For educational purposes

5. Also, already underway was the mass migration of
Indian and Chinese workers, principally from the labor
abundant areas of Madras in India and the provinces of
Kwangtung (Guangdong) and Fukien (Fujian) in
Southeastern China, to land-abundant but labor-scarce
parts of Asia. Chief among the immigrant-receiving
countries were
.

6. Immigration to Southeast Asia was almost
entirely in response to its growing demand for
workers which, in turn, derived from rapidly
expanding demand in core industrial countries
for Southeast Asian exports. Studies by Latham
and Neal (1983) and by Brandt (1985, 1989)
established the development of an integrated
Asian rice market beginning in the latter part of
the nineteenth century.

7. GLOBAL
CORPORATION

8. While many use "global" in the same way as international when it
comes describing a business, some analysts make distinctions
between how each operates. On a basic level, a global corporation
is one that operates in more than one country. Particularly in
the United States, the term can mean different things to different
contexts, with the characteristics of a global corporation varying
accordingly. (Craig Berman, 2017)
GLOBAL CORPORATION

9. Business analysts and academics, such as the groundbreaking
Michael Porter at Harvard University, defined global businesses
more narrowly and distinguish them from other operations overseas.
He defined a global business as one that maintains a strong
headquarters in one country, but has investments in multiple
foreign locations. Such investments may involve direct investments
in foreign assets, such as manufacturing facilities or sales offices.
The headquarters generally is its home country, though some
moves to more favorable regulatory or taxation locations over time.
GLOBAL CORPORATION

10. In the world of finance and investment, a global corporation
is one that has significant investments and facilities in
multiple countries BUT lacks a dominant headquarters.
Global corporations are governed by the laws of the country
where they are incorporated. A global business connects its
talents, resources and opportunities across political
boundaries. Because a global corporation is more invested
in its overseas locations, it can be more sensitive to local
opportunities and also more vulnerable to threats. A
company that does business in Africa, for example, might find
itself dealing with the implication from a local Ebola outbreak
as well as its commercial operations.
GLOBAL CORPORATION

11. In contrast, an international company is one that has
headquarters or example in the United States, but also
does business overseas and might have a large presence
in multiple areas. Such company would be governed by
U.S. regulations, assuming its headquarters remain in
U.S., but may also have foreign subsidiaries such as the
Philippines which is governed by local laws.
GLOBAL CORPORATION

12. Global Interstate
System
World-systems are defined by the existence of a division of labor.
The modern world-system has a multi-state political structure (the
interstate system) and therefore its division of labor is international
division of labor. In the modern world-system, the division of labor
consists of three zones according to the prevalence of profitable
industries or activities: CORE, SEMI-PERIPHERY, and
PERIPHERY. Countries tend to fall into one or another of these
interdependent zones core countries, semi-periphery countries and
the periphery countries. Resources are redistributed from the
underdeveloped, typically raw materials-exporting, poor part of the
world (the periphery) to developed, industrialized core.

13. WORLD SYSTEM
THEORY
IMMANUEL WALLERSTEIN developed World
System Theory and its three-level hierarchy:

14. WORLD SYSTEM
THEORY
CORE COUNTRIES
Dominant capitalists, economically developed with advanced
industrialization, technology and high-income levels. They
often have a strong political influence and control over global
finance.
United States, China, Germany, Japan, United
Kingdom France, Canada, Italy, South Korea,
Australia (as of January 2022)

15. WORLD SYSTEM
THEORY
SEMI-PERIPHERY COUNTRIES
Countries fall between core and peripheral countries in terms
of economic development. They may have some
industrialization and moderate income levels but lack the
dominance of core nations.
Brazil, Russia, India, South Africa, Mexico, Turkey,
Philippines
(as of January 2022)

16. WORLD SYSTEM
THEORY
PERIPHERY COUNTRIES
Less developed economically, often relying on agriculture or
low-skilled industries. They have lower income levels and may
face challenges in infrastructure and education.
Afghanistan, Haiti, Nepal, Democratic Republic of the
Congo, Cambodia, Yemen, Nicaragua, Ethiopia,
Bangladesh, Myanmar (as of January 2022)

17. Global Interstate
System
World-systems, past world-systems and the modern world-
systems, have temporal features. The term contradiction
means a general controversy in the system, usually
concerning some short term vs. long term trade-offs. For
example, the problem of under consumption, wherein the
drive-down of wages increases the profit for the
capitalists on the short-run, but considering the long run,
the decreasing of wages may have a crucially harmful
effect by reducing the demand for the product. The last
temporal feature is the crisis: a crisis occurs if a constellation
of circumstances brings about the end of the system.

18. Global Interstate
System
World-systems, past world-systems and the modern world-
systems, have temporal features. The term contradiction
means a general controversy in the system, usually
concerning some short term vs. long term trade-offs. For
example, the problem of under consumption, wherein the
drive-down of wages increases the profit for the
capitalists on the short-run, but considering the long run,
the decreasing of wages may have a crucially harmful
effect by reducing the demand for the product. The last
temporal feature is the crisis: a crisis occurs if a constellation
of circumstances brings about the end of the system.

19. The world-systems theory stresses that
world-systems (and not nation states)
should be the basic unit of social
analysis. Thus we should focus not on
individual states, but on the relations
between their groupings (core, semi-
periphery, and periphery).

20. GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
This term global governance is sometimes
referred to as world governance. In response to
the acceleration of worldwide interdependence,
both between human societies and between
humankind and the biosphere, the term "global
governance" may mean the “process of
designating laws, rules, or regulations intended
for a global scale.”

21. GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
Global governance is not a singular system. There is
NO “WORLD GOVERNMENT,” but the many different
regimes of global governance do have commonalities:
The dominant mode of organization today is
bureaucratic rational-regularized and codified. It is
common to all modern regimes of political power and
frames the transition from classical sovereignty to what
David Held describes as the second regime of sovereignty-
liberal international sovereignty.

22. EFFECTS OF
GLOBALIZATION
GOVERNANCE

23. Globalization restrains governments by inducing increased
budgetary pressure. As a consequence, governments may
attempt to curtail the welfare state, which is often seen as
a drag on international competitiveness, by reducing
especially their expenditures on transfers and subsidies.
This globalization-induced welfare state retrenchment is
potentially mitigated by citizens' preferences to be
compensated for the risks of globalization ("compensation
hypothesis").
“COMPENSATION HYPOTHESIS”

24. World system deals with inter-regional and
transnational division of labor, which divides the
world into core countries, semi-periphery
countries, and the periphery countries.
WORLD SYSTEM
For a time, certain countries become the world
hegemon; during the last few centuries, as the
world-system has extended geographically and
intensified economically, this status has passed
from the Netherlands, to the United Kingdom and
(most recently) to the United States.

25. This theory is also known as world-systems analysis
or world- systems perspectives. World system theory is a
multidisciplinary, macro-scale approach to world history
and social change which emphasizes the world-system
(and not nation states) as the primary (but not exclusive)
unit of social analysis.
WORLD SYSTEM

26. INSTITUTIONS THAT
GOVERN INTERNATIONAL
RELATIONS

27. An independent policy institute and
N.P. organization based in Paris,
France and Stockholm in Sweden. The
Institute represents a center dedicated
to studies and research on
international law, international
relations, strategic topics and social
life. The EIIR is a laboratory for
strategic studies to combine both
legal and strategic studies in the same
discussion.
The European Institute for International Law
and International Relations (Brussels)

28. An independent policy institute and
N.P. organization based in Paris,
France and Stockholm in Sweden. The
Institute represents a center dedicated
to studies and research on
international law, international
relations, strategic topics and social
life. The EIIR is a laboratory for
strategic studies to combine both
legal and strategic studies in the same
discussion.
The European Institute for International Law
and International Relations (Brussels)

29. ISPI carries out first-hand and policy-
oriented research, providing analysis and
drawing scenarios on international geo-
political and geo-economic trends and
dynamics.
ISPI Istituto per gli Studi di Politica
Internazionale (Italian Institute for
International Political Studies) Milan,
Italy

30. A private graduate school of
national security, intelligence, and
international affairs in Washington,
D.C., and Reston, Virginia. Founded in
1990, the school offers courses
related to intelligence, national
security, and diplomatic communities.
Institute of World Politics
(Washington, D.C.)

31. A fundamental institution in the
formation of human resources
and in the production of
scientific and technological
knowledge, both regionally and
nationally.
Department of International Studies (Centro
Universitario de Ciencias Sociales y
Humanidades) at University of Guadalajara
located in Guadalajara, Mexico

32. Promotes research of interest in
the social sciences and
humanities, with a focus on Latin
America, applying historical,
scientific, and systematic
approaches and employing
transdisciplinary and trans-
regional dialogue.
Department of Latin American Studies (Centro
Universitario de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades) at
University of Guadalajara located in Guadalajara,
Mexico

33. A non-official, non-party, and
non-profit making body. It
seeks to encourage and
facilitate the understanding of
international affairs and to
promote the scientific study of
international politics,
economics and jurisprudence.
The Royal Institute of International
Affairs, (PIIA) Karachi, Pakistan

34. An independent, non-
governmental organization that
seeks to encourage an
understanding of the
importance of global affairs to
the political and economic well-
being of New Zealand.
The New Zealand Institute of International
Affairs (Wellington, New Zealand)

35. An Australian
research institute and
think tank which
focuses on
International
relations.
The Australian Institute of International
Affairs (Deakin, ACT, Australia)

36. A Canadian think tank on foreign
relations. It is an independent,
member-based council
established to strengthen
Canada's role in international
affairs. Its goal is to advance
debate on international issues
across academic disciplines,
policy areas, and economic
sectors.
The Canadian Institute of International
Affairs (Toronto, ON, Canada)

37. Internationalism versus Globalization
Internationalization refers to the increasing importance of
international trade, international relations, treaties, alliances,
etc. International, means between or among nations. The basic
unit remains the nation, even as relations among nations
become increasingly necessary and important.
Globalization refers to global economic integration of many
formerly national economies into one global economy, mainly
by free trade and free capital mobility, but also by easy or
uncontrolled migration. It is the effective erasure of national
boundaries for economic purposes. International trade
(governed by comparative advantage) becomes interregional
trade (governed by absolute advantage).

38. The very word "integration" was derived from "integer",
meaning "one," "complete," or "whole." Integration is the act
of combining into one whole. Since there can be only one
whole, only one unity with reference to which parts are
integrated, it follows that global economic integration logically
implies national economic disintegration.
By disintegration it does not mean that the productive plant of
each country is annihilated, but rather that its parts are torn
out of their national context (dis-integrated), in order to be re-
integrated into the new whole, the globalized economy. As the
saying goes, “to make an omelette you have to break some
eggs.” The disintegration of the national egg is necessary to
integrate the global omelette.

39. In the classical nineteenth-century vision of
Smith and Ricardo (2016 )the national
community embraced both national labor and
national capital, and these classes cooperated,
albeit with conflict, to produce national goods --
largely with national natural resources. These
national goods then competed in international
markets against the goods of other nations,
produced by their own national capital/labor
teams using their own resources.

40. In the globally integrated world of the late twentieth century,
however, both capital and goods are free to move
internationally. One little-noticed, but important
consequence of free capital mobility is to totally undercut
Ricardo's comparative advantage argument for free trade
in goods, because that argument was explicitly and essentially
premised on capital being immobile between nations. But the
conventional wisdom seems to be that if free trade in goods is
beneficial, then free trade in capital must be even more
beneficial. In any case, it doesn't longer makes sense to think
of national teams of labor and capital in the globalized
economy. Instead, global capitalists competing with each other
for both laborers and natural resources, as well as markets, in
all countries.