An Investigation of Practicing Carroll’s Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility in Developing Countries: an Example of Bangladesh Ready-made Garments
This study has been conducted to explore the present scenario of implementing corporate social responsibility in our garment industry by using Carroll’s (1991) pyramid. Garments sector is one of the most important sectors of industries in our country. Practicing CSR in this industry is very much necessary. This paper aims to investigate that what level of CSR activities are practiced by our garment industry. This study also identifies to what extend Carroll’s (1991) pyramid is understood by the corporate body of our garment industry. In this regard, we take interviews of 50 garments workers and top executives from the areas of Savar, Gazipur, Ashulia and Tongi. At the end of the study, we explore the implications of these findings and suggest actions to practice CSR properly in the Bangladesh garment industry.
Social Responsibility and Ethics in Strategic ManagementRintis Eko Widodo
The concept of social responsibility proposes that a private corporation has responsibilities to society that extend beyond making a profit. Milton Friedman and Archie Carroll offer two contrasting views of the responsibilities of business firms to society.
Social Responsibility and Ethics in Strategic ManagementRintis Eko Widodo
The concept of social responsibility proposes that a private corporation has responsibilities to society that extend beyond making a profit. Milton Friedman and Archie Carroll offer two contrasting views of the responsibilities of business firms to society.
Changing Dimensions of Corporate Social Responsibility in Indiaprofessionalpanorama
philanthropy to a broader set of activities and integrates the practice of CSR into
the core strategy of the organisation. CSR is evolving in response to profound external
forces, including meeting legal and regulatory obligations and responding to the broader
public opinions. For many developing countries, a major limitation to CSR studies
has been the difficulties associated with proper legislative measures and measuring
CSR practices. CSR index can be used to calculate the level of a company’s CSR
practices. Developing countries need a suitable CSR structure to implement CSR practices
in order to be able to identify the advantages for their stakeholders. Companies need
to identify the importance of cultivating a new set of CSR practices in order to compete
successfully in a global market. CSR is gradually metamorphosing from a mere philosophy
to a strong business case for Indian industry.
Changing dimensions of corporate social responsibility in indiaTapasya123
Corporate Social Responsibility is gradually moving from its historical focus on business
philanthropy to a broader set of activities and integrates the practice of CSR into
the core strategy of the organisation. CSR is evolving in response to profound external
forces, including meeting legal and regulatory obligations and responding to the broader
public opinions. For many developing countries, a major limitation to CSR studies
has been the difficulties associated with proper legislative measures and measuring
CSR practices. CSR index can be used to calculate the level of a company’s CSR
practices. Developing countries need a suitable CSR structure to implement CSR practices
in order to be able to identify the advantages for their stakeholders. Companies need
to identify the importance of cultivating a new set of CSR practices in order to compete
successfully in a global market. CSR is gradually metamorphosing from a mere philosophy
to a strong business case for Indian industry.
The role of government regulation of business in building the concept of corp...Konstantin Eryomin
The educational material about role of different institutes in creation of corporate social responsibility model of business in Russia and other countries. Modern statistics and theoretical aspects are included
Understand the deep lying meaning of CSR and its relativity to demographic dividend in this crisp and little unconventional presentation on the topic that somewher rules corporates decisions today.
Respectable Founder and Chairman of Virtual Voyage College of Design, Media, Art and Management, Mr. Abhay Jain gave an eyeopening speech on the Corporate Social Responsibily in a seminar conducted by PRCAI & PR 24*7 at Hotel Effotel, Indore.
Changing Dimensions of Corporate Social Responsibility in Indiaprofessionalpanorama
philanthropy to a broader set of activities and integrates the practice of CSR into
the core strategy of the organisation. CSR is evolving in response to profound external
forces, including meeting legal and regulatory obligations and responding to the broader
public opinions. For many developing countries, a major limitation to CSR studies
has been the difficulties associated with proper legislative measures and measuring
CSR practices. CSR index can be used to calculate the level of a company’s CSR
practices. Developing countries need a suitable CSR structure to implement CSR practices
in order to be able to identify the advantages for their stakeholders. Companies need
to identify the importance of cultivating a new set of CSR practices in order to compete
successfully in a global market. CSR is gradually metamorphosing from a mere philosophy
to a strong business case for Indian industry.
Changing dimensions of corporate social responsibility in indiaTapasya123
Corporate Social Responsibility is gradually moving from its historical focus on business
philanthropy to a broader set of activities and integrates the practice of CSR into
the core strategy of the organisation. CSR is evolving in response to profound external
forces, including meeting legal and regulatory obligations and responding to the broader
public opinions. For many developing countries, a major limitation to CSR studies
has been the difficulties associated with proper legislative measures and measuring
CSR practices. CSR index can be used to calculate the level of a company’s CSR
practices. Developing countries need a suitable CSR structure to implement CSR practices
in order to be able to identify the advantages for their stakeholders. Companies need
to identify the importance of cultivating a new set of CSR practices in order to compete
successfully in a global market. CSR is gradually metamorphosing from a mere philosophy
to a strong business case for Indian industry.
The role of government regulation of business in building the concept of corp...Konstantin Eryomin
The educational material about role of different institutes in creation of corporate social responsibility model of business in Russia and other countries. Modern statistics and theoretical aspects are included
Understand the deep lying meaning of CSR and its relativity to demographic dividend in this crisp and little unconventional presentation on the topic that somewher rules corporates decisions today.
Respectable Founder and Chairman of Virtual Voyage College of Design, Media, Art and Management, Mr. Abhay Jain gave an eyeopening speech on the Corporate Social Responsibily in a seminar conducted by PRCAI & PR 24*7 at Hotel Effotel, Indore.
Filtering Unwanted Messages from Online Social Networks (OSN) using Rule Base...IOSR Journals
Online Social Networks (OSNs) are today one of the most popular interactive medium to share,
communicate, and distribute a significant amount of human life information. In OSNs, information filtering can
also be used for a different, more responsive, function. This is owing to the fact that in OSNs there is the
possibility of posting or commenting other posts on particular public/private regions, called in general walls.
Information filtering can therefore be used to give users the ability to automatically control the messages
written on their own walls, by filtering out unwanted messages. OSNs provide very little support to prevent
unwanted messages on user walls. For instance, Facebook permits users to state who is allowed to insert
messages in their walls (i.e., friends, defined groups of friends or friends of friends). Though, no content-based
partialities are preserved and therefore it is not possible to prevent undesired communications, for instance
political or offensive ones, no matter of the user who posts them. To propose and experimentally evaluate an
automated system, called Filtered Wall (FW), able to filter unwanted messages from OSN user walls
Optimized Traffic Signal Control System at Traffic Intersections Using VanetIOSR Journals
Abstract: Traditional Automated traffic signal control systems normally schedule the vehicles at intersection in
a pre timed slot manner. This pre-timed controller approach fails to minimize the waiting time of vehicles at the
traffic intersection as it doesn’t consider the arrival time of vehicles. To overcome this problem an adaptive and
intelligent traffic control system is proposed in such a way that a traffic signal controller with wireless radio
installed at the intersection and it is considered as an infrastructure. All the vehicles are equipped with onboard
location, speed sensors and a wireless radio to communicate with the infrastructure thereby VANET is formed.
Once the vehicles enter into the boundary of traffic area, they broadcast their positional information as data
packet with their encapsulated ID in it. The controller at the intersection receives the transmitted packets from
all the legs of intersection and then stores it in a temporary log file. Now the controller runs Platooning
algorithm to group the vehicles approximately in equal size of platoons. The platoons are formed on the basis of
data disseminated by the vehicles. Then the controller runs Oldest Job First algorithm which treats platoons as
jobs. The algorithm schedules jobs in conflict free manner and ensures all the jobs utilize equal processing time
i.e the vehicles of each platoons cross the intersection at equal delays. The proposed approach is evaluated
under various traffic volumes and the performance is analyzed.
Keywords Conflict graphs, online job scheduling, traffic signal control, vehicular ad hoc network (VANET)
simulation, vehicle-actuated traffic signal control, Webster’s algorithm.
Characteristic Comparison of U-Shaped Monopole and Complete Monopole Antenna.IOSR Journals
Abstract: A monopole antenna is a type of radio antenna formed by replacing one half of a dipole antenna with a ground plane at right-angles to the remaining half. Monopoles may be used from a few hundred KHz through several GHz in frequency and are commonly one-quarter of a wave length long, but may be shorter or longer. Monopole antennas exhibit high gain and improved efficiency in a surprisingly small package. Monopole antenna can be designed to exhibit wideband capabilities. The different available monopole antennas are dual band printed monopole antenna, cross-slot monopole antenna, U-shaped monopole antenna, triangular shaped monopole antenna and a wideband monopole antenna. This paper deals with the comparison obtained from the results such as return loss, VSWR, current distribution, and the radiation pattern of simple U-shaped and complete monopole antenna. Keywords- CPW, CST, FR4, LAN, WiMAX
Practical Investigation of the Environmental Hazards of Idle Time and Speed o...
Similar to An Investigation of Practicing Carroll’s Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility in Developing Countries: an Example of Bangladesh Ready-made Garments
A new direction for CSR the shortcomingsof previous CSR mod.docxransayo
A new direction for CSR: the shortcomings
of previous CSR models and the rationale
for a new model
Jane Claydon
Abstract
Purpose – This paper aims to take the reader on a journey through the development of CSR since it first
emerged in the 1940s, through to contemporary models of CSR.
Design/methodology/approach – By drawing on existing CSR literature the achievements and gaps of
CSR are demonstrated. The literature review focuses on a small selection of important CSR models,
referencing the most iconic from the last few decades.
Findings – Existing CSR models are critiqued as being insufficient in providing an adequate
understanding of CSR. It is asserted that a more efficient model of CSR is required and a new model of
CSR is proposed, which is more relevant to and reflective of the present day business environment. The
model of ‘‘consumer-driven corporate responsibility’’ (CDCR) is founded on the notion that consumer
demand for CSR is both the most likely and the most effective driver for the implementation of CSR in a
company.
Research limitations/implications – As CSR is rapidly evolving, undoubtedly models will be created
after this paper was written, that, for this reason, are out of the scope of this review.
Practical implications – This paper provides an alternative, more comprehensive and more effective
model of CSR, useful as a tool for academics and business leaders alike.
Originality/value – As the model of CDCR focuses on the conditions under which companies are most
likely to adopt CSR from both a descriptive and normative perspective, it is proposed as being a more
suitable approach to CSR.
Keywords Corporate social responsibility, Business ethics, Corporate governance,
Sustainable development, Ethical consumption, Consumerism
Paper type Conceptual paper
T
he concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become an increasingly
common term and conjecture in the political, academic and business realms over the
last century. During this time, it has experienced a period of constant defining and
modelling, re-defining and re-modelling. This paper aims to take the reader on a journey
through the development of CSR, demonstrating what it has achieved and highlighting the
gaps it is yet to fill. The reader will be navigated around the development of CSR since it first
emerged in the 1940s through to four models of CSR that have been more recently created.
These models are a small selection but range from those which have been the most
commonly referred to over the last few decades, such as stakeholder theory (Freeman,
1984) and the ‘‘pyramid of CSR’’ (Carroll, 1991), to the some of the more complex and
contemporary, such as the ‘‘model of sustainable development’’ (Aras and Crowther, 2009)
and ‘‘CSR 2.0’’ (Visser, 2010). A critique shall then be put forward, arguing that such models
are insufficient in providing either an adequate descriptive or normative understanding of
CSR, subsequently a.
Corporate social respobsibility:Is it positive or negative, Contradictory vie...Ali jili'ow
This paper emphasizes weather corporate social responsibility is positive or negative,the paper presents concepts, history and definition of social responsibility, finally the paper discusses different arguments that supports or challenges this concept.
Provisions for Corporate Social Responsibility in Companies Act, 2013RHIMRJ Journal
CSR as a concept has attracted worldwide attention and acquired a new resonance in the global economy Heightened
interest in CSR in recent years has stemmed from the advent of globalisation and international trade, which has reflected in
increased business complexity and new demands for enhanced transparency and corporate citizenship. Moreover, while
Governments have traditionally assumed the sole responsibility for the improvement of the living conditions of the population,
society’s needs have exceeded the capabilities of Governments to fulfill them. In this context, the spotlight is increasingly
turning to focus on the role of business in society and progressive companies are seeking to differentiate themselves through
engagement in what is referred to as CSR. The Companies Act, 2013 has taken one step ahead and introduced mandatory
provisions in the field of CSR. Though many believe that concerns on the new company law are manifold and it is a bold yet
not beautiful step. For instance, India Inc is concerned that the cost of board performance evaluation may outweigh the
benefits for many small companies in this regard. Also, it has concerns about the prospect of an over regulated regime and the
attendant scourge of corruption. Given the advantages and concerns on the new regulations introduced by the new Companies
Act, we all need to wait and watch once the companies start implementing the new provisions and therefore, the practical
aspects and implications will be evaluated thereafter.
Academic Paper Writing Service
http://StudyHub.vip/A-Stakeholder-Approach-To-CSR 👈
Similar to An Investigation of Practicing Carroll’s Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility in Developing Countries: an Example of Bangladesh Ready-made Garments (20)
Improving profitability for small businessBen Wann
In this comprehensive presentation, we will explore strategies and practical tips for enhancing profitability in small businesses. Tailored to meet the unique challenges faced by small enterprises, this session covers various aspects that directly impact the bottom line. Attendees will learn how to optimize operational efficiency, manage expenses, and increase revenue through innovative marketing and customer engagement techniques.
What are the main advantages of using HR recruiter services.pdfHumanResourceDimensi1
HR recruiter services offer top talents to companies according to their specific needs. They handle all recruitment tasks from job posting to onboarding and help companies concentrate on their business growth. With their expertise and years of experience, they streamline the hiring process and save time and resources for the company.
Affordable Stationery Printing Services in Jaipur | Navpack n PrintNavpack & Print
Looking for professional printing services in Jaipur? Navpack n Print offers high-quality and affordable stationery printing for all your business needs. Stand out with custom stationery designs and fast turnaround times. Contact us today for a quote!
Attending a job Interview for B1 and B2 Englsih learnersErika906060
It is a sample of an interview for a business english class for pre-intermediate and intermediate english students with emphasis on the speking ability.
Personal Brand Statement:
As an Army veteran dedicated to lifelong learning, I bring a disciplined, strategic mindset to my pursuits. I am constantly expanding my knowledge to innovate and lead effectively. My journey is driven by a commitment to excellence, and to make a meaningful impact in the world.
Accpac to QuickBooks Conversion Navigating the Transition with Online Account...PaulBryant58
This article provides a comprehensive guide on how to
effectively manage the convert Accpac to QuickBooks , with a particular focus on utilizing online accounting services to streamline the process.
RMD24 | Debunking the non-endemic revenue myth Marvin Vacquier Droop | First ...BBPMedia1
Marvin neemt je in deze presentatie mee in de voordelen van non-endemic advertising op retail media netwerken. Hij brengt ook de uitdagingen in beeld die de markt op dit moment heeft op het gebied van retail media voor niet-leveranciers.
Retail media wordt gezien als het nieuwe advertising-medium en ook mediabureaus richten massaal retail media-afdelingen op. Merken die niet in de betreffende winkel liggen staan ook nog niet in de rij om op de retail media netwerken te adverteren. Marvin belicht de uitdagingen die er zijn om echt aansluiting te vinden op die markt van non-endemic advertising.
The world of search engine optimization (SEO) is buzzing with discussions after Google confirmed that around 2,500 leaked internal documents related to its Search feature are indeed authentic. The revelation has sparked significant concerns within the SEO community. The leaked documents were initially reported by SEO experts Rand Fishkin and Mike King, igniting widespread analysis and discourse. For More Info:- https://news.arihantwebtech.com/search-disrupted-googles-leaked-documents-rock-the-seo-world/
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Cracking the Workplace Discipline Code Main.pptxWorkforce Group
Cultivating and maintaining discipline within teams is a critical differentiator for successful organisations.
Forward-thinking leaders and business managers understand the impact that discipline has on organisational success. A disciplined workforce operates with clarity, focus, and a shared understanding of expectations, ultimately driving better results, optimising productivity, and facilitating seamless collaboration.
Although discipline is not a one-size-fits-all approach, it can help create a work environment that encourages personal growth and accountability rather than solely relying on punitive measures.
In this deck, you will learn the significance of workplace discipline for organisational success. You’ll also learn
• Four (4) workplace discipline methods you should consider
• The best and most practical approach to implementing workplace discipline.
• Three (3) key tips to maintain a disciplined workplace.
What is the TDS Return Filing Due Date for FY 2024-25.pdfseoforlegalpillers
It is crucial for the taxpayers to understand about the TDS Return Filing Due Date, so that they can fulfill your TDS obligations efficiently. Taxpayers can avoid penalties by sticking to the deadlines and by accurate filing of TDS. Timely filing of TDS will make sure about the availability of tax credits. You can also seek the professional guidance of experts like Legal Pillers for timely filing of the TDS Return.
An Investigation of Practicing Carroll’s Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility in Developing Countries: an Example of Bangladesh Ready-made Garments
1. IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM)
e-ISSN: 2278-487X, p-ISSN: 2319-7668. Volume 12, Issue 4 (Jul. - Aug. 2013), PP 75-81
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 75 | Page
An Investigation of Practicing Carroll’s Pyramid of Corporate
Social Responsibility in Developing Countries: an Example of
Bangladesh Ready-made Garments
Iffat Zabin
Department of Marketing, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh
Abstract: This study has been conducted to explore the present scenario of implementing corporate social
responsibility in our garment industry by using Carroll’s (1991) pyramid. Garments sector is one of the most
important sectors of industries in our country. Practicing CSR in this industry is very much necessary. This
paper aims to investigate that what level of CSR activities are practiced by our garment industry. This study
also identifies to what extend Carroll’s (1991) pyramid is understood by the corporate body of our garment
industry. In this regard, we take interviews of 50 garments workers and top executives from the areas of Savar,
Gazipur, Ashulia and Tongi. At the end of the study, we explore the implications of these findings and suggest
actions to practice CSR properly in the Bangladesh garment industry.
Keywords: Bangladesh garment industry, Carroll’s (1991) pyramid, corporate social responsibility.
I. Introduction
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a topic that is increasingly capturing the interest and
imagination of people in the business world. Corporate social responsibility is a prominent feature of the
business and society literature, corporate social performance, global corporate citizenship, and stakeholder
management. It is described as a set of policies, practices, and programs that are integrated throughout business
operations and decision-making processes, and intended to ensure the company maximizes the positive impacts
of its operations on society (Business for Social Responsibility, 2003). As per European Commission (2001)
CSR is “A concept whereby companies decide voluntarily to contribute to a better society and a cleaner
environment.
CSR is a concept that has attracted worldwide attention and acquired a new resonance in the global
economy (Jamali, 2006). Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) which was seen as corporate “Philanthropy” till
1990s is considered as a strategy today to gain competitive advantage. Today CSR is seen as a key to long term
success, reputation and brand image and more and more companies are realizing that in order to stay productive,
competitive, and relevant in a rapidly changing business world, they have to become socially responsible. As
many as 90% of the Fortune 500 companies now have explicit CSR initiatives (Kotler and Lee 2004;
Lichtenstein, Drumwright, and Bridgette 2004). According to a recent special report in Business Week (Berner
2005, p. 72), large companies disclosed substantial investments in CSR initiatives.
Now corporate bodies in the developed countries have understood the importance of practicing CSR
activities and have already implemented in their society. But in the developing countries like Bangladesh it is
still an emerging concept, especially in the garment industry. The garment industry of Bangladesh has been the
key export division and a main source of foreign exchange for the last 25 years. Bangladesh has over 4,500
RMG factories. At present, the country generates about $5 billion worth of products each year by exporting
garments. The industry provides employment to about 3 million workers of whom 90% are women
(http://ezinearticles.com/?Overview-of-Bangladesh-Garment-Industry&id=367773).
The garment industry of Bangladesh plays a vital role in the country‟s economy. But this industry has
been widely criticized for their poor performance in practicing CSR. A few garments have decided to adopt
CSR activities at the initial stage but those are not implemented practically. In Bangladesh, Savar, Gazipur,
Ashulia and Tongi are the main garments industrialized area. However, there is no water management treatment
plant in those industrial areas. It mixes liquid poison near the rivers and water is fully black in dry season, which
is changing the ecological balances of the areas. Some people and animals are using this poison water which is
more harmful for health. It also threat to Bangladesh‟s society (The daily Ittefaq, 9 February 2007).
Nkanga (2007) posited that CSR involves the commitment shown by companies to contribute to the
economic development of a local community and the society at large. So whatever we can see that our garment
factory do not practice CSR at all. According to Carroll‟s (1991) four part model, there are four CSR
responsibilities- economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic responsibilities. Implementing environment laws are
under legal responsibilities according to this model which is not maintained by the companies. Moreover,
workers working environment also not safe here.
2. An Investigation of Practicing Carroll’s Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility in Developing
www.iosrjournals.org 76 | Page
The aim of this study is to investigate that what level of CSR activities are practiced by our garment
industry. This study also identifies whether those activities fulfill the conditions of Carroll‟s (1991) four part
model or not. Using this synthesized framework, the paper examines empirically the CSR performance of our
garment companies and their views about practicing CSR.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) can be viewed as a comprehensive set of policies, practices, and
programs that are integrated into business operations, supply chains, and decision making processes throughout
the company and include responsibilities for current and past actions as well as adequate attention to future
impacts. CSR is a concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business
operations and in their interactions with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis (Green Paper, 2001).
In the early 60s of the last century different scholars tried to define the concept of corporate social
responsibility. This term "corporate social responsibility" is often used interchangeably with corporate
responsibility, corporate citizenship, social enterprise, sustainability, sustainable development, triple-bottom
line, corporate ethics, and in some cases corporate governance. Bowen‟s (1953) initial definition of CSR is the
obligation of businessmen to pursue those policies, to make those decisions, or to follow those lines of actions
which are desirable in terms of objectives and value of society.
Keith Davis (1973) expands the idea of CSR and mentioned it is beyond the narrow economic,
technical and legal requirements of the firms that means responsibilities begin where the law ends.
CSR has been defined in general terms as „the obligation of the firm to use its resources in ways to
benefit society, through committed participation as a member of society, taking into account the society at large
and improving the welfare of society at large independent of direct gains of the company‟ (Weile et al., 2001:
288).
Corporate social responsibility according to the World Business Council for Sustainable Development
(2001) is defined as the commitment of business to contribute to sustainable economic development, working
with employees, their families and the local communities.
In 1979, Carroll proposed a four-part definition of CSR that was embedded in a conceptual model of
CSP. In this model, Carroll (1979) differentiated between four types of corporate social responsibilities:
economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary. He also presented the argument that firms wishing to effectively
engage in CSP needed to have (a) a basic definition of CSR; (b) an understanding of the issues for which a
social responsibility existed; and (c) a specification of the philosophy of responsiveness to the issues.
In 1991, Carroll revisited his four-part definition of CSR and organized the notion of multiple
corporate social responsibilities in a pyramid construct (Figure 1). By this time he referred to the discretionary
component as philanthropic. In this pyramid, economic responsibility is the basic foundation and philanthropic
is the apex. The pyramid of CSR depicted the economic category as the base ( the foundation upon which all
others rest), and then built upward through legal, ethical, and philanthropic categories (Carroll, 1991).
Figure-1: The Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility ( Carroll, 1991)
Carroll (1991) model entails that all business responsibilities rely upon the economic responsibility,
which includes maximizing profitability and maintaining a strong competitive position. The legal
3. An Investigation of Practicing Carroll’s Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility in Developing
www.iosrjournals.org 77 | Page
responsibilities state firm‟s compliance with laws and regulations while doing business. Ethical responsibilities
replicate societal standards, expectations and norms that have not been specifically legislated. Finally,
philanthropic responsibilities comprise actions that are in response to society's expectation that businesses be
good corporate citizens. These are distinguished from ethical responsibilities in that they are of a charitable
nature and, as such, a company is not considered unethical if it does not provide them (Carroll 1991).
This revisited conceptualization implies that the four responsibilities are aggregate in the sense that
corporations that want to be ethical for example must be economically and legally responsible. From this
perspective, economic and legal responsibilities are socially required, ethical responsibility is socially expected,
while philanthropy is socially desired (Windsor, 2001) and each of these responsibilities comprises a component
of the total social responsibility of a firm.
1.1. CSR IN BANGLADESH RMG
The concept of CSR emerged in the 1950s and gradually developed over the last five decades. In the
recent years CSR concept has come across many debates and shaped with a strong theoretical and empirical
base. In today‟s competitive market environment, corporate social responsibility (CSR) represents a high-profile
notion that has strategic importance to many companies. But in Bangladesh, CSR is still emerging as a way of
doing business. Many companies in our country still view CSR as philanthropic activities. Others are investing
in the communities in sustainable ways but view it as a natural extension of traditional practice rather than new
ways of doing business. But practicing CSR activities by companies is very important for developing countries
like Bangladesh, especially in our garment industry.
The garment industry of Bangladesh started to practice CSR in the mid 90s when international buyers
put pressure on the suppliers to be more responsive to the employees. Gradually, this sector has taken some
safety and security measures at workplace and some measures against child labor. A few garments have
established health care and child care center. Analyzing the trend of CSR practices in this sector, it can be said
these practices were adopted due to pressures either externally or internally or both which is still a dilemma of
the sector to practice CSR voluntarily. For this reason, the working environment of our garment factory is still
unsafe.
While improvements have been made over the years, the safety record of the Bangladesh RMG
industry remains poor. Fires have been a persistent problem in the country‟s ready-made garment (RMG)
industry for over a decade. Fire broke out on 24th
November 2012, in the Tazreen Fashion factory in the Ashulia
district on the outskirts of Dhaka, Bangladesh. At least 117 people were confirmed dead in the fire, and at least
200 were injured, making it the deadliest factory fire in the nation's history
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Dhaka_fire).
There is some disagreement about the number of worker deaths in the industry. According to the
Bangladesh Institute of Labor Studies, 431 workers died in 14 major fire incidents between 1990 and 2012.
However, according to the Bangladesh Fire Department, 414 garment workers were killed in 213 factory fires
between 2006 and 2009 alone.
Again another deadliest incident happened in Bangladesh. On 24th
April 2013, an eight-story
commercial building Rana Plaza collapsed in Savar, a sub-district near Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh. At
least 1,125 people died as of 12 May, many people were still missing. It housed a number of separate garment
factories employing around 5,000 people, several shops, and a bank.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Savar_building_collapse). Garment‟s owners as well as the building owner
are responsible for this terrible incident.
Several steps have been taken after that accident to reduce this type‟s of situation. But we can say if
organizations maintain proper safety policy for their employees then this type‟s deadliest accident can be
removed from our industrial arena. This case shows that CSR is not well exercised matter in this industry.
According to Carroll‟s (1991) model, workplace safety is legal activities which should be obeyed by our
garment factories. Those factories also violent environment protection laws. So it is important for us doing a
study to find out to what extend CSR is practiced in our country. But very few studies are available on the CSR
practices in developing countries.
Belal (2001) depicts that most of the CSR studies conducted so far have been in the context of
developed countries such as Western Europe, the USA, and Australia. Basically in the context of Bangladesh we
can see that the practice has not been found widely (Belal, 2001). A study has been taken on corporate social
responsibility practicing in multinational garments of Bangladesh (Masud et al. 2013). But in that study, CSR
activities has been described of only one garments named Hop Lun (BD) and no model has been used in that
study.
1.2. PROPOSED MODEL FOR PRACTICING CSRS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
4. An Investigation of Practicing Carroll’s Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility in Developing
www.iosrjournals.org 78 | Page
Despite the plethora of CSR definitions over the last 50 years, Carroll‟s four-part conceptualization has
been the most durable and widely cited in the literature (Crane & Matten, 2004). But like all models, there is
also a criticism of Carroll‟s (1991) four part model.
Carroll‟s pyramid is created in an American context, which is criticized by several people (Matten et al.
2005: 338, Visser 2006: 36). It is not fully applicable in the context of developing country. In the article
“Revisiting Carroll‟s CSR Pyramid, An African perspective” of Visser (2006), he uses Carroll‟s CSR model to
explore the nature of CSR in Africa. He found that the hierarchy of the pyramid is economic, philanthropic,
legal, and ethical. He also states that this model has been used to survey in different countries and the
importance of the hierarchy of the pyramid has been found different. So Carroll‟s CSR pyramid may not be the
best model for understanding CSR in general.
Despite his criticism, Visser (2006) understands Carroll‟s model as “a durable and useful model for
defining and exploring CSR.” The different criticisms of Carroll‟s CSR pyramid have been taken into account,
we modified this model in the context of developing countries.
Figure-2: Proposed Model of Corporate Social Responsibility in the Context of developing country
Source: Developed by the Author
In this model, we include environmental responsibilities as a domain, because protecting our
environment is also a firm‟s corporate social responsibility. The world‟s climate is changing and it affected the
developing countries in horrible ways. Bangladesh is the most vulnerable nation due to global climate change in
the world according to German Watch‟s Global Climate Risk Index(CRI) of 2011 (
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Bangladesh). We also remove ethical responsibilities from the
pyramid, because top executives cannot understand the difference between philanthropic and ethical
responsibilities in developing countries. They think that both are same ideas. Moreover, many ethical issues go
under legal issues and philanthropic issues. So we modified this model by replacing ethical responsibilities with
environmental responsibilities.
The pyramid framework suggests a hierarchy of CSR domains. One may be led to conclude that the
domain at the top of the pyramid, philanthropic responsibilities is the most valued domains and the one that all
corporations should strive for, while the economic domain at the base of the pyramid is the least valued domain.
For example- Reidenbach and Robin (1991) use a pyramid to depict their conceptual model of
corporate moral development, suggesting that the top of the pyramid represents the highest stage of moral
development, while the base of the pyramid portrays the least advanced stage. So we indicated that the top of the
pyramid represents lower priorities and the base of the pyramid portrays higher priorities.
III. Objective
Our garment industry is passing critical time after the incident of Savar tragedy. So this is the high time
to implement CSR properly in this industry. The objective of this study is:
To find out to what extend Carroll‟s (1991) pyramid of corporate social responsibility is implemented in the
Bangladesh garment industry.
To identify to what extend Carroll‟s (1991) model is understood by the top management of garments
factory in Bangladesh.
To find out solutions by modifying Carroll‟s (1991) model and recommend some action plan on the basis of
findings.
5. An Investigation of Practicing Carroll’s Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility in Developing
www.iosrjournals.org 79 | Page
IV. Methodology
The current study is basically descriptive in nature. This is based on both primary and secondary
sources of information. In this study, we took interviews of 50 garments workers including managers, officers,
staffs as well as lower level employees. Our primary sources of data have been gathered by face to face
conversation, and in-depth interviews. We applied the unstructured questionnaire method while interview
conducted from the areas of Savar, Gazipur, Ashulia and Tongi.
We also got some secondary data with particular references from internet and various publications.
Some of the information is collected from daily newspaper on the contemporary issues in CSR and some from a
famous article written on CSR practices.
We used non-probability sampling technique because we used the convenience sampling method. According to
Bryman and Bell (2007) convenience sample is one that is conveniently available to the researcher with
its good ease of use. This type of non-probability sampling technique has a drawback that it is not possible to
generalize the results (Malhotra and Dash, 2011).
V. Findings And Analysis
Bangladesh is a developing country. There are very few industries in this country which has been
booming like our garment industry. This successful export oriented industry of Bangladesh has observed the
remarkable growth since its beginning late 1970s. Bangladesh exports their garments products at the cheap rate
to the countries of USA, Canada and the European countries. Academics and researchers have generally
attributed the remarkable growth of RMG export from Bangladesh to favorable external conditions, notably the
Multi-Fiber Arrangement (MFA) bilateral quota system imposed by developed apparel countries, and low wages
in Bangladesh.
But this situation is getting worse after the factory building collapsed in Savar on the month of April.
The Walt Disney Company is the first brand, which has declared to stop production of its branded merchandise
in Bangladesh, in response to the devastating collapse of a factory building in last April that left more than 1130
people dead and thousands critically injured ( The Daily Star, 1 June, 2013). We know that our garment industry
has to cut costs to remain competitive in the international market by offering their products at cheap rate. So
they could not increase workers‟ wages, improve the working conditions and so on. But if this type of massive
disaster continues then the future of this industry will be in danger as well as our country‟s economy. So this is
the high time to do something to save our garment industry and in this case practicing CSR can be a good
strategy for us.
In our study, we found that most of the garments try to comply with the minimum legal requirements
and Social Accountability (SA) 8000 standards as applicable in case of employment and other related activities.
Where organization‟s considerable requirements are:
i) Child labor
ii) Forced labor or compulsory labor
iii) Health & safety
iv) Freedom of association & right to collective bargaining
v) Discrimination
vi) Disciplinary Practices
vii) Working hours
viii)Remuneration
ix) Management Systems
But in reality, a few regulations are obeyed. Some of the examples are- they try to give the minimum
workers‟ wages (3,000 tk per month), restrict child labor, follow equal opportunity in employment etc. We also
found that the understanding of CSR in our context thus seems to be anchored in the context of voluntary action,
with the economic, legal, and ethical dimensions assumed as taken for granted. When we interviewed all the
executives adhered to a voluntary action or philanthropic type conception of CSR. We asked them about the
type of CSR performed, all companies consistently referred to philanthropic type activities and programs, with
no mention of the importance of ethical conduct, legal compliance, or economic viability. Moreover, lower level
of employees have never heard the concept of CSR. So when we make them understand about CSR, they inform
us that a few garments do philanthropic activities to green wash the eyes of people or nothing.
CSR in the garment industry in Bangladesh context is therefore largely understood to comprise the
philanthropic contributions that business firms make over and above their mainstream activities. As articulated
by Bush (2005), CSR is not just about philanthropic/charitable giving; rather it is the whole way in which a
6. An Investigation of Practicing Carroll’s Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility in Developing
www.iosrjournals.org 80 | Page
company interacts with society. The everyday activity of business has a much more profound social impact than
its small voluntary community contributions, however valuable. The realization of this profound connection
between the different facets of everyday activity of companies (e.g., economic, legal) and the well-being of
society seems to be less than fully appreciated in our context. Whatever we have found in our interview session,
we analyze the findings and make a table of their corporate social responsibilities. In this table, the total CSR
activities of our garment industry have been categorized according to Carroll (1991) four part model. With the
help of this table we can understand that what type of CSR is more practiced in our garment industry.
Economic Most of the garment companies pay taxes properly, and make payments to employees and suppliers on due time.
Their financial activities help to increase the country‟s economic growth and decrease unemployment problem
of the country. They try to produce good quality of products to sell to the suppliers.
Legal Most of the garment companies pay a minimum salary to the entry level workers and according to higher ranks
salary increases. They also pay overtime and Eid bonuses to the workers. Clean working environment, good
ventilation, hygienic toilet and pure drinking water are crucial support provided by garments companies to the
workers. Child labor has been banned by most of the factories.
Ethical Most of the garments train their employees to get better output. A few garments provide transportation facilities,
insurance, provident funds, and day care facilities to the employees.
Philanthropic Some garment company gives donations to campaign against HIV-AIDS, and victims of natural disasters. All
garments donate a certain amount of money to the victims of Savar tragedy. In October, 2011, the IFC reported
that 12 factories involved in the pilot project, with lower water consumption by 75 million liters and achieved
savings of USD 1 million in operating costs. They also work for women empowerment.
Table-1: List of CSR Activities Implemented by Bangladesh Garments Factory
Above table gives us the summary of CSR is practiced by our garment factory. This is a small part of
CSR is practicing. A lot of things are not practiced. Like- many factory building has not built under the right
code of conduct. Many factories have not enough fire exit systems. So many disasters often occur in the
factories. When work load increases workers are forced to do overtime. Workers have no job security. Workers
do not sign any contract. For this reason, workers can be fired at any time. Sexual harassment also takes place in
the factories.
Moreover, Bangladesh garment factory do not obey environment law at all. They do not take any steps
to process well the factory wastes. There is no waste management treatment plant in the garment areas of Savar,
Gazipur, Ashulia and Tongi. All factory wastes are dumped nearby canals and rivers. As a result, water is
polluted day by day and our ecological balance is going to be threatened.
But the most interesting part is the top management of these factors do not understand that protecting
the environment, implementing rules and regulations, earning a profit- these are also the examples of CSR
activities. They think that philanthropic activities like- donating money and other charitable works are only CSR
activities. Another interesting part is they think that ethical activities are as same as philanthropic activities.
These two are not different. Therefore, after analyzing the findings we want to say that our corporate
managers do not understand the CSR concept well. So it may be one of the causes that they do not practice CSR
appropriately in our garment industry.
VI. Scope For Further Research
There is a lot of scope for further research about the garments sector of the country. In this study, we
could not examine the empirical test of our Proposed Model of Corporate Social Responsibility in the context of
developing country for limitation of time. So there is a scope to examine the empirical acceptance of this
proposed model.
VII. Conclusion And Recommendations
In our research, we find that Carroll‟s (1991) pyramid of CSR is not implemented properly in the
garment industry of Bangladesh. Actually a small part of CSR is practiced here in the factories. So many
unwanted disasters are occurring and many valuable lives are lost. But the most disappointing part is that the top
management level does not understand the concept of CSR well. They have various kinds of misconceptions
about CSR. CSR practices depend on various factors, e.g. Attitude, understanding and worldview of corporate
owners etc. So it is simply that if they do not understand one thing then they will be not able to practice that
properly. In this situation, our Proposed Model of Corporate Social Responsibility can be used for better
understanding of CSR by the top executives.
There are also many other reasons why our garment factories do not practice CSR properly. In the
context of Bangladesh, we can see that business of garment factories are increasingly facing competition, both
in the domestic as well as in the international market. So, the businesses like to maximize their profit by
ignoring CSR. And the second thing is that the companies are not receiving any pressure from the society,
which is related to CSR. There are also some relatively small garment factories in our country which have
narrow vision about CSR as they consider it as a cost burden. In this case, the state should play a supportive role
7. An Investigation of Practicing Carroll’s Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility in Developing
www.iosrjournals.org 81 | Page
that can induce and enable to practice CSR in the corporate sector. The state should be strict to obey legal
obligations. Like- most of the factories do not have waste management treatment plant. But our government is
not concerned to it. If we have strong implementation of the law then our rivers would not be polluted.
Government should take appropriate measures to provide support to the companies with adequate
facilities that could enable them to protect the environment and human rights. Besides, to protect our
environment the corporate body should take the following steps-
Recycle chemical wastes and hazardous waste before disposing those.
Recycle cotton waste which generated in large volume and try to use those in other purposes.
Burn plastic and other materials before disposing those.
The corporate body of garment industry also should take necessary steps to improve the working
environment. Every factory must be included fire safety plant and factory building should be built according to
the building code of conduct. Workers job security should be increased. They should be given an appointment
letter and contract paper.
But the good thing is the situation is improving day by day. Child labor has been restricted in our
garments. Most of the garments obey the rule of paying minimum wages to the workers. They also provide
other benefits to the workers. In this case, international buyers can play a good role. They are diverting their
pressure to comply with labor rights, and improving services and workplace conditions. But their
responsibilities do not end up only with providing guidelines. They should also provide financial support to the
factories to practice CSR properly.
We hope so that this problem will be overcome with the study of CSR in our University study as well
as companies. Most of the national and multinational company‟s information disclosure process is poor.
Therefore, the regulatory body of government should be improved and powerful. Our management should be
trained well to practice better CSR, and implement it as a competitive tool in the market.
References
[1]. A join study by ILO and BILS (2007) RMG sector in Bangladesh: Status report from workers‟ perspective, CPD (2002) Corporate
responsibility practices in Bangladesh: Results from a Benchmark study, Occasional Paper Series, Paper-18, p: 12.
[2]. Bush, G. (2005) Corporate Citizenship As Part of the Business Model in J. Hancock (ed.), Investing in Corporate Social
Responsibility: A Guide to Best Practice, Business Planning and the UK‟s Leading Companies (Kogan Page, London), pp. 15–26.
[3]. Belal, A. (2001) A Study of Corporate Social Disclosures in Bangladesh, Managerial Auditing Journal 15(5), 274–289.
[4]. Bjorn Claeson. (2012) Deadly Secrets. Washington DC: International Labour Rights Forum.
[5]. Carroll, A. B. (1979) A Three-Dimensional Conceptual Model of Corporate Performance, The Academy of Management Review
4(4), 497–505.
[6]. Carroll, A. B. (1991) The Pyramid Of Corporate Social Responsibility: Toward the Moral Management of Organizational
Stakeholders, Business Horizons 34, 39–48.
[7]. Davis, K. (1973) The Case For and Against Business Assumption of Social Responsibility, Academy of Management Journal June,
312–322.
[8]. Doshi, Gaurav (2011). “Overview of Bangladesh Garment Industry” retrieved on 12 January 2007, from
http://ezinearticles.com/?Overview-of-Bangladesh-Garment-Industry&id=367773 “2013 Savar building collapse” Retrieved on 13
May 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Savar_building_collapse. “2012 Dhaka fire” Retrieved on 13 May 2013, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Dhaka_fire.
[9]. Drucker, P.F. (Autumn 1984) A new look at corporate social responsibility, The McKINSEY QUARTERLY, p:17-28.
[10]. Green Paper (2001), Promoting a European Framework for Corporate Social Responsibility, Directorate General for Employment
and Social Affairs, Luxemburg, European Commission.
[11]. Jim Yardley, Julfikar Ali Manik and Steven Greenhouse. (2012) Horrific Fire Revealed a Gap in Safety for Global Brands, New
York Times: Dec 6.
[12]. Malhotra, N.K. and Dash, S. (2011) “Marketing Research: An Applied Orientation”; 6th
Edition, Pearson, Delhi.
[13]. Mark, S.S and Carroll, A. B. (2003) Corporate Social Responsibility: A Three Domain Approach, Business Ethics Quarterly.
[14]. Masud, A.A, Hoque, M.A, Hossain, M.S, and Hoque, M.R. (2013) Corporate Social Responsibility Practices in Garments sector of
Bangladesh, A Study of Multinational Garments, CSR view in Dhaka EPZ, International Institute for Science, Technology and
Education.
[15]. Moinul Haque (2013) Over 700 Dead in 22 years, New Age: March 8.
[16]. Reidenbach, R.E, and Robin, D.P, (1991) A Conceptual Model of Corporate Moral Development, Journal of Business Ethics.
[17]. Strong, K.C., and G.D. Meyer. (1992) An Integrative Descriptive Model of Ethical Decision Making, Journal of Business Ethics.
[18]. Visser, Wayne (2006) Revisiting Carroll‟s CSR Pyramid, An African perspective, chapter 1 in Corporate Citizenship in Developing
Countries, Mahad Huniche, Frederiksberg: Copenhagen Business School.
[19]. Visser, Wayne, Matten, Dirken, Pohl, Manfred and Tolhurst, Nick (2007) The A to Z of corporate social responsibility, John Wiley
& Sons, Chichester.
[20]. Wood, D. (1991) Corporate Social Performance Revisited, The Academy of Management Review 16(4), 691–717.
[21]. World Business Council for Sustainable Development (2001) The Business Case for Sustainable Development: Making a
Difference Towards the Johannesburg Summit 2002 and Beyond. [Online] available: http://www.wbcsd.org.