1. The document discusses the concept of global governance and defines it as the system of global institutions and actors, both state and non-state, that work to manage global issues and interdependencies through cooperation and consensus building.
2. It analyzes China's concept of a "harmonious global society" based on the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, which envisions a world where states and peoples live in harmony.
3. The document argues that mature global governance is not possible without implementing a model of harmonious global society, and that China's vision proposes a sophisticated approach for the global system that consolidates the role of states while accepting new forms of globalism and an emerging proto-global order.
1. The document discusses the concept of global governance and defines it as the system of global institutions and actors, both state and non-state, that work to manage global issues and interdependencies through cooperation and consensus building.
2. It explores the concept of a "harmonious global society" put forward by Chinese scholars, which envisions a society of states and peoples living in harmony based on principles of peaceful coexistence.
3. The document argues that mature global governance is not possible without moving toward a model of harmonious global society, and that China's concept takes a innovative, post-realist approach by applying principles of peaceful coexistence not just to strengthen states but also to shape an emerging cooperative global order
This document discusses the idea that in the future, as international law evolves into a global law and non-state actors gain influence, peoples or nations may become distinct subjects of law with rights and obligations under the new global legal order. It argues that collective rights recognized as third generation human rights, like rights to development and a healthy environment, could be developed as fundamental rights for peoples. This would recognize peoples, not just states, as represented in international organizations and able to assume global legal responsibilities in the emerging 21st century global legal framework.
This document discusses several concepts related to global governance, environmental protection, and sustainable development in the 21st century global society. It analyzes concepts such as global governance, good governance, eco-development, and sustainable development. It argues that global governance will require a new global environmental law and ethical framework to ensure states and non-state actors protect the environment. Eco-development is presented as a comprehensive concept that could help harmonize environmental policy with peoples' right to development in a way that recognizes their interconnection and collective nature.
Critical theory is concerned with structural inequality in the international system and how it can be overcome. Robert Cox contributed a radical alternative view that focuses on the relationship between material forces, ideas, and institutions over historical periods. Cox analyzed changing world orders and the internationalization of states in relation to the global capitalist economy. He advocated for a new form of multilateralism that represents local and global forces to address contradictions in the current system and work towards a more just world order.
This document discusses the critique of methodological nationalism in social studies research. It summarizes Ulrich Beck's formulation of the critique, which presents a binary opposition between 'good' cosmopolitan research views and 'bad' nationalistic research views. However, the document also questions whether cosmopolitanism is truly superior and non-ideological. It argues that methodological nationalism is just one research ideology among others, and not all globalization research takes a cosmopolitan approach.
Autumn 2012, Labor and Globalization -- Concept PiecesStephen Cheng
This is a series of reading responses I wrote from September 2012 to December 2012 while at CUNY for a labor studies course led by Professor Ian MacDonald, currently at University of Montreal. I am posting them in one document as a set of concept pieces. I may eventually publish a revised version with a full list of bibliographic sources. New articles based on these concept pieces may also follow.
A new, more technocratic financial governanceJacopo Pendezza
This document discusses the emergence of a more technocratic approach to global financial governance. It argues that technical issues are increasingly being addressed by expert networks rather than traditional state-based institutions, focusing on cooperation over power dynamics. The analysis examines global finance regulation through a liberal internationalism theoretical lens, which emphasizes rational cooperation between states and the role of international institutions in managing interdependence. It provides context on globalization trends and conceptual frameworks for understanding governance and legitimacy at a global level before analyzing the forms and extent of contemporary financial globalization and the institutional mechanisms that govern it.
Ulrich Beck presents his view of globalization as an open, multi-dimensional process with paradoxical effects. He sees the need for transnational political structures beyond the nation-state, like the EU, to manage globalization. Beck analyzes how traditional sociological models centered on the nation-state have been challenged by increasing global interconnectedness. He argues that global risks create a new kind of global society and that sociology must account for both national and transnational forces in the world system.
1. The document discusses the concept of global governance and defines it as the system of global institutions and actors, both state and non-state, that work to manage global issues and interdependencies through cooperation and consensus building.
2. It explores the concept of a "harmonious global society" put forward by Chinese scholars, which envisions a society of states and peoples living in harmony based on principles of peaceful coexistence.
3. The document argues that mature global governance is not possible without moving toward a model of harmonious global society, and that China's concept takes a innovative, post-realist approach by applying principles of peaceful coexistence not just to strengthen states but also to shape an emerging cooperative global order
This document discusses the idea that in the future, as international law evolves into a global law and non-state actors gain influence, peoples or nations may become distinct subjects of law with rights and obligations under the new global legal order. It argues that collective rights recognized as third generation human rights, like rights to development and a healthy environment, could be developed as fundamental rights for peoples. This would recognize peoples, not just states, as represented in international organizations and able to assume global legal responsibilities in the emerging 21st century global legal framework.
This document discusses several concepts related to global governance, environmental protection, and sustainable development in the 21st century global society. It analyzes concepts such as global governance, good governance, eco-development, and sustainable development. It argues that global governance will require a new global environmental law and ethical framework to ensure states and non-state actors protect the environment. Eco-development is presented as a comprehensive concept that could help harmonize environmental policy with peoples' right to development in a way that recognizes their interconnection and collective nature.
Critical theory is concerned with structural inequality in the international system and how it can be overcome. Robert Cox contributed a radical alternative view that focuses on the relationship between material forces, ideas, and institutions over historical periods. Cox analyzed changing world orders and the internationalization of states in relation to the global capitalist economy. He advocated for a new form of multilateralism that represents local and global forces to address contradictions in the current system and work towards a more just world order.
This document discusses the critique of methodological nationalism in social studies research. It summarizes Ulrich Beck's formulation of the critique, which presents a binary opposition between 'good' cosmopolitan research views and 'bad' nationalistic research views. However, the document also questions whether cosmopolitanism is truly superior and non-ideological. It argues that methodological nationalism is just one research ideology among others, and not all globalization research takes a cosmopolitan approach.
Autumn 2012, Labor and Globalization -- Concept PiecesStephen Cheng
This is a series of reading responses I wrote from September 2012 to December 2012 while at CUNY for a labor studies course led by Professor Ian MacDonald, currently at University of Montreal. I am posting them in one document as a set of concept pieces. I may eventually publish a revised version with a full list of bibliographic sources. New articles based on these concept pieces may also follow.
A new, more technocratic financial governanceJacopo Pendezza
This document discusses the emergence of a more technocratic approach to global financial governance. It argues that technical issues are increasingly being addressed by expert networks rather than traditional state-based institutions, focusing on cooperation over power dynamics. The analysis examines global finance regulation through a liberal internationalism theoretical lens, which emphasizes rational cooperation between states and the role of international institutions in managing interdependence. It provides context on globalization trends and conceptual frameworks for understanding governance and legitimacy at a global level before analyzing the forms and extent of contemporary financial globalization and the institutional mechanisms that govern it.
Ulrich Beck presents his view of globalization as an open, multi-dimensional process with paradoxical effects. He sees the need for transnational political structures beyond the nation-state, like the EU, to manage globalization. Beck analyzes how traditional sociological models centered on the nation-state have been challenged by increasing global interconnectedness. He argues that global risks create a new kind of global society and that sociology must account for both national and transnational forces in the world system.
In this case, we will focus on legislative power in Global Governance. with emphasize on 3 approaches:
1. United Nations Model
2. European Parliament Model
3. Neo - Marxism Model
What is regime theory?
What are international regimes?
What are different derivations of regime theory?
What are different critiques of regime theory?
What are the examples of international regimes?
Specific case study of international regimes?
Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Regime
Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
R Begaliev - Law P 539 The History of Development - AnalysisRustam Begaliev
Rist attempts to explain the historical process of development by analyzing its political, economic, and social dimensions over time. However, his writing style jumps between topics in a disorganized manner that makes the overall argument difficult to follow. He criticizes powerful countries for unfairly dominating weaker ones but also acknowledges that colonization benefited both colonizers and colonized societies to some degree. Rist argues that the development process shifted power towards developing countries in the mid-20th century. Globalization further challenged the international economic order and created new problems that require cooperation across nations. Overall, Rist provides a wide range of perspectives on development but lacks a clear thesis and structure to his analysis.
This document provides definitions of public administration from various scholars. It begins by defining the basic concepts of administration, noting that administration involves collective effort toward common goals. It then examines numerous definitions of public administration, which generally view it as the implementation and management of government policy and programs. The document explores differing perspectives on whether public administration also includes policy formulation. Overall, the document aims to outline the scope and nature of public administration by summarizing how leading scholars have defined the concept.
The document discusses how national culture influences organizational management in a globalized economy. It defines national culture and examines factors that shape national culture like language, legal systems, values, education, and religion. It also discusses Hofstede's model of national cultural dimensions, which identifies power distance, individualism vs. collectivism, masculinity vs. femininity, uncertainty avoidance, and long-term orientation as key aspects of national culture that impact how organizations are managed across borders. National culture was found to significantly influence behaviors and practices within highly regulated industries like aviation, so managing a multicultural workforce and accounting for national cultural differences is important for organizations operating globally.
In this thesis, leadership is tested by looking at the influence from cultural dimensions. This cultural influence is on the preference of leadership and the managing of conflicts.
Law P 539 Exam Final Paper Colonization - Developing Rustam Begaliev
1) The document discusses the role of colonization in developing colonized societies. While colonization had some positive impacts through institutions like education and industry, it also had significant negative consequences.
2) Examples are provided of how British and Spanish colonization positively contributed to social, technological, and governance elements in colonies. However, colonization was also extremely exploitative and involved practices like slavery to extract resources.
3) The modern world still observes complex elements of colonization, so history must be learned from to avoid negative impacts and repeating mistakes regarding weak countries.
This document discusses different perspectives on globalization and the need for a critical theory of globalization. It argues that globalization should be viewed dialectically, recognizing both its positive and negative aspects. While globalization can spread capitalism and homogenize culture, it also increases connectivity and cultural hybridity. The document calls for theorizing globalization's contradictions between capitalism and democracy, and how globalization is imposed from above but also contested from below. An ideal critical theory would appraise globalization's impacts in a nuanced way rather than taking simplistic pro- or anti-globalization stances.
The relationship between 'modernity' and 'capitalism' and its implication in the context of South East Asia including Thailand, especially in the recent contemporary political context (Thailand deep polarizing and political struggle : 2006 - 2014 and going on...)
This document compares the theories of neorealism and neoliberalism in international relations. It defines neorealism as focusing on the structure of the international system and how it shapes outcomes, while neoliberalism believes states pursue absolute gains rather than relative gains over other states. The document outlines some key similarities and differences between the two theories, such as their views on international cooperation and priorities of states. It concludes that while the theories have differences in focus, they share underlying assumptions about the international system and nation states.
Fred Riggs developed the Prismatic Model to analyze the administrative systems of developing countries. The model categorizes societies as fused, prismatic, or diffracted. A prismatic society is characterized by heterogeneity, formalism, and overlapping, with both traditional and modern structures coexisting. The administrative subsystem of a prismatic society is called "sala," which exhibits heterogeneity through unequal development, formalism through differences between prescribed and actual practices, and overlapping through the coexistence of traditional and modern structures in various sectors of society. The prismatic model aims to provide a more appropriate framework for understanding public administration in developing nations compared to previous modernization theories.
International Relations: Constructivism pt1Timothy Lim
Constructivism rejects a purely materialist view of international relations that focuses only on how the distribution of power shapes state behavior. Instead, constructivists argue that social factors like shared ideas, norms, and perceptions play an equally important role in shaping the international system and state interests and identities. The international system is not a fixed structure defined by material forces, but rather is socially constructed and can change as shared understandings between states change. For example, the end of the Cold War showed how states can redefine their interests and identities, transforming anarchy from a culture of "enemies" to "friends" through altered social interactions and understandings between them.
This document is a conceptual essay by student Raul Alejandro Lujan Anaya exploring how globalization affects domestic policymaking, specifically in Hong Kong. The essay argues that globalization has significantly influenced policymaking beyond just economic areas by facilitating cultural, social, and ideological exchanges worldwide. It asserts that globalization was a factor in social movements in Hong Kong in the 1960s that pushed the government to consider human rights and that ongoing issues around national security and education point to globalization's continuing impact on challenging authorities and policies in Hong Kong today.
The document discusses different frameworks for understanding uneven geographical development within capitalism. It summarizes four main approaches:
1) Historicist/diffusionist interpretations see development spreading gradually from advanced to less developed areas.
2) Constructivist arguments focus on how exploitation and imperial/colonial practices have underdeveloped certain regions to benefit the powerful.
3) Environmental determinist explanations attribute development patterns to environmental factors.
4) Geopolitical perspectives view development through the lens of nation states pursuing their own self-interest in the global arena through alliances, trade policies, etc.
The document explores these frameworks to provide context for analyzing uneven development and its implications for Bangladesh in particular.
Waltz Anarchic Orders and Balances of PowerAmin Sadeghi
My take of Waltz's article. All written by me. A small piece of interpretation of what Waltz might have meant. Different take. From a philosophical and sociological perspective.
The Institute for Multi-Track Diplomacy (IMTD) is a nonprofit organization that uses a holistic and participatory approach called "Multi-Track Diplomacy" to assess the key variables in conflicts. Multi-Track Diplomacy expands the concept of Track One and Track Two diplomacy to include non-governmental actors and civil society. IMTD believes that transforming deep-rooted conflicts requires expanding peacemaking efforts beyond just governments. Pacific Peacebuilding Initiatives also takes a holistic approach called "justpeace" to building sustainable peace, addressing the past while creating new futures through national leadership training and networking. Johan Galtung founded TRANSCEND, which employs a problem-solving method and four pillars of action
Man and Creativity: A Contrastive Analysis between Western and Islamic Psycho...Mohd Abbas Abdul Razak
Among all creations of God living on this planet, Man is the most intelligent, innovative and creative.
Imbued with these qualities, Man was able to plan, create and recreate new things using the resources
available in the environment. Man’s position as God’s best creation and as the recipient of the creative
intelligence from his Creator has further advanced him in mastering science and technology. As a result
of his advancement in knowledge and science in one way or another has ushered Man into creating great
civilizations. While the discussion goes on as to whether Man’s creativity is an inborn or a learned
behaviour, this paper intends to explore and analyze some of the existing concepts of human creativity
found in Western and Islamic psychologies. Very particularly, the researchers would like to examine the
concept of creativity put forward by Freudian Psychoanalysis, Behaviorist, Humanistic and Islamic
psychologies. It is expected that the findings of this research can motivate mankind to be more dynamic
and productive in bringing much needed positive change to present world conditions.
El documento presenta una clasificación de las diferentes ramas del derecho, dividiéndolas entre derecho público, derecho privado y especificando algunas subcategorías como derecho penal sustantivo, derecho procesal, derecho constitucional, derecho mercantil, derecho tributario y otros. Finalmente incluye una breve bibliografía con enlaces sobre la clasificación del derecho.
In this case, we will focus on legislative power in Global Governance. with emphasize on 3 approaches:
1. United Nations Model
2. European Parliament Model
3. Neo - Marxism Model
What is regime theory?
What are international regimes?
What are different derivations of regime theory?
What are different critiques of regime theory?
What are the examples of international regimes?
Specific case study of international regimes?
Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Regime
Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
R Begaliev - Law P 539 The History of Development - AnalysisRustam Begaliev
Rist attempts to explain the historical process of development by analyzing its political, economic, and social dimensions over time. However, his writing style jumps between topics in a disorganized manner that makes the overall argument difficult to follow. He criticizes powerful countries for unfairly dominating weaker ones but also acknowledges that colonization benefited both colonizers and colonized societies to some degree. Rist argues that the development process shifted power towards developing countries in the mid-20th century. Globalization further challenged the international economic order and created new problems that require cooperation across nations. Overall, Rist provides a wide range of perspectives on development but lacks a clear thesis and structure to his analysis.
This document provides definitions of public administration from various scholars. It begins by defining the basic concepts of administration, noting that administration involves collective effort toward common goals. It then examines numerous definitions of public administration, which generally view it as the implementation and management of government policy and programs. The document explores differing perspectives on whether public administration also includes policy formulation. Overall, the document aims to outline the scope and nature of public administration by summarizing how leading scholars have defined the concept.
The document discusses how national culture influences organizational management in a globalized economy. It defines national culture and examines factors that shape national culture like language, legal systems, values, education, and religion. It also discusses Hofstede's model of national cultural dimensions, which identifies power distance, individualism vs. collectivism, masculinity vs. femininity, uncertainty avoidance, and long-term orientation as key aspects of national culture that impact how organizations are managed across borders. National culture was found to significantly influence behaviors and practices within highly regulated industries like aviation, so managing a multicultural workforce and accounting for national cultural differences is important for organizations operating globally.
In this thesis, leadership is tested by looking at the influence from cultural dimensions. This cultural influence is on the preference of leadership and the managing of conflicts.
Law P 539 Exam Final Paper Colonization - Developing Rustam Begaliev
1) The document discusses the role of colonization in developing colonized societies. While colonization had some positive impacts through institutions like education and industry, it also had significant negative consequences.
2) Examples are provided of how British and Spanish colonization positively contributed to social, technological, and governance elements in colonies. However, colonization was also extremely exploitative and involved practices like slavery to extract resources.
3) The modern world still observes complex elements of colonization, so history must be learned from to avoid negative impacts and repeating mistakes regarding weak countries.
This document discusses different perspectives on globalization and the need for a critical theory of globalization. It argues that globalization should be viewed dialectically, recognizing both its positive and negative aspects. While globalization can spread capitalism and homogenize culture, it also increases connectivity and cultural hybridity. The document calls for theorizing globalization's contradictions between capitalism and democracy, and how globalization is imposed from above but also contested from below. An ideal critical theory would appraise globalization's impacts in a nuanced way rather than taking simplistic pro- or anti-globalization stances.
The relationship between 'modernity' and 'capitalism' and its implication in the context of South East Asia including Thailand, especially in the recent contemporary political context (Thailand deep polarizing and political struggle : 2006 - 2014 and going on...)
This document compares the theories of neorealism and neoliberalism in international relations. It defines neorealism as focusing on the structure of the international system and how it shapes outcomes, while neoliberalism believes states pursue absolute gains rather than relative gains over other states. The document outlines some key similarities and differences between the two theories, such as their views on international cooperation and priorities of states. It concludes that while the theories have differences in focus, they share underlying assumptions about the international system and nation states.
Fred Riggs developed the Prismatic Model to analyze the administrative systems of developing countries. The model categorizes societies as fused, prismatic, or diffracted. A prismatic society is characterized by heterogeneity, formalism, and overlapping, with both traditional and modern structures coexisting. The administrative subsystem of a prismatic society is called "sala," which exhibits heterogeneity through unequal development, formalism through differences between prescribed and actual practices, and overlapping through the coexistence of traditional and modern structures in various sectors of society. The prismatic model aims to provide a more appropriate framework for understanding public administration in developing nations compared to previous modernization theories.
International Relations: Constructivism pt1Timothy Lim
Constructivism rejects a purely materialist view of international relations that focuses only on how the distribution of power shapes state behavior. Instead, constructivists argue that social factors like shared ideas, norms, and perceptions play an equally important role in shaping the international system and state interests and identities. The international system is not a fixed structure defined by material forces, but rather is socially constructed and can change as shared understandings between states change. For example, the end of the Cold War showed how states can redefine their interests and identities, transforming anarchy from a culture of "enemies" to "friends" through altered social interactions and understandings between them.
This document is a conceptual essay by student Raul Alejandro Lujan Anaya exploring how globalization affects domestic policymaking, specifically in Hong Kong. The essay argues that globalization has significantly influenced policymaking beyond just economic areas by facilitating cultural, social, and ideological exchanges worldwide. It asserts that globalization was a factor in social movements in Hong Kong in the 1960s that pushed the government to consider human rights and that ongoing issues around national security and education point to globalization's continuing impact on challenging authorities and policies in Hong Kong today.
The document discusses different frameworks for understanding uneven geographical development within capitalism. It summarizes four main approaches:
1) Historicist/diffusionist interpretations see development spreading gradually from advanced to less developed areas.
2) Constructivist arguments focus on how exploitation and imperial/colonial practices have underdeveloped certain regions to benefit the powerful.
3) Environmental determinist explanations attribute development patterns to environmental factors.
4) Geopolitical perspectives view development through the lens of nation states pursuing their own self-interest in the global arena through alliances, trade policies, etc.
The document explores these frameworks to provide context for analyzing uneven development and its implications for Bangladesh in particular.
Waltz Anarchic Orders and Balances of PowerAmin Sadeghi
My take of Waltz's article. All written by me. A small piece of interpretation of what Waltz might have meant. Different take. From a philosophical and sociological perspective.
The Institute for Multi-Track Diplomacy (IMTD) is a nonprofit organization that uses a holistic and participatory approach called "Multi-Track Diplomacy" to assess the key variables in conflicts. Multi-Track Diplomacy expands the concept of Track One and Track Two diplomacy to include non-governmental actors and civil society. IMTD believes that transforming deep-rooted conflicts requires expanding peacemaking efforts beyond just governments. Pacific Peacebuilding Initiatives also takes a holistic approach called "justpeace" to building sustainable peace, addressing the past while creating new futures through national leadership training and networking. Johan Galtung founded TRANSCEND, which employs a problem-solving method and four pillars of action
Man and Creativity: A Contrastive Analysis between Western and Islamic Psycho...Mohd Abbas Abdul Razak
Among all creations of God living on this planet, Man is the most intelligent, innovative and creative.
Imbued with these qualities, Man was able to plan, create and recreate new things using the resources
available in the environment. Man’s position as God’s best creation and as the recipient of the creative
intelligence from his Creator has further advanced him in mastering science and technology. As a result
of his advancement in knowledge and science in one way or another has ushered Man into creating great
civilizations. While the discussion goes on as to whether Man’s creativity is an inborn or a learned
behaviour, this paper intends to explore and analyze some of the existing concepts of human creativity
found in Western and Islamic psychologies. Very particularly, the researchers would like to examine the
concept of creativity put forward by Freudian Psychoanalysis, Behaviorist, Humanistic and Islamic
psychologies. It is expected that the findings of this research can motivate mankind to be more dynamic
and productive in bringing much needed positive change to present world conditions.
El documento presenta una clasificación de las diferentes ramas del derecho, dividiéndolas entre derecho público, derecho privado y especificando algunas subcategorías como derecho penal sustantivo, derecho procesal, derecho constitucional, derecho mercantil, derecho tributario y otros. Finalmente incluye una breve bibliografía con enlaces sobre la clasificación del derecho.
The document outlines a draft customer service plan called "I Serve" for the Kansas City, Missouri School District (KCMSD). The plan aims to enhance customer service both internally and externally through a focus on meeting and exceeding constituent expectations. It involves developing positive relationships, establishing service standards and guidelines, providing training to employees, gathering customer feedback, and recognizing excellent service. The plan is presented in phases, beginning with establishing expectations, training administrators, and launching communications, followed by ongoing reinforcement, accountability measures, and use of data to improve the program over time.
The Quest for Digital Preservation: Will Part of Math History Be Gone Forever?newmanld
Libraries, archives, and museums have traditionally preserved and provided access to many different kinds of physical materials, including books, papers, theses, faculty research notes, correspondence, and more. These items have been critical for researchers to have a full understanding of their fields of study as well as the history and context that surround the work.
However, in recent years many of these equivalent materials only exist electronically on websites, laptops, private servers, and social media. These digital materials are currently very difficult to track, preserve, and make accessible. Future researchers may very well find a black hole of content: discovering early physical materials and late electronic records, but little information for the late 20th though early 21st Centuries. In other words, a portion of history, including the field of Mathematics, may be lost unless this electronic content--perhaps some content you have right now--is cared for properly.
The presenters will cover the issues surrounding Digital Preservation, including steps needed to make sure data is reasonably safe. Additionally they will pose a small number of discrete challenges and unsolved problems in the field of Digital Preservation, where Mathematicians may be able to help with analysis and new algorithms.
Este documento describe los conceptos básicos de la electricidad, incluyendo los componentes de un circuito eléctrico (generador, conductor, receptor), la carga eléctrica, voltaje, intensidad, resistencia y la ley de Ohm. También explica que la energía eléctrica puede transformarse en energía calorífica, luminosa, mecánica, magnética, química y tener efectos biológicos, y cubre los tipos de circuitos en serie y paralelo.
Este documento describe los componentes básicos de un circuito eléctrico: una fuente de energía que suministra voltaje, un flujo de corriente eléctrica medido en amperios, y una resistencia u objeto que consume la energía medida en ohmios. También explica qué es un cortocircuito, la ley de Ohm que relaciona voltaje, corriente y resistencia, y que los conductores permiten el flujo de la corriente eléctrica de manera análoga a como una tubería permite el flujo de un
Este documento presenta una introducción a conceptos fundamentales de electricidad. Explica que la electricidad se produce principalmente en centrales eléctricas, las cuales transforman energía primaria como la hidráulica, térmica o nuclear en energía eléctrica mediante generadores. Luego define el átomo como la unidad básica de la materia, compuesto de un núcleo central con protones y neutrones, y electrones orbitando alrededor; la carga eléctrica de un átomo depende del balance entre sus protones y electrones. Finalmente,
The document introduces the concept of "mega-daguo" to describe new supra-entities that could emerge as major geopolitical actors in the 21st century. These mega-daguos would exceed the scope of traditional "great powers" by having transnational, trans-regional, or even continental dimensions. They would operate based on principles different from the Westphalian system of sovereign nation-states. Examples mentioned include federations of major cities or megalopolises that could become economically and politically autonomous. Relations between mega-daguos and other global actors would be governed by new forms of global law in the post-Westphalian world.
This document summarizes earlier research on the relationship between NGOs and the United Nations, and the role of NGOs in global governance. Scholars have found that NGOs are increasingly influential international actors, but theories of international relations traditionally focus only on states. Research also shows that effective global governance requires cooperation between states and non-state actors like NGOs. While NGOs are omnipresent in UN processes, their influence is still limited within the UN which is primarily a conglomerate of nation-states. The document examines ways to enhance NGO participation and influence in UN decision-making.
Independence or interdependence-global_education_in_the_schools-nancy_pearcy-...RareBooksnRecords
This document summarizes and critiques the concept of global education being promoted in some schools. It argues that global education aims to undermine national sovereignty and individual liberty in favor of a planned world order and global socialism. It discusses how textbooks and courses portray globalism positively while omitting negative aspects. Values clarification classes are said to teach moral relativism and discourage strong convictions to make students more accepting of compromising values for global cooperation. The document warns that a world government could result in totalitarian control and questions whether such a system would really be democratic.
This document discusses the concept of balance of power in international relations. It explains that balance of power has long been considered a fundamental concept, with various theorists defining and highlighting its significance. The document then discusses how during the Cold War, both India and Pakistan had to rely on external alliances and factors to balance against each other due to their own limited internal resources. Forming alliances was a way for weaker states to strengthen their defense and balance against a common threat.
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Social Movements for Global Capitalism: The Transnational Capitalist Class in Action
Author(s): Leslie Sklair
Source: Review of International Political Economy, Vol. 4, No. 3, The Direction of Contemporary
Capitalism (Autumn, 1997), pp. 514-538
Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd.
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Reviewv of International Political Economy 4:3 Autumn 1997: 514-538
Social movements for global
capitalism: the transnational capitalist
class in action
Leslie Sklair
London School of Economics and Poilitical Science
ABSTRACT
The thesis that 'Capitalism does not just happen' is argued with reference
to Gramsci, hegemony and the critique of state centrism. This involves a
critique of the assumption that ruling classes rule effortlessly, and raises
the issue: Does globalization increase the pressures on ruling classes to
deliver? Global system theory is outlined in terms of transnational
practices in the economic, political, and culture and ideology spheres
and the characteristic institutional forms of these, the transnational
corporation, transnational capitalist class and the culture-ideology of
consumerism. The transnational capitalist class is organized in four over-
lapping fractions: TNC executives, globalizing bureaucrats, politicians and
professionals, consumerist elites (merchants and media). Social movements
for global capitalism and elite social movement organizations (ESMOs) are
analysed. Each of the four fractions of the TCC has its own distinctive
organizations, some of which take on social movement-like characteristics.
KEYWORDS
Globalization; capitalism; class; Gramsci; social movements; TNC.
I CAPITALISM DOES NOT JUST HAPPEN
The focus of social movement research, old and new, has always and
quite properly been on anti-establishment, deviant and revolutionary
movements o.
Unit 5 Comparative methods and ApproachesYash Agarwal
The passage provides an overview of the political economy approach to studying comparative politics. It discusses how the concept of political economy has evolved over time from Aristotle to modern theorists. Political economy refers to understanding economics and politics as interconnected rather than separate domains, and how this relationship manifests itself. The passage outlines some of the major theories that have utilized the political economy approach, including modernization theory, dependency theory, and world systems analysis. It provides context on how political economy emerged as a framework for examining relationships between countries and explaining social and political phenomena.
International relations theories help explain how nation-states interact in a world without centralized authority, with realism focusing on self-interest and balancing of power between states and liberalism emphasizing international cooperation through international organizations. While theories provide frameworks, the field is complex as most concepts can be countered by other perspectives, suggesting a holistic approach is needed to understand contemporary international relations.
A presentation regarding international political relations as part of the presenter's requirement for his Master of Arts Degree in Education Major in Social Studies.
Why International Relation Is Imporatanthadaitullah
The document provides an overview of key concepts in international relations including geopolitics, geo-economics, realism, idealism, Marxism, feminism, postmodernism, and constructivism. It then discusses the emergence of the modern nation-state in Europe following the Thirty Years' War and Treaty of Westphalia, which established principles of state sovereignty and non-intervention. Political and economic revolutions in Europe led to the development of democracy, nationalism, and industrialization.
dependency and
world-systems theories
Christopher Chase-Dunn
Dependency approaches emerged out of Latin
America in the 1960s in reaction to moderniza-
tion theories of development. Dependentistas
attributed the difficulties of development in
the global South to the legacies of the long
history of colonialism as well as contemporary
international power relations. This approach
suggested that international inequalities were
socially structured and that hierarchy is a cen-
tral feature of the global system of societies.
The world-systems perspective is a strategy
for explaining social change that focuses on
whole intersocietal systems rather than single
societies. The main insight is that important
interaction networks (trade, information flows,
alliances, and fighting) have woven polities
and cultures together since the beginning of
human social evolution. Explanations of social
change need to take intersocietal systems
(world-systems) as the units that evolve. How-
ever, intersocietal interaction networks were
rather small when transportation was mainly a
matter of hiking with a pack. Globalization, in
the sense of the expansion and intensification of
larger interaction networks, has been increasing
for millennia, albeit unevenly and in waves.
The intellectual history of world-systems
theory has roots in classical sociology, Marxian
political economy, and the thinking of the
dependentistas. But in explicit form the world-
systems perspective emerged only in the 1970s
when Samir Amin, André Gunder Frank, and
Immanuel Wallerstein began to formulate the
concepts and to narrate the analytic history of
the modern world-system.
The idea of the whole system ought to mean
that all the human interaction networks, small
and large, from the household to global trade,
constitute the world-system. It is not just a
matter of ‘‘international relations’’ or global-
scale institutions such as the World Bank.
Rather, at the present time, the world-system
is all the people of the earth and all their
cultural, economic, and political institutions
and the interactions and connections among
them. The world-systems perspective looks at
human institutions over long periods of time
and employs the spatial scales that are required
for comprehending these whole interaction sys-
tems.
The modern world-system can be under-
stood structurally as a stratification system
composed of economically, culturally, and mili-
tarily dominant core societies (themselves in
competition with one another), and dependent
peripheral and semiperipheral regions. Some
dependent regions have been successful in
improving their positions in the larger core/
periphery hierarchy, while most have simply
maintained their peripheral and semiperipheral
positions. This structural perspective on world
history allows us to analyze the cyclical features
of social change and the long-term patterns
of development in historical and comparativ.
Liberal internationalism focuses on expanding democracy and free markets globally through cooperation between states, while promoting diplomacy over violence. It aims to disseminate liberal democracy worldwide. Socialist internationalism views class, not states, as the primary actor in society and aims to abolish capitalism and social stratification in favor of international worker solidarity and public ownership. Both emerged from enlightenment thinking and industrialization, but socialist internationalism sees capitalism as inherently exploitative and opposes liberal policies that exacerbate inequality.
Realism is one of the main theories in international relations that views all actors as acting in their own self-interest to gain power. This essay discusses the usefulness and limitations of realism in analyzing world affairs. It outlines how realism focuses on security and power in an anarchic system without central authority. However, critics argue it is too pessimistic and state-centric, failing to account for other factors like norms and international institutions. Overall, realism provides a useful perspective but a single theory cannot fully explain the complexities of international relations.
The globalisation of World Politics presentation which covers areas of international relations the United Nations and peace and security. Political Science and the internet of things as actors in the field of international studies. This is a course book for most Masters Degrees and Bachelor Degrees in foundational courses in International Relations and Public Policy. Best wishes
Research about the sustainable model and religious practices of Sustainable E...Andy Lai
There are many different sustainable communities throughout the world. However, there are many different approaches to how it can succeed. Sadly, most don’t ever survive past the founder’s generation but there is a small minority that moves the lives of future generations. In this report, we will focus more on the minorities that have impacts on the future generations, like the Findhorn communities and Auroville for instance.
Group Paper VI - Global Governance of Development - v2.0Edoardo Costa
This document provides an overview of the concepts, actors, debates, and goals related to global development governance. It begins by outlining some theoretical tools for understanding globalization's impact on development, including changing notions of governance, ideas of progress, and time-space compression. It then reviews the historical evolution of development concepts from economic growth to social and human development. The document examines major development institutions and critiques of contemporary practices. It analyzes efforts to establish development goals through the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and proposes Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as a future framework. In conclusion, it explores ongoing debates around defining and achieving development in the modern global context.
Similar to LUMEN-publication-template_WLC2016 AMV 2 (17)
This document discusses the concept of a new "Feminine Era" or "Era of Crowning the Woman" that would be guided by the Holy Spirit. It argues that this new era would rebalance gender relations by promoting women's rights and dignity. It would empower women to participate fully in all aspects of society through their strengths of love, care, and protection of the vulnerable. This era would reject patriarchal systems and values that oppress women and instead promote life, hope, and peace between all people.
The Ukrainian-Russian conflict has led some IR specialists to observe a revival of classic IR realism in academic and political discourses. The author argues that in conflicts involving unequal states, resolution depends primarily on the interests and position of powerful states, as realism predicts. The paper explores the interests of influential states regarding Ukraine and how these interests impact conflict resolution or the establishment of a frozen status. It addresses topics of political and military inequality in asymmetric conflicts between a global power and a developing state.
This document discusses the human right to clothing from legal perspectives. It argues that the right to clothing should be considered both a subsistence right, as it is connected to other fundamental rights like health and life, as well as a comfort and well-being right. The document explores how clothing expresses identity, rank, and membership. It also discusses the right to clothing in relation to the right of peoples to development and states' obligations to support underdeveloped countries through policies, cooperation, and humanitarian aid.
This document discusses the evolution of international law and concepts related to environmental protection and sustainability. It argues that key UN documents like Agenda 2030 provide the basis for new legal concepts around global environmental diplomacy, politics, and governance. The document also analyzes the concepts of "global common goods" and "global eco-balance," arguing they must be understood holistically and account for the interdependence between nature and human civilization. It stresses the need for new global institutions and regulatory regimes to protect the global environment and ensure the preservation of ecosystems and natural balances for future generations.
This document discusses the establishment and role of the European External Action Service (EEAS) as the diplomatic service of the European Union. It covers:
1) The legal basis for establishing the EEAS in the Treaty of Lisbon and a 2010 EU Council decision. The EEAS has a mixed legal nature, with both supranational and intergovernmental aspects.
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This document discusses the concept of the "Age of the Holy Spirit" as a new civilization that surpasses patriarchal models. It argues that in this age, women will rise from conditions of injustice imposed by patriarchal systems. Specifically:
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AMV Spre un drept global al mediului înconjurător _EN
LUMEN-publication-template_WLC2016 AMV 2
1. Global Diplomacy, in the Context of Global
Governance
Madalina Virginia Antonescu1
1
Romanian Diplomatic Institute (ROMANIA)
madyantonescu@gmail.com
Abstract
While attempting to define the term “global governance” in the first part of the paper and
providing some general remarks about the main features of this political concept, in the other sections,
we will try to briefly analyse the concept of “global society”, the concept of “harmonious global
society”, as well as the global actors capable of initiating, developing and constantly following an
agenda of global issues, actors perceived and self-defined as actors of global diplomacy. Neither the
global society (set up through a range of global regimes in full expansion and improvement, through a
range of international institutions, one of them in process of being globalized, i.e. emancipating from
the mandate of the states; through principles of global sustainable governance), nor the global society
can be developed outside a minimum conceptualisation of “global diplomacy”. In this paper, we will
analyse the types of global diplomacy deriving from the main IR concepts and theories, each offering
an interesting perspective about our world.
Keywords: global governance, global society, harmonious global society, global diplomacy, global
actors.
1. Global Governance – Definition and General Features
According to the doctrine, the concept of “global governance” is associated with the post-Cold
War period, with the creation of the Commission for Global Governance (1995) and with the
personality of Willy Brandt, referring to the “objective of encouraging the creation of multilateral
regulatory systems and of management methods focused on the development of global
interdependencies and on sustainable development”1
. Concerning this aspect, the doctrine specifies the
two reports issued in the ”90s, the Stockholm Initiative on Global Security and Governance (1991) and
Our Global Neighbourhood: Report issued by the Global Authority Commission (1995)2
.
According to the doctrine, this is a rather recent and vague concept, far from being
sufficiently explored by the specialty studies, although it is widely used3
. The global authority is
distinguished from the world authority, warn the experts, as the latter refers to a “unique, supra-state
authority, at world level”; in addition, it is distinguished from the interstate relations, as “being more
oriented towards the movements of the non-state actors (transnational NGOs, multinational
corporations, migration flows, world-level mass media and global capital markets”).
According to the doctrine, a notable aspect when attempting to draw the limits of a definition
of the “global governance concept” is the emphasis on the idea of post-sovereignty, of a post-
Westphalian world, of an “international system focused a level of consensus and cooperation deeper
1
Marie Claude Smouts, Dario Battistella, Pascal Vennesson, Dictionnaire des relations internationales, Dalloz, Paris,
2006, p. 251.
2
Graham Evans, Jeffrey Newnham, Dic ionar de rela ii interna ionaleț ț ț , translated by Anca Irina Ionescu, Universal
Dalsi Publishing House, 2001, p. 209.
3
Idem, p. 210.
1
2. than the current level”4
. Global governance focuses on a series of pillars, in the current view, according
to the doctrine: the principles of democracy, free market, common heritage of the humanity, common
goods of the humanity, common home-planet of the humanity, and faith in a common destiny of the
humanity.
In 2003, J. Stiglitz considered that we lived in an age of modern globalization, characterized
by a“world governance system without a world government, in which only a few global institutions
such as OMC, the World Bank, IMF and a few state and non-state actors dominate the international
scene”5
.
In Kjaer’s view (2004), global governance represents the “manner in which the states, civil
society and international institutions are set to function in order to observe the international regulations
and the method of finding optimal solutions for global issues.”6
For authors such as Baylis and Smith (1999), global governance entails “a multitude of levels
of simultaneous authority” (sub-state governance, supra-state governance, which includes for example
the multilateral institutions and transnational agencies, as well as the civil society)7
.
According to others (Gorner, Weiss, acc. Colas/2002), the concept entails “the lack of central
authority, a multitude of levels and fulfilment of a set of common objectives on the global agenda, by
strengthening the cooperation between the state and non-state actors”8
.
Other authors consider that “one cannot discuss the issue of global governance, in the absence
of a global managerial elite, which is interested in the implementation of a neo-liberal economic model,
at global level, and of a social policy”. For David Held (1995), the term defines the cosmopolitan
democratic values, which must be promoted by a global civil society9
. For the feminist authors, global
governance represents “a globally emerging and developing type of political regime”, which also
include a trend of feminine assertion in the international politics and in the great global businesses. For
J. Rosenau (1995), the term suggests the idea of relocating the authority, from the state level to the
global life, which leads to the idea of asserting the global civil society and the global democracy.
The doctrine considers that global governance generally suggests “governance without
governments, building the legitimacy without a representative democracy, solving conflicts without
hegemony”10
. In another perspective, global governance seems to be a natural answer to the question
“how do you build collective rules to manage globalization”11
.
2. Global society and the concept of “Harmonious Global Society”
The concept of “harmonious global society” is used by the Chinese school of international
relations and in the official speeches delivered by Chinese leaders, as one of the great directions
assumed by China’s foreign policy. It is a political concept closely related to other concepts and
phrases, such as the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, multi-polar order and others.
In China’s view, the concept of “harmonious global society” refers to a society of the states
and peoples living in harmony, based on the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence. The vision
proposed for the early 21st
century global system is an extremely sophisticated and advanced vision,
which has not been fully explored yet, from the perspective of global governance.
For the Chinese doctrinarians, mature authentic global governance is not possible without
4
Ibidem, p. 210.
5
Quoted in Vasile Pu ca ,ș ș Rela ii interna ionale/ transna ionaleț ț ț , Sincron Publishing House, Cluj Napoca, 2005,
188-189.
6
Quoted in Vasile Pu ca , quoted opus, p. 188-189.ș ș
7
Quoted in Vasile Pu ca , quoted opus, p. 188-189.ș ș
8
Quoted in Vasile Pu ca , quoted opus, p. 188-189ș ș
9
Timothy J. Sinclair, Global Governance, in Martin Griffiths, eds., Encyclopaedia of international relations and global
politics, Routledge, London and NY, 2005, pp.329-330.
10
Marie Claude Smouts, Dario Battistella, Pascal Vennesson, quoted op., p. 252.
11
Idem, p. 252
1
3. implementing a model of harmonious global society. It is interesting to note that, in China’s view, there
is a strong globalist tendency, in terms of globalism and global governance, a tendency to plead for
consolidating the role of the nations, of the states. However, at the same time, China is aware that a
new type of global order is in full process of formation, through regimes, regulations, transnational
actors, a world of complex interdependencies, which leads eventually to types of globalism that cannot
be ignored by any state. Progressively, these forms of globalism create incipient models of global
societies, which have not taken proper shape to dominate the entire international system, as “a unique
form of globalism”, defined and acknowledged by all the actors (state and non-state). The early 21st
century world is therefore a world of multiple interconnected orders, none completely disappearing in
favour of a single order. It is a world of co-existence among orders (Westphalian order, non-state
actors order, an order of commercial and capital markets, an order of large migratory flows that cross
the state borders and can no longer be controlled by the states, an order of the actors involved in
solving global issues – i.e. a proto-global order). All these orders create a complex web of
interdependencies, rivalries and cooperation, therefore it is difficult to categorize the current world of
the early 21st
century as “a world of peaceful coexistence”.
However, the concept proposed by the Chinese doctrinarians is far from utopia; instead, it
tries to set a new level of maturity in the 21st
century world (post-realism combined with a vision of
consolidated westphalism, plus accepting the realities of a dynamic world, in full motion and
transformation, therefore the level of global issues has to be managed adequately). Beside the
Westphalian-inspired principles (focused on the idea of strengthening the role of the state and
consolidating the Westphalian world, which great powers such as China wish to keep from declining
and disappearing), the interesting and visionary concept of “harmonious society” takes shape, whence
the innovating concept of “harmonious global society” can be promoted.
If in China’s view the “harmonious society” is one of state actors, therefore a reorganization
of the Westphalian world depending on the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence (post-realism), we
consider that this innovative principles (of post-realism) can also be applied to the emerging global
order, an order which must not be abandoned to a model of ultra-realism or chaos, or to crumbling into
multiple levels, unconnected among each other, or to super-centralization (up to the point of confusing
it with the global authoritarian order).
From the various models highlighted when analysing the 21st
century type of global order, we
prefer the advanced concept of “harmonious global society”, which entails a cooperation-
coordination among the global actors (state and non-state), both at the global level per se of the
governance and at the lower levels (state, infra-state). A global order cannot be configured according to
the model of the harmonious global society, without implementing the principles of
coordination/cooperation, harmony among the actors at the lower levels of the global level of actual
governance. A harmonious global order cannot be conceived without all the other levels below the
actual global governance level also communicating/cooperating/working together harmoniously.
Therefore, it is a matter of enabling the implementation of an extremely sophisticated, mature
model of global governance, which concerns the isolation of factors generating chaos, stress and
pressure on the levels of emerging global order, as well as the maximization of the methods and
policies, regimes and instruments for cooperation among actors, at all levels.
Secondly, starting from the Chinese view, which uses the paradigm of the harmonious society,
we notice that implementing a global model of harmonious society goes beyond the Westphalian
world, beyond the world of global governance, exercises exclusively and fully by state actors. More
precisely, as soon as we accept the idea of a harmonious global society, it entails the idea of a society
observing the developing order of the early 21st
century, i.e. o society marked by the pre-eminence of
non-state actors before the classical, state actors, an order of the transnational commercial regimes, of a
set of norms and principles universally applicable, of institutions, forums, actors globally involved and
with global (sometimes self-assumed) competencies, with opinions in fields of global interest. All this
emerging global order is still fluid, insecure, unshaped in a strong, firm model, which is noticed and
identified as such, by all the actors (global players or otherwise).
It is therefore, an order still threatened by the risk of chaos, fragmentation or by the scenario
of returning to the state model in force (rebirth of the Westphalian world). In this last scenario, we are
talking about a harmonious global society, in the sense of an interstate society, based on the Five
Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, a society returning to the values of sovereignty, of non-
involvement in internal affairs, independence of the states, which also maintains an area of cooperation,
1
4. working together, at global level, regarding a strict and clear set of global issues. This is a type of
harmonious global society closer to the Chinese vision of the 21st
century world, a world in which the
states have not abandoned the world in favour of non-state actors, of the global market and the global
citizens.
In the second version, we are talking about a triumph of the order of non-state actors, which
will result in the triumph of a composite global order, in which the states have lost their supremacy
forever and they become simple components of the global system, without the power of ascension,
without real decision-making power/without any decision-making power, in relation with other fully
ascending actors. Here, we are discussing about a post-Westphalian model of harmonious global
society, which is decided, controlled and structured according to the interests and needs of the non-
state actors, dominated by a global civil society, by global media concerns, global companies and
NGOs that cooperate and work together, based on a Charter of Cooperation and Good Practices
among Non-State Actors, which includes the principles of peaceful coexistence among non-state
actors, as well as among non-state actors and declining state actors, in order to create the profile of a
“harmonious society”, for this global, inconsistent society.
It is rather early for us to acknowledge the triumph of each of the society types (the global
one, based on the idea of inter-state harmony, or the post-Westphalian global society, focused on the
idea of global interdependencies, in which non-state actors are distinguished as elements of a new
order, out of the states’ control and which needs urgent answers, global competencies, in a set of global
issues and in global interest. This would mean more responsibility for the non-state actors, both as
territorial dimension (global responsibility, in all the states) and from the viewpoint of competencies
(responsibility regarding a widened set of global issues), as well as from the viewpoint of recipients
(global issues that envisage the destiny of the mankind, of entire regions on the planet, the fate of the
planet Earth). To this end, the non-state actors dominating the global order should automatically lead
to an increase in their responsibility before this position, from which the states joined in. A global
order from which the states were removed (including the great powers, irremediably taken over by the
corporations and transnational private businesses, which they can no longer control) and which would
lack any responsibility to the human beings, to the peoples, to the states even (the total absence of
states creating conditions for global chaos) would not be viable and it would not lead to a “harmonious
global society”.
The idea of harmony of non-state actors, in the management of global order would require
entire sets of strict norms and regulations, acknowledged and assumed by them, in order to render
such an order functional. At the respective moment, the global responsibility of the non-state actors
(particularly, transnational corporations) is insufficiently developed, they do not have a mature
conscience (i.e. economically self-focused on the idea of durable development, therefore on business
development in this direction); they are insufficiently controlled by the states, in order to develop their
businesses in the sense of durable development and more responsibility towards the ecosystems, the
people, the states, the planet Earth. An order created and dominated irresponsible or insufficiently
responsible non-state actors, lacking interest in developing a Durable Development Agenda for Non-
State Actors, could not be a viable order and it would lead to chaos or crumbling (at best, recreating the
conditions for the re-launching of the Westphalian world).
Though focused on a Westphalian vision of the 21st
century global order, the Chinese vision
does not exclude the dynamic realities of the beginning of this century, considering that global
economy becomes more and more interdependent and that, for this reason, it is necessary to improve
the economic level of underdeveloped or third world countries, in order to prevent the creation and
multiplication of points of conflict and instability in the world. The Chinese vision of the harmonious
global order regards the common interest of all the countries (as identified by the Chinese doctrine) in
achieving peace and prosperity, as well as common development. To this end, commercial trades
should be based on the principle of mutual advantage, mutually advantageous cooperation, while the
provision of assistance should not be conditioned politically12
.
According to the Third out of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence (political phrase,
closely related to that of “harmonious society”, at the same time, in China’s political doctrine), “all the
nations of the world must respect and treat each other equally, share a mutually advantageous
cooperation, co-exist in harmony and search for a common area of interest, in the process of solving
12
Judith F. Kornberg, John R. Faust, China in World Politics. Policies, Processes, Prospects, Lynne Rienner
Publishers, UBC Press, Vancouver Toronto, Canada, 2005, UBC Press, University of British Colombia, pp.18-19.
1
5. their differences”13
.
Thus, here is another clue on China’s view on global order and global governance in the 21st
century, it is not completely detached from the Westphalian interpretations; on the contrary, it pleads
for being grounded in the realities of the inter-state world, with global governance being a
consequence of globally implementing the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, whence a
Harmonious Global Society can be born. For China, this society can only be an inter-state one, even
though it admits the existence of a discussion level on global issues, the idea of global common goods,
of economic-commercial interdependency regimes, at global level. As a consequence, global
governance as seen by China can only stem from the Westphalian principles of sovereign equality in
rights of all the states, therefore a manifestation of the intention to dialogite, cooperate, negotiate
multilaterally, on equal grounds, among all the nations of the world. Global governance cannot be
reserved solely to a type of actors or elite, according to China, since it focuses its entire political
doctrine on the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence.
At this point, we must also note the Fifth Principle of Peaceful Coexistence, i.e. the principle
stating that “each country, be it small or large, strong or weak, must have the equal right to participate
in consultations regarding the administration of world affairs”14
. This principle clearly shows that,
according to China’s view on global governance, the global issues and world affairs must only be the
result of cooperation and participation of all the states, from an equal standpoint. No other form of
discussion (be it elitist, in a bilateral, religious, reduced format, among the great powers) is not seen by
China as having the legitimacy to achieve global governance.
In the USA’s view, the phrase “world order” is used by Henry Kissinger, together with the
natural questions on the future role of the US in the changing order of the 21st
century. In one of his
papers, Kissinger acknowledges that the world order “cannot be the result of the policy of a single
country acting in isolation”, instead it must be an order in which “its components, whilst maintaining
their own values, assume a second global, structural and legal culture; this concept of order goes
beyond the perspective and ideals of a single region or a single nation, irrespective of the nation in
question”15
. Kissinger opts for a modernized version of the Westphalian system, adjusted to the current
realities, which he considers to be the global order adequate for the early 21st
century.
According to this author, there is a contradiction in the development of today’s world: “the
international economic system has become global, while the political structure of the world remains
state-like”16
, with “a gap between a global economy, which no longer takes into consideration the
borders, and a policy still in an inter-state stage, based solely on the concept of state borders and state
control”. The real challenge (regarding global governance) no longer regards the economic aspect (we
are already discussing global, economic, financial, commercial regimes, which escape the control
exercised by the state), but the international policy. According to the challenge launched by
Kissinger17
, global governance now regards the international political act in itself. In order to achieve a
synchronization between the global economy and the interstate policy, i.e. between the two worlds, in
order to discuss a real manner of global governance, it is necessary to bring international politics to a
distinct, superior stage of globalization (from the inter-state policy, to the global policy). Kissinger
does not exclude this perspective, however, towards the last part of the paper, where he returns to
assuming a moderate position; instead of recommending a step towards the stage of global policy (seen
as super-state, exercised by global institutions, specialized in administrating fields of global interest,
from the management of global issues, to global goods, to the common heritage of humankind, which
requires the creation of special global protection regimes and special global competencies, for these
new institutions), Kissinger recommends a neo-Westphalian international order, from which he does
not exclude the states and maintaining their own cultures (Kissinger, p. 300).
The coexistence of two types of cultures (the one of early 21st
century neo-Westphalian system
components, as recommended by Kissinger, and the one of global cultural, distinct from any region and
from any nation of the planet) is the true challenge for the actors in the early 21st
century world.
13
Idem, p. 211.
14
Ibidem, p. 211.
15
Henry Kissinger, Ordinea mondială. Reflec ii asupra specificului na iunilor i a cursului istorieiț ț ș , RAO Publishing
House, translated by Adriana Bădescu, Bucharest, 2014, p. 300.
16
Idem, p. 297.
17
Ibidem, p. 297.
1
6. The visions of great powers of what a true global order signifies and of the phrase “global
order” are distinct; however, they do not exclude (for the time being, at the current level of evolution
recorded by the international system) a global order as a neo-Westphalian order. The safe options,
detached from westphalism in favour of global governance (through strong global institutions, with
special competencies, superior to the states) remain isolated, with global governance currently seen
mainly as a possibility for the great powers to participate in various formats in the management of
global affairs, respectively as a moderate involvement of the global institutions (in their current non-
reformed version) in the management of global issues and of the dynamic world of the international
economy.
3. Global Diplomacy: Definition, Characteristics
In the context described above, trying to define the concept of “global diplomacy” becomes an
extremely complicated matter, considering the fact that the very perceptions of global (state) actors
regarding global governance and the global order are rather different.
If we analyse the issue based on the heterogeneous nature of the global world (economic, as
well as political), at the beginning of the 21st
century, we can distinguish several meanings of the
phrase “global diplomacy”:
- Global diplomacy achieved by global actors (in the strict sense of states with the status of
great powers or superpowers);
- Global diplomacy achieved by all the states, by all the nations, great and small, rich or weak,
through the effect of implementing the Principles of Peaceful Coexistence at global level and
through the effect of all the states participating in the management of global affairs;
- Global diplomacy achieved only in the field of international economy, transnational affairs,
international commerce and finances (since a true global order applies only to this field,
according to certain views, not to the field of international politics). Thus, only non-state
global actors, players in the transnational economic, financial, commercial field, really are
the ones achieving a type of post-state diplomacy (diplomacy of the great transnational affairs
or global diplomacy);
- Combined global diplomacy, regarding the issues of global interest or impact (achieved by
both state actors and non-state actors, based on a set of different regulations, in different
codes – legal or simply of good behaviour, freely assumed), given the coexistence of two
worlds with different rules and evolutions (the world of the states and the world of the non-
state actors);
- Global diplomacy, achieved by the non-reformed institutions with global competencies (such
as the UN, IMF, World Bank). It is a type of diplomacy superior to the states, exercised by
state employees with special tasks, given either by the practice, or by the evolving regulations,
applicable to such institutions and which regard not only the financial-banking or commercial
field, but also the field of international politics (monitoring the elections in the states, through
special delegates of such institutions, humanitarian interventions made by these institutions
etc.);
- Global diplomacy achieved by global institutions with new, special competencies (either
through radical reformation, in the sense of globalizing the already existing international
institutions, such as the UN, IMF, WB and others, or through the creation of new institutions,
with strengthened competencies, as compared to the existing ones: diplomacy executed in the
21st
century, through institutions such as: the Global Peace Mediator, the Great Regional
Diplomacy Houses, the Great House of Global Diplomacy, High Representatives on issues
related to the protection of human rights. High Representatives on issues related to the
protection of nature’s rights, sent by each state, delegated to note and penalize abuses against
Nature.
- Global diplomacy with a component of global Justice, exercised through new and authentic
1
7. global institutions, such as: the Global Tribunal for Litigations on Global Issues, with different
Specialized Sections (Transnational Massive Migrations, Global Warming and Climate Issues,
International Terrorism, Protection of the Humankind Cultural Goods, Global Ecosystem
Protection, State threats and Unconventional war threats against the planet, Calamities and
Disasters with Transnational Impact, Food Security, Protection of Human Rights at Global
Level, Litigations among Global States and Citizens – accessible after all national and
regional paths were eliminated from the equation, in certain fields -).
4. Global Actors, Actors of the 21st Century Global Diplomacy: Great
Regional Diplomacy Houses, the Great House of Global Diplomacy
If we see the development of 21st
century global diplomacy as a major break from the current
level of diplomacy (mainly achieved by the states), from the perspective of global governance we
can hope to see the progressive creation of new global actors, specialized in creating a type of
“global diplomacy” significantly different from what this phrase currently entails, under the
influence of the Westphalian world.
Taking into account the fact that the increasing tendency of various regions of the globe to
create forms of regional integration of all types (from military or commercial regional projects, to
agreements and projects of economic, financial, political integration), we consider that the 21st
century diplomacy will also undergo a structural transformation, according to these realities, in the
context of evolving beyond the Westphalian stage of the international politics and moving on to
real global politics (by consolidating the regimes and regional institutions, with supra-state
regional competencies). As a consequence, given a universal evolution towards projects and forms
of regional transoceanic, transcontinental integration, which intersect in various manners (for
example, through participation of the same states in several forms and projects of integration), the
21st
century can also witness the occurrence of regional actors capable of creating a new type of
regional diplomacy (supra-state diplomacy).
The above-mentioned actors will be regional institutions, organized according to geopolitical
and geostrategic perceptions, based on which their components (the states) will be interested in
becoming involved in the global power plays of the 21st
century:
- Great House of Eurasian Diplomacy (plus Iran)
- Great House of Pacific Diplomacy
- Great House of African Diplomacy
- Great House of Diplomacy in the Two Oceans (based on the strategic capitalization of the
current concept proposed by India, that of “the Two Oceans”, the “Indo-Pacific Region”)
- Great House of European Diplomacy
- Great House of Euro-Atlantic Diplomacy
- Great House of Asia-Pacific Region Diplomacy
- Great House of South-East Asia Diplomacy
- Great House of the Near East Diplomacy
- Great House of Balkan Diplomacy (in an innovative geostrategic concept, focused on re-
launching the positive image of the Balkans, as one of the civilization centres of the future
1
8. world).
Each of the Great Houses of Diplomacy will develop its own regional style of understanding
and achieving diplomacy; the Houses will address original contributions, proposals, projects, concepts
and strategies, designed to promote the image of their region at global level and in the dialogue with
other Great Houses.
Each of these Great Houses will join the dialogue on the management of global issues, adding
its regional perspective to the global governance level, either in a system of regular global assembly,
for Regional Houses, or directly presenting the projects and their regional solutions before the Great
House of Global Diplomacy.
In our view, the global level of governance, in an authentic version of global order (as a
supra-state order, where all decisions on issues of global interest are concentrated), with authentic
global institutions (uncontrolled by the states, with special competencies in the management of global
issues), also entails the creation of a Great House of Global Diplomacy, with the role to coordinate
and centralize proposals, strategies, in order to handle global issues received from Regional Houses, as
well as of contributing to the shaping of certain actual global projects, based on analysing the projects
presented by the Regional Houses, but also from the contribution of the in-house experts.
5. Types of Global Diplomacy
During the XXIst century, new types of diplomacy can appear at the global level, representing
the area of competence for only global actors (state and non-state actors, as well). We are referring
to a distinct kind of diplomacy that the classical Westphalian one (multilateral and inter-state
diplomacy). The diplomacy we have in mind has a global character, it supposes to be formulated
and played by global actors, inclusively by global new institutions (differing from the present ones,
as already obsolete- as the Organization of United Nations, World Bank, IMF etc.).
Played at the global level, having on the agenda only issues with global/transnational
powerful and large impact, involving global mechanisms, global special funds, global agencies of
implementing the global decisions taken as a result of global actors interventions and negotiations,
this kind of global diplomacy can be:
- A Realist Global diplomacy (managed only by state actors, but exclusively at the
global level of governance)
- A Pure Global Diplomacy (based on dialogue among civilizations and even more, on
complex interdependencies paradigm)
- A Global Environmental Diplomacy
- A Diplomacy of the Global Empire (understood in different ways, as super-state or as
global informal network of state and non-state actors, under the same rules and principles)
- A Global Diplomacy of Human Rights (involving humanitarian intervention and
universal protection of the human rights, countering terrorism and under-development)
- A Global Diplomacy of Non-State Actors (pontifical global diplomacy, corporatist
global diplomacy, diplomacy of global institutions etc.)
- A Global Diplomacy of Nature/Planet Earth (receiving legal quality of subject of
global law and having its own representatives at the level of global governance).
6. Conclusions
Global diplomacy is still consolidating, at the beginning of XXIst century; we are witnessing
1
9. an universal trend of multiplying global special normative regimes, regional economic integrations and
institutions, an intensified need for new regulations at the level of international law, and for new
international institutions with universal role, like a reformed UN.
New types of diplomacy will appear, during XXIst century, in our opinion, once surpassed the
present stage of Westphalian world of states as originary, principal and sovereign subjects of
contemporary international law.
Another actors than states will be, in future, involved in global activity of regulating global
issues and challenges of XXIst century postmodern world. Diplomacy of non-state actors, even
diplomacy realized by High Representatives of Planet Earth (as new subject of global law, in relations
with states and international/regional/global institutions), pontifical global diplomacy and other
innovative forms of diplomacy will add to the classical forms of diplomacy and, at a specific moment
in time, they will even challenge traditional diplomacy and they will replace it.
New regional styles of realising diplomacy, organized in new forms (surpassing obsolete
forms of ministries of foreign affairs) will represent innovative instruments, capable to protect states
and nations in a global world dominated by regional and transnational actors, and under the permanent
danger of state dissolution.
REFERENCES
[1] Smouts, Marie Claude; Battistella, Dario; Vennesson, Pascal (2006). Dictionnaire des
relations internationales, Dalloz, Paris
[2] Evans, Graham; Newnham, Jeffrey (2001). Dic ionar de rela ii interna ionaleț ț ț , translated
by Anca Irina Ionescu, Universal Dalsi Publishing House
[3] Pu ca , Vasile (2005).ș ș Rela ii interna ionale/ transna ionaleț ț ț , Sincron Publishing House,
Cluj Napoca
[4] Sinclair, Timothy J. (2005). Global Governance, in Martin Griffiths, eds., Encyclopaedia of
international relations and global politics, Routledge, London and NY, pp.329-330.
[5] Kornberg, Judith F.; Faust, John R. (2005). China in World Politics. Policies, Processes,
Prospects, Lynne Rienner Publishers, UBC Press, Vancouver Toronto, Canada, UBC
Press, University of British Colombia, pp.18-19.
[6] Kissinger, Henry (2014). Ordinea mondială. Reflec ii asupra specificului na iunilor i aț ț ș
cursului istoriei, RAO Publishing House, translated by Adriana Bădescu, Bucharest,
2014
1
10. an universal trend of multiplying global special normative regimes, regional economic integrations and
institutions, an intensified need for new regulations at the level of international law, and for new
international institutions with universal role, like a reformed UN.
New types of diplomacy will appear, during XXIst century, in our opinion, once surpassed the
present stage of Westphalian world of states as originary, principal and sovereign subjects of
contemporary international law.
Another actors than states will be, in future, involved in global activity of regulating global
issues and challenges of XXIst century postmodern world. Diplomacy of non-state actors, even
diplomacy realized by High Representatives of Planet Earth (as new subject of global law, in relations
with states and international/regional/global institutions), pontifical global diplomacy and other
innovative forms of diplomacy will add to the classical forms of diplomacy and, at a specific moment
in time, they will even challenge traditional diplomacy and they will replace it.
New regional styles of realising diplomacy, organized in new forms (surpassing obsolete
forms of ministries of foreign affairs) will represent innovative instruments, capable to protect states
and nations in a global world dominated by regional and transnational actors, and under the permanent
danger of state dissolution.
REFERENCES
[1] Smouts, Marie Claude; Battistella, Dario; Vennesson, Pascal (2006). Dictionnaire des
relations internationales, Dalloz, Paris
[2] Evans, Graham; Newnham, Jeffrey (2001). Dic ionar de rela ii interna ionaleț ț ț , translated
by Anca Irina Ionescu, Universal Dalsi Publishing House
[3] Pu ca , Vasile (2005).ș ș Rela ii interna ionale/ transna ionaleț ț ț , Sincron Publishing House,
Cluj Napoca
[4] Sinclair, Timothy J. (2005). Global Governance, in Martin Griffiths, eds., Encyclopaedia of
international relations and global politics, Routledge, London and NY, pp.329-330.
[5] Kornberg, Judith F.; Faust, John R. (2005). China in World Politics. Policies, Processes,
Prospects, Lynne Rienner Publishers, UBC Press, Vancouver Toronto, Canada, UBC
Press, University of British Colombia, pp.18-19.
[6] Kissinger, Henry (2014). Ordinea mondială. Reflec ii asupra specificului na iunilor i aț ț ș
cursului istoriei, RAO Publishing House, translated by Adriana Bădescu, Bucharest,
2014
1