This document provides an overview of general time adverbs and particles in Japanese grammar. It introduces common time words like きょう (today), あした (tomorrow), and きのう (yesterday) that do not require particles. It also discusses the particles を and に, where を marks the direct object of a verb and に indicates direction or destination. Additionally, it covers using でも to mean "but" at the start of a sentence and introduces the dictionary form of verbs as distinct from the polite ます form.

1. ぶんぽう： レッスン8
Grammar: Lesson 8

2. GENERAL TIME ADVERBS

3. General Time Adverbs
• Words that describe the general time, when used as adverbs, do not
require a particle after them.
• Some general time words that you’ll learn in this lesson can be seen in the
table:
– For Example:
• あしたなにをしますか。
• What will you do tomorrow?
• きょうおんがくをききます。
• I will listen to music today.
きょうToday
きのうYesterday
あしたTomorrow
まいにちEveryday
ときどきSometimes
たいていUsually
いつもAlways

4. In this lesson, you’ll see some new ways to use two particles you have
learned previously, をand に.
jyoshi
じょし
PARTICLES

5. を+ Verb
• As we learned in Lesson 6, the particle をhas no direct translation, but has the
function of being used to identify the direct object.
– For Example:
• せんせいはおんがくをききます。
• The teacher will listen to music。
• だいちはしゅくだいをします。
• Daichi will do homework。
• ともだちはテレビゲームをします。
• My friend will play videogames。
*Sidenote:
When typing in Japanese, to produce the をcharacter, you
will need to type in the letters w o on your keyboard.
When speaking, the “w” sound is usually not pronounced.

6. に+ Verb
• In this lesson, the particle にis used to indicate Direction and/or
Destination. In these types of situations, the particle にcould translate as
the English word, “to.”
– For Example:
• わたしはとしょかんにいきます。
• I will go to the library。
• さくらさんはうちにかえります。
• Sakura san will return (to)* home。
*while this isn’t grammatically correct in English, it is grammatically correct in
Japanese.

7. demo
でも
BUT

8. でも- But
• でもtranslates to but or however when used at the beginning of a sentence.
– For example:
• S1せんせいはロックをききます。S2 でも、ポップもききます。
• S1 The teacher listens to rock. S2 But also listens to pop.
• In S1 , you are making a statement, the teacher listens to rock.
• However, in S2 you add an additional (or perhaps contradicting) statement.
• It is important that these two statements/thoughts are expressed in two separate
sentences.
• Review: note the use of も：
– わたしはジャズをききます。でも、クラシックもききます。
– I listen to jazz. However, I also listen to classical music.

9. THE DICTIONARY (OR PLAIN) FORM
OF VERBS

10. The Dictionary (or Plain) Form of Verbs
• The dictionary form of a verb is the unconjugated form of verbs that you can easily
find in a dictionary. Sometimes, this is called the “Plain form” of a verb.
• The verbs that we have been learning are called the ますor the “polite” form of
verbs.
You will not find ますverbs listed in the dictionary.
• Take a look at the differences in the verb forms in table below:
English translation Dictionary Form ますform
To do/play するします
To write かくかきます
To return かえるかえります
To rest/take a day off やすむやすみます

11. おわり
This is the end of the Grammar Notes for
this lesson.
You can print these notes for your reference
using the link above this slideshow.