at 9 h (P = 0.038). In the absence of transient hyperglycemia, leptin increased significantly after doses of both insulin and xamethasone. The effect of insulin was dose-dependent, with a larger increment of serum leptin at 9 h after the highest dose of insulin (75.2±15.7% vs 21.3±8.5%, P = 0.013). Fasting, with or without dexamethasone, resulted in a significant 20% decrease in leptin from morning basal levels. Conversely, the administration of a pulse of insulin and glucose, in the absence of dexamethasone, prevented the drop in serum leptin observed during fasting, regardless of the insulin dose or the serum glucose elevation. The permissive effect of dexamethasone, a single pulse of insulin triggered a rise in serum leptin in humans, even in the absence of transient hyperglycemia. A single pulse of insulin with glucose can prevent the drop in serum leptin normally observed during fasting. We also find the Growth Processes of Leptin
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Improved Low Voltage High Speed FVF Based Current Comparator with Logical Eff...IJERA Editor
In this paper an improved current comparator is using flipped voltage follower (FVF) to obtain the single supply
voltage. This circuit has short propagation delay and occupies a small chip area. All circuits have been simulated
employing Tanner EDA Tool 14.1v for 90nm CMOS technology and a comparison has been performed with its
non FVF counterpart to contrast its effectiveness, simplicity, compactness and low power consumption.
Fluid Structure Interaction Based Investigation of Convergent-Divergent NozzleIJERA Editor
In present work, a convergent-divergent nozzle is designed aerodynamically. Structural loads of nozzle from fluid flow and temperature of fluid in it. Initially, CFD simulation is conducted with thermal considerations in range of nozzle NPR values. Besides, CFD result is used as load in structural analysis of nozzle. Nozzle is working in range of NPR in its service from designed NPR. Maximum load over nozzle structure may happen at any NPR value of flow. Problem associated with nozzle structure design is prediction of load at various nozzle pressure ratio ranges. It is difficult to find and solve this problem analytically. Experimentation will lead to investigation as costlier one. Therefore, we require computation method to find load at various NPR. Maximum load from CFD simulation is used to structural simulation for finalizing thickness of nozzle. Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) is the interaction of some movable or deformable structure with an internal or surrounding fluid flow. Fluid-structure interaction can be stable or oscillatory. Fluid-structure interaction problems and multi-physics problems in general are often too complex to solve analytically and so they have to be analyzed by means of experiments or numerical simulation
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Data Collection via Synthetic Aperture Radiometry towards Global SystemIJERA Editor
Nowadays it is widely accepted that remote sensing is an efficient way of large data management philosophy. In
this paper, we present a future view of the big data collection by synthetic aperture radiometry as a passive
microwave remote sensing towards building a global monitoring system. Since the collected data may not have
any value, it is mandatory to analyses these data in order to get valuable and beneficial information with respect
to their base data. The collected data by synthetic aperture radiometry is one of the high resolution earth
observation, these data will be an intensive problems, Meanwhile, Synthetic Aperture Radar able to work in
several bands, X, C, S, L and P-band. The important role of synthetic aperture radiometry is how to collect data
from areas with inadequate network infrastructures where the ground network facilities were destroyed. The
future concern is to establish a new global data management system, which is supported by the groups of
international teams working to develop technology based on international regulations. There is no doubt that the
existing techniques are so limited to solve big data problems totally. There is a lot of work towards improving 2-
D and 3-D SAR to get better resolution.
Image segmentation is useful in many applications. It can identify the regions of interest in a scene or annotate
the data. It categorizes the existing segmentation algorithm into region-based segmentation, data clustering, and
edge-base segmentation. Region-based segmentation includes the seeded and unseeded region growing
algorithms, the JSEG, and the fast scanning algorithm. Due to the presence of speckle noise, segmentation of
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images is still a challenging problem. We proposed a fast SAR image
segmentation method based on Particle Swarm Optimization-Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA). In
this method, threshold estimation is regarded as a search procedure that examinations for an appropriate value in
a continuous grayscale interval. Hence, PSO-GSA algorithm is familiarized to search for the optimal threshold.
Experimental results indicate that our method is superior to GA based, AFS based and ABC based methods in
terms of segmentation accuracy, segmentation time, and Thresholding.
Environmental Monitoring of Radon-Thoron Levels and Their Seasonal Variation ...IJERA Editor
Monitoring of indoor radon, thoron and their progeny concentration were carried out in some selected dwellings in and around Rampur city of Uttar Pradesh (India) by using Solid State Nuclear Track Detector (SSNTD).The radon-thoron twin dosimeter cups are used for the study. The annual effective dose, annual exposure due to radon-thoron progeny and life time fatality risk factor under study have also been calculated. In the present study, it is found that the annual value of radon and thoron concentration varies from 18.80Bq/m3 to 45Bq/m3 and 10.90Bq/m3 to 21.20Bq/m3 respectively in different seasons, where as the value of radon progeny and thoron progeny concentration varies from 2.02mWL to 4.85mWL and 0.29mWL to 0.57mWL respectively in different seasons. The annual inhalation dose varies from 0.75mSv/y to 1.61mSv/y with an average value 1.15 mSv/y.The total annual exposure varies from 0.095WLM to 0.181 WLM with an average of 0.140WLM. The life time fatality risk of the residents of the study area ranges from 0.31 × 10−4 to 0.54 ×10−4 with an average value of 0.42 ×10−4. The annual effective dose varies from 0.37mSy/y to 0.70 mSv/y with an average value of 0.54 mSv/y.
Experimental and numerical evaluation of plasticity model with ductile damage...IJERA Editor
This work aims to develop a methodology for numerical evaluation via finite elements applied to projects shields sheet metal. To validate the methodology physical test were conduct and were compare with the numerical simulation. In the simulation, a plasticity material modelit was used at high strain rates, besides the insertion of a damage model through forming limit diagram (FLD) to capture the initiation of damage and energy criteria for propagation of the fracture. The tested shielding design is for the II-A protection level using the type 9mm ammunition.
Study on the Influence of Ice and Snow on Pavement EvaluationIJERA Editor
The study analyzed mountainous highway operation safety factors from the road environment, traffic environment and climate factors. Utilizing the indoor test to measure the friction coefficient of ice and snow road, summarize the changing trends of friction coefficient which was compared with accident rates, and then establish the model of friction coefficient and accident rate. A model of the vehicle under snow environment was put forward. The study deeply analyzed the influence of snow and ice weather on the roadpavement;it can provide technical support for highway of seasonal frozen area dealing with ice and snow weather.
INFLUENCE OF INJECTOR OPENING PRESSURE ON EXHAUST EMISSIONS IN DI DIESEL ENGI...IAEME Publication
Experiments were conducted to study exhaust emissions of direct injection (DI) diesel engine with different levels of low heat rejection (LHR) combustion chamber such as i) ceramic coated cylinder head, ii) air gap insulated piston and air gap insulated liner and iii) ceramic coated cylinder head along with air gap insulation with pure diesel operation with varied injector opening pressure.Exhaust emissions of particulate emissions and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) were determined at various
values of brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) of the engine. Particulate emissions were measured by AVL Smoke meter, while NOx by Netel Chromatograph NOx analyzer
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE CYLINDER (DI) DIESEL ENGINE BY AIR SWIRL INDUC...IAEME Publication
The aim of this study is to investigate a technique to enhance the air swirl to achieve betterment in engine performance characteristics in a direct injection (DI) single cylinder diesel
engine. A good swirl promotes the fast combustion and improves the efficiency. The engine should run at low speeds in order to have low mechanical losses and fast combustion, enabling good combustion efficiency. Therefore to produce high turbulence prior to combustion within the cylinder,
swirl induced by the inlet manifold will be helpful
Effect Of Compression Ratio On The Performance Of Diesel Engine At Different ...IJERA Editor
Variable compression ratio (VCR) technology has long been recognized as a method for improving the
automobile engine performance, efficiency, fuel economy with reduced emission. The main feature of the VCR
engine is to operate at different compression ratio, by changing the combustion chamber volume, depending on
the vehicle performance needs .The need to improve the performance characteristics of the IC Engine has
necessitated the present research. Increasing the compression ratio to improve on the performance is an option.
The compression ratio is a factor that influences the performance characteristics of internal combustion engines.
This work is an experimental investigation of the influence of the compression ratio on the brake power, brake
thermal efficiency, brake mean effective pressure and specific fuel consumption of the Kirloskar variable
compression ratio duel fuel engine. Compression Ratios of 14, 15, 16 and 18 and engine loads of 3kg to 12 kg,
in increments of 3kg, were utilized for Diesel.
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effect of variation of compression ratio and injection pressure on performanc...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Compression Ignition (CI) engines are widely used for transportation, agriculture, power generation and industrial applications. The conventional fuel for CI engine is petro diesel. Among the countries in the world, India is one of the largest consumers of petro diesel fuel. Indian economy is very much dependant on the consumption of petro diesel. Brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, emissions of CO, HC, CO2, NOx and smoke opacity are the major considerations with the performance and emission characteristics of CI engine. Injection pressure, compression ratio, injection timing, and fuel quality are parameters which affect the engine performance and emissions. For optimizing the consumption of diesel, use of blends of alternative fuels with diesel has been promoted and study of engine parameters with the use of these fuels have been presented by many researchers across the world.
In this review paper, effect of variation of compression ratio and injection pressure on the performance and emission characteristics of CI engine using different alternative fuels has been studied and compared with the diesel fuel. Alternative fuels under study were ethanol, methanol, Jatropha Methyl Ester, Mahua Methyl Ester and Pangomia Methyl Ester in 20% blending with diesel fuel. In this study, compression ratios 16.5, 17.5, 18.5 and injection pressures 200, 225, 250 bar have been considered for review. Review reveals that performance characteristics have been improved for all test fuels with increasing compression ratio and injection pressure at full load conditions. On the other hand emission characteristics of engines have been affected as NOx increase and HC and CO decrease with increase in compression ratio and injection pressure for all test fuels.
Keywords: injection pressure; compression ratio; alternative fuels; emission.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
A Review Paper on Effects of Different Intake Manifold Designs on Diesel Engi...ijsrd.com
One of the objectives of car manufacturers is to improve engine performance, reduce consumption and reduce emissions. To achieve this objective, it is important to understand the phenomena involved in the combustion chambers of engines. There are various factors that influence the engine performance such as compression ratio, atomization of fuel, fuel injection pressure, and quality of fuel, combustion rate, air fuel ratio, intake temperature and pressure and also based on piston design, inlet manifold, and combustion chamber designs etc. Geometrical design of intake manifold is one such method for the better performance of an I.C. Engine. Air swirl motion in CI engine influences the atomization and distribution of fuel injected in the combustion chamber. Intake manifolds provides Air motion to the chamber. So, to get the maximum output with the least input on Diesel engine researchers are experimentally and computationally working on construction of the intake manifold configurations for increase in engine performance and reduction of Exhaust Emissions. In this paper i have studied few papers and also gone through basics of my topic from various books to understand the phenomena.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
FIDO Alliance Osaka Seminar: The WebAuthn API and Discoverable Credentials.pdf
M44086974
1. V Rajashekhara Kiragi et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications ww.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 4( Version 7), April 2014, pp.69-74
www.ijera.com 69 | P a g e
Experimental Studies on the Effect of Swirl on Combustion and
Emissions of Diesel Engine Fuelled With Karanja Bio-Diesel
Praveen.R1
, Vinayaka Rajashekhara Kiragi2
, H.S.Shivaprasanna Babu3
,
Gangadhara.B.Server4
, Dhanraj.P.K5
, & Mohan Kumar.H.P6
1
(senior grade lecturer, automobile engineering dept, HMS polytechnic, tumkur, Karnataka)
3
(vsl steels ltd, deputy manager, maintenance dept)
4
(senior grade lecturer, automobile dept, GPT Tumkur, Karnataka)
5
(lecturer, mechanical dept, PNSIT, nelmangla, karnataka)
6
(lecturer, mechanical dept, HMSIT tumkur, Karnataka)
ABSTRACT
In The Present Scenario Bio-Diesels Have Received A Lot Of Attention As An Alternate Vehicular Fuel. But
The Properties Of Bio-Diesels Are Not The Same As Diesel Fuels Especially Their High Viscosity And Low
Volatility. Also The Bio-Diesels Have Very Poor Atomization Characteristics Due To Decreased Cone Angle
During Fuel Injection.
This Paper Relates The Modification Of Engine Combustion Chamber Design, For Inducing Turbulence To
Improve The Combustibility Of Combustible Mixture. A Survey Of Literature Shows That Experimental
Studies Have Not Been Done On A Swirl For Evaluating Influence On The Combustion And Emission
Characteristics Using Diesel Blends As Well. The Objective Of This Work Is To Study The Effect Of Swirl On
Combustion And Emissions Of A Bio-Diesel (Honge) Fuelled Diesel Engine. It Has Been Noticed That For The
Engine Under Consideration With Swirl Gives Optimum Performance.
Objective Of This Work Is To Study The Effect Of Combustion Chamber Geometry On Combustion,
Performance And Emissions Of A Bio-Diesel (Karanja) Fuelled Diesel Engine. It Has Been Noticed That For
The Engine Under Consideration With Swirl Gives Optimum Performance.
NOMENCLATURE
TDC : top dead centre
BTDC : before top dead centre
UBHC : unburned hydrocarbon
NOX : oxides of nitrogen
CO : carbon monoxide
CI : compression ignition
HRR : heat release rate
SFC : specific fuel consumption
CV : calorific value
CR : compression ratio
IP : injection pressure
I. INTRODUCTION
Air motion plays a significant role in fuel -
air mixing, combustion and emission processes [1].
Along with air motion, spray characteristics, spray
angle, injection pressure and injection timing also
have a significant role in diesel engine combustion.
Swirl, squish and tumble are the important flow
pattern of air motion. These patterns not only affect
the fuel-air mixing and combustion process in diesel
engines, but also have significant impact on
combustion quality [2].
Swirl motion of the air is adequately
achieved with good intake port design [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
and 9]. When there is swirl in the in-cylinder air, the
swirl-squish interaction produces a complex turbulent
flow field at the end of compression. This interaction
is severe in re-entrant combustion chamber design
[10]. Intensification of turbulence is due to the highly
turbulent squish of the air near TDC of compression.
The intensification of turbulence leads to efficient
combustion which in turn causes higher NOx
emission and less HC emissions [11]. The author
however has not reported the effect of tumble. Better
air mixing and combustion are possible with higher
injection pressure. Higher injection pressure produces
smaller fuel droplets which evaporate faster and mix
rapidly with air.
Bio-diesels play an important role in the on
going balance between two major societal needs, viz.,
fuel economy and environment friendly Emissions.
The properties of bio-diesel are not the same as diesel
fuels especially their high viscosity and low
volatility. These properties strongly affect injection
pressure injection timing and spray characteristics
[12]. An increase in viscosity of bio-diesel will result
in poor atomization characteristics due to decreased
cone angle during fuel injection [13]. The pre -
heating of vegetable oil gives better performance than
raw vegetable oil. It has been observed that viscosity
reduces exponentially with temperature. It has also
been observed that when pre - heated vegetable oil is
injected into the cylinder, spray pattern and
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. V Rajashekhara Kiragi et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications ww.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 4( Version 7), April 2014, pp.69-74
www.ijera.com 70 | P a g e
atomization character has improved. The injection
pressure has an effect on the spray formation of bio-
diesel blends in CI engines [14]. Also studies have
shown that the combustion characteristics alter with
the changes in injection pressure. With the increase
in pressure, the fuel penetration distance become
longer and the mixture formation of the fuel-air was
improved [15]. Also when the injection pressure is
increased fuel particle diameter will be reduced. The
mixing of fuel-air becomes better during ignition
delay period [16].
This work relates to engine design
modification to induce turbulence by enhancing swirl
during combustion. The present work has been
undertaken to study the effect of injection pressure on
performance and emission characteristics of CI
engine. The experiments have been carried out at
constant speed of 1500 rpm and compression ratio of
17.5 at different injection pressure. The emission
characteristics like, carbon monoxide, NOx and
UBHC along with combustion characteristics like
HRR and cylinder pressure have been studied.
II. EXPERIMENTAL SET UP
The experiments were conducted on a
computerized CI engine test rig shown in Fig.1.
Fig.1 Experimental set up
A Kirloskar make single cylinder 4-stroke,
direct injection, water cooled CI engine test rig of
5.2kW, CR=17.5, IP=200bar rated power at
1500rpm is directly coupled to the eddy current
dynamometer the engine and the eddy current
dynamometer are interfaced to a control unit, with
built in software in a computer. This software is used
for recording test parameter such as fuel flow rate,
temperatures, air flow rate and speed for calculating
performance parameters such as brake power (BP),
brake thermal efficiency and specific fuel
consumption. The calorific value and the density of
particular fuel are fed to the software for calculating
above performance parameters. The exhaust
emissions such as CO, UBHC, and NOx were
measured with PEA205-5gas analyzer. The engine
specification is shown in table.1.
SL
NO
ENGINE
PARAMETERS
SPECIFICTION
01 Engine Type TV1(Kirloskar)
02 Number of cylinders Single Cylinder
03 Number of strokes Four-Stroke
04
Rated power 5.2KW(7HP)
@1500RPM
05 Bore 87.5mm
06 Stroke 110mm
07 Cubic Capacity 661cc
08 Compression ratio 17.5:1
Table.1.Engine Specification
III. MODIFICATION MADE TO
PISTON CROWN
Turbulence is very important in mixing and
combustion of fuel with air in CI Engine. In the
present work the turbulence was induced by
modifying the base piston face to a threaded-piston.
During the modification care was taken to maintain
compression ratio of 17.5. This was done by adding a
thin layer of material on the piston crown by
aluminum alloy welding and performing threading
operation in the piston crown in such a way that the
volume of the material removed balances the volume
of material added so that the compression ratio of the
engine is not altered in any way. The surfaces over
the piston crown were finished to close tolerances on
an engraving machine. Pictorial views of original
and threaded pistons are shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3
respectively.
Fig.2. Standard piston Fig.3. Threaded piston
At the end of compression stroke, the fuel
vapor squeezes into threaded piston spirally due to
direct compression, which leads to the enhancement
of turbulence for better mixing and combustion.
IV. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
A set of experiments were conducted for
standard and modified piston engine at the rated
engine speed of 1500rpm at compression ratio of 17.5
and at the injection pressure of 200 bar. Tests were
conducted at 20% load, 40% load, 60% load and 80%
load. The test was conducted at the injection timing
of 21o
before TDC. The combustion and performance
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characteristics were found and emission
characteristics like CO, UBHC and NOx were
recorded for diesel and subsequently for blend of
H20 (20% Honge+ 80% of Diesel).
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results of the engine experimentation
are presented in Figs. 4-11. All comparisons have
been made at constant engine speed 1500 rpm and
injection timing 21o
crank angle.
Cylinder pressure
Figure shows the cylinder pressure with
crank angle for standard and threaded pistons at
CR=17.5 and varying injection pressure for 200, 250
and 300bar for H20 blend. It is found that the
threaded piston produces higher cylinder pressure
compared to standard piston. This trend is attributed
due larger delay period with the threaded piston in
which more amount of fuel is accumulated in the
combustion chamber.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
200 250 300 350 400 450 500
CYLINDERPRESSURE(bar)
CRANK ANGLE
CYLINDER PRESSURE VS CRANK ANGLE, CR=17.5, IP=200bar,
STANDARD CRANK ANGLE, H20
BASE
MODIFIED
Fig.4. Cylinder pressure Vs Crank angle
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
200 250 300 350 400 450 500
CYLINDERPRESSURE(bar)
CRANK ANGLE
CYLINDER PRESSURE VS CRANK ANGLE, CR=17.5, IP=250bar,
STANDARD CRANK ANGLE, H20
BASE
MODIFIED
Fig.4.1. Cylinder pressure Vs Crank angle
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
200 250 300 350 400 450
CYLINDERPRESSURE(bar)
CRANK ANGLE
CYLINDER PRESSURE VS CRANK ANGLE, CR=17.5, IP=300bar,
STANDARD CRANK ANGLE, H20
BASE
MODIFIED
Fig.4.2. Cylinder pressure Vs Crank angle
Heat release rate
The net heat release rate is an important
parameter for the analysis of combustion
characteristics in the engine cylinder. The net heat
release rate can be expressed as
dQ/dθ= (γ/ γ-1) dV/dθ + (1/ γ-1) V. dP/dθ
Where, dQ/dθ is heat release rate (J/deg),
p is the in-cylinder pressure,
V is the in-cylinder volume and
γ is the ratio of specific heats.
In equation 1, the cylinder content is
assumed to be homogenous mixture of air and
combustion products. It is further assumed that γ=1.3
as an appropriate value of γ for CI engine is 1.3 to
1.35 [1].
The heat release rate varying with crank
angle at 80% load condition for standard and
threaded pistons is shown in figure. It is seen that the
premixed combustion region is rather lower for swirl
indicating that reduction of delay period due greater
mixing of fuel with air because of swirl generation.
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
350 370 390 410 430
HEATRELEASERATE(J/Deg)
CRANK ANGLE
HEAT RELEASE RATE vs CRANK ANGLE, CR=17.5, IP=200bar,
STANDARD CRANK ANGLE, 80%LOAD, H20
M
BA
Fig.5. Heat release rate Vs Crank angle
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-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
350 370 390 410 430 450
HEATRELEASERATE(J/Deg)
CRANK ANGLE
HEAT RELEASE RATE vs CRANK
ANGLE, CR=17.5, IP=250bar, STANDARD CRANK ANGLE, 80%
LOAD, H20
BASE
MODIFIED
Fig.5.1. Heat release rate Vs Crank angle
-100.00
-50.00
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
350 370 390 410 430 450
HEATRELEASERATE(J/Deg)
CRANKK ANGLE
HEAT RELEASE RATE vs CRANK ANGE, CR=17.5, IP=300bar,
STANDARD CRANK ANGLE, 80%LOAD, H20
BASE
MODIFIEDFig.5.2. Heat release rate Vs Crank angle
HC EMISSION
Figure shows the HC emissions with
standard and threaded pistons at CR=17.5 and
Injection pressure for 200, 250 and 300bar for H20
blend. The HC emission is the direct result of
incomplete combustion. It is apparent that the HC
emission is decreasing with the increase in turbulence
in threaded piston, which results in complete
combustion of fuel.
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
HCppm
load (N-m)
HC Vs LOAD, CR=17.5, IP=200bar, STANDARD INJECTION
TIMING(20.50), H20
base
modified
Fig.7. HC emission Vs Load
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 5 10 15 20 25
HCppm
load (N-m)
HC Vs LOAD, CR=17.5, IP=250bar, STANDARD INJECTION
TIMING(20.50), H20
base
modified
Fig.7.1. HC emission Vs Load
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 5 10 15 20 25
HCppm
load (N-m)
HC Vs LOAD, CR=17.5, IP=300bar, STANDARD INJECTION
TIMING(20.50), H20
base
modified
CO EMISSION
Generally CI engines operates with lean
mixtures, hence the CO emission would be low. It is
observed from all the above figures that CO emission
for modified piston have been decreased due to
increase in turbulence due to swirl motion in threaded
piston the oxidation of carbon monoxide is improved,
which results in reduction of CO emissions. The CO
levels with standard piston are high at full load
conditions due to combustion inefficiencies.
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
0 5 10 15 20 25
%CO
load (N-m)
CO Vs LOAD, CR=17.5, IP=200bar, STANDARD INJECTION
TIMING(20.50), H20
base
modified
Fig.8. CO emission Vs Load
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0
0.25
0.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
%CO
load (N-m)
CO Vs LOAD, CR=17.5, IP=250bar, STANDARD INJECTION
TIMING(20.50), H20
base
modified
Fig.8.1. CO emission Vs Load
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
%CO
load (N-m)
CO Vs LOAD, CR=17.5, IP=300bar, STANDARD INJECTION
TIMING(20.50), H20
base
modified
Fig.8.2. CO emission Vs Load
NOx EMISSION
Figure shows the comparison of NOX
emission with load for threaded and standard pistons.
It is observed that the NOX emissions are slightly
increased for H20 blend with modified piston in
comparison with the standard piston. It is because
formation of NOx is temperature dependent
phenomenon. As the load increases the combustion
gas temperature increases which inturn increases the
formation of NOx. This due to the higher temperature
in the combustion chamber because of complete
combustion of fuel with swirl generated threaded
piston.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0 5 10 15 20 25
NOxppm
load (N-m)
NOx Vs LOAD, CR=17.5, IP=200bar, STANDARD INJECTION
TIMING(20.50), H20
modified
bsae
Fig.9. NOX emission Vs Load
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0 5 10 15 20 25
NOxppm
load (N-m)
NOx Vs LOAD, CR=17.5, IP=250bar, STANDARD INJECTION
TIMING(20.50), H20
modified
base
Fig.9.1. NOX emission Vs Load
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 5 10 15 20 25
NOxppm
load (N-m)
NOx VsLOAD, CR=17.5, IP=300bar, STANDARD INJECTION
TIMING(20.50), H20
modified
base
Fig.9.2. NOX emission Vs Load
VI. CONCLUSIONS
The Experimental investigation on
combustion in threaded-piston CI engine was
conducted on single cylinder, 4-stroke, direct
injection, constant speed diesel engine. The test was
conducted at 1500 rpm, CR=17.5, injection pressure
of 200, 250, 300bar and standard crank angle. The
major conclusions observed from the experiments are
as follows:
A comparison of the results obtained on the
standard and a modified piston engine have been
made with reference to the combustion and
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emission characteristics and is generally
observed that the modified piston gives enhanced
combustion and lower emissions compared to the
standard piston.
Peak cylinder pressure and peak heat release
were slightly lower in premixed combustion and
slightly higher at diffused combustion in
modified piston.
CO and HC emissions are found to be lower with
modified piston.
Better mixing of fuel and better combustion due
to swirl action with modified piston increases the
combustion and cylinder wall temperature which
results in increase of NOX emissions compared
to standard piston engine.
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