This document discusses using unlicensed spectrum for LTE deployments to achieve 1000x gains in capacity. It describes LTE-U and carrier Wi-Fi solutions for using unlicensed 5 GHz spectrum, including LTE-WiFi link aggregation using dual connectivity to improve performance. LTE-U deployments are described using both adaptive duty cycling for early deployments, as well as Listen Before Talk as standardized in 3GPP Release 13 to ensure fair coexistence with Wi-Fi networks. Test results show LTE-U can achieve higher capacity than Wi-Fi while maintaining Wi-Fi performance in dense deployments.

1. 1©2013-2015 Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. and/or its affiliated companies. All Rights Reserved.
February, 2015
Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.
Making best use of unlicensed
spectrum for 1000x

2. 2
The wireless evolution
Redefined Telephony
By mobilizing communications
Redefined Computing
By mobilizing Internet
Redefining Everything
By transforming the role of wireless

3. 3
Machine learning
Computer vision
Always-on sensing
Immersive multimedia
Intelligent connectivity
Intuitive security
Heterogeneous computing
Inventing technologies to transform the edge of the Internet
Solving the 1000x
data challenge
Innovative small cells and
spectrum solutions More capacity, better user experience
LTE in unlicensed spectrum
LTE Advanced evolution
LTE Broadcast
Small cells and self organizing technology
Wi-Fi 802.11ac / ax
LTE and Wi-Fi convergence
3G
Transforming
the role of wireless
New ways of connecting,
new services, and convergence
Bringing cognitive
technologies to life
Devices and things that perceive,
reason and act intuitively
Beyond capacity & peak rates
LTE Direct and LTE Broadcast
LTE machine-type communications
Wi-Fi Aware / Wi-Fi Direct / DSRC
Wi-Fi 802.11ah
802.11ad
Bluetooth
5G
Inspired by the human brain

4. 4
Beyond 1000x—transforming the role of wireless
Optimizing wireless to scale
and adapt to a wider variation
of devices/things, and new
classes of use cases
Converging spectrum types,
networks, and deployment
models to enhance user
experience and efficiency
Bringing connectivity closer
to the user to scale for billions
of connections and empower
new experiences
Connecting in new,
intelligent ways
Enabling new
wireless services
Creating a unified
connectivity platform

5. 5
Licensed spectrum is the foundation to 1000x
More licensed spectrum is the top priority
Use unlicensed spectrum opportunistically
For both licensed & unlicensed spectrum
(evolving LTE Advanced and Wi-Fi)
• LTE - Wi-Fi aggregation for carrier Wi-Fi
• LTE-U for new small cells
More small cells
Higher efficiency
More spectrum

6. 6
Link
Aggregation
Dual connectivity
Making best use of unlicensed spectrum for 1000x
New small cell deployments
LTE-U in 3GPP Rel 13 is referred to as Licensed Assisted Access (LAA)
LTE - Wi-Fi Link Aggregation
LTE Anchor
LTE in unlicensed spectrum (LTE-U)
Licensed
400MHz to 3.8GHz
Carrier
Aggregation
Carrier Wi-Fi deployments
Existing, new, also non-collocated,
Fair coexistence with Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
Unlicensed
2.4 & 5 GHz
Unlicensed
5 GHz
LTE-U
Both solutions will
coexist—even in the
same networks

7. 7
Operator’s assets determine solution—many will do both
Notes: Aggregation at modem-level (PDCP level) is a R13 candidate, (dual connectivity defined in R12 for licensed) ; LTE-U based on R10 for certain countries, defined as LAA R13 for other countries
Better capacity
and coverage
Unified networkSeamless user
experience
Deeper aggregation and better performance
LTE - Wi-Fi
Link Aggregation
LTE in unlicensed
spectrum (LTE-U)
Both solutions will co-exist even in the same network
LTE-U
Wi-Fi

8. 8
LTE/LTE-U Solutions LTE/Operator Wi-Fi Solutions
LTE/Wi-Fi Technology Solutions
LTE in Licensed Spectrum
LTE in Unlicensed Spectrum
802.11ac Wi-Fi
802.11ad WiGig
Deployment Scenarios for Licensed and Unlicensed Access
LTE/Wi-Fi
Call Continuity
LTE Advanced Carrier
Aggregation
LTE/LTE-U
Carrier
Aggregation
LTE/Wi-Fi
Call Continuity
LTE Advanced
Carrier Aggregation
Carrier Wi-Fi AP
802.11ai
Fast
Roaming
Carrier Wi-Fi AP
LTE/Wi-Fi Link
Aggregation with
Dual Connectivity
Enterprise/
residential
LTE and Wi-Fi
Small Cell
Enterprise/
residential
LTE and Wi-Fi
Small Cell
802.11ad
WiGig802.11ac Wi-Fi
MU-MIMO AP
802.11ad
WiGig 802.11ac Wi-Fi
MU-MIMO AP
LTE/LTE-U Small Cell

9. 9
LTE - Wi-Fi link aggregation
—Part of larger LTE - Wi-Fi convergence

10. 10
LTE - Wi-Fi (non-collocated)
Link Aggregation
Live Demonstration
Non-collocated
Wi-Fi
(Even with less-than
ideal backhaul)
LTE
Macro/Pico

11. 11
Enhanced user experience
Licensed anchor for control and mobility
Unified network
Operator LTE network in full control of Wi-Fi
Better performance
Simultaneously using both LTE & Wi-Fi links
LTE - Wi-Fi link aggregation for existing and new carrier Wi-Fi
Notes: Aggregation on modem level (PDCP level), also leveraging dual connectivity defined inR12; Control over X2-like interface needs to be supported by Wi-Fi AP. No change to LTE & WiFi PHY/MAC. No change to core network
Control Traffic
Leverages new/existing, also
non-collocated carrier Wi-Fi
2.4 & 5 GHz unlicensed spectrum
LTE Anchor
Licensed Spectrum
Link
Aggregation
Dual-
connectivity
Modem-level aggregation
for superior performance
Proposed for 3GPP Rel. 13
Wi-Fi

12. 12
Modem-level aggregation for superior performance
HTTP Combining
HLOS HTTP
APP
HLOS
LTE/Wi-Fi Aggregation
TCP
HTTP
APP
Modem PDCP
LTE
Wi-Fi
Better load-balancing
based on information on both links
Dynamically adapts to
radio/traffic conditions
Proposed for 3GPP Rel. 13

13. 13
Aggregation part of the larger LTE - Carrier Wi-Fi convergence
LTE (LTE – R8 to R9, LTE Advanced R10 - R13)
Wi-Fi Discovery Service Continuity
Hotspot 2.0
Load
Balancing
Optimized Connectivity
Experience (OCE)
Fast
Roaming
Reduced
Overhead
Link Aggregation
Faster connections
Seamless services
More capacity
Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11ac, MU-MIMO, ai, k, v, ax)
Dual-
connectivity

14. 14
Continuing to improve carrier Wi-Fi
Wi-FiWi-Fi
20-30x faster roaming
Enabling seamless real-time services
Reduced overhead
In dense Wi-Fi deployments
MU - MIMO
Next wave of efficiency
802.11 g/n 802.11 ac
Breaking the Gbps barrier
802.11 ax
Load balancing
Steering Wi-Fi connection
based on signal quality & load
Today
High Load Low Load
Carrier Wi-Fi Enhancements
Optimized Connectivity Experience (OCE) based on 11ai,k,v
Today Optimized
Up to 50% ~2%
Management
Overhead
Wi-FiWi-Fi
Optimized
Hotspot 2.0
Notes: Faster roaming: Based on Qualcomm Technologies prototype, in typical conditions, after full authentication with the target operator; Reduced overhead: Scenario such as airport/train stations/conferences (100s of users), 4 to 16 APs visible per STA, 2.4GHz band, 1 Mbps management traffic

15. 15
LTE-U for 5 GHz unlicensed
spectrum

16. 16
LTE-U in 5 GHz for new small cell deployments
1Main option for LTE FDD, but the specific band for SDL need to be defined. Either TDD or FDD aggregation is possible with SDL; 2Using TDD + TDD aggregation, or FDD + TDD aggregation with TDD used for unlicensed spectrum
3Assumptions: Two operators. 48 Pico+108 Femto cells per operator. 300 users per operator with 70% indoor. 3GPP Bursty model. 12x40MHz @ 5GHz for unlicensed spectrum; LTE 10 MHz channel at 2 GHz;. 2x2 MIMO, Rank 1 transmission, eICIC enabled;
LTE-U – LAA R13, 2x2 MIMO (no MU-MIMO).; Wi-Fi - 802.11ac 2x2 MIMO (no MU-MIMO), LDPC codes and 256QAM).
LTE-U small cell
Unlicensed
(5 GHz)
LTE/
LTE-U
• Supplemental Downlink (SDL)
to boost downlink 1
• Carrier aggregation to boost
both downlink and uplink 2
~2x capacity and range
Compared to Wi-Fi3
Enhanced user experience
Licensed anchor for control and mobility
Unified LTE network
Common management
A good Wi-Fi neighbor
In many cases, better neighbor to Wi-Fi
than Wi-Fi itself
Carrier
aggregation
Licensed Anchor
(400 Mhz – 3.8 GHz)

17. 17
LTE-U: Higher capacity while being a good neighbor to Wi-Fi
In many cases a better neighbor to Wi-Fi than Wi-Fi itself
Wi-Fi in unlicensed
HetNet in licensed
Operator
A
Wi-Fi
Operator
A
Wi-Fi
1x ≥1x
>2x
Gain(Median throughput)
Operator
B
Wi-Fi
1x
Everyone could
be better off
Operator B switches
Wi-Fi to LTE
in unlicensed
Operator
B
LTE in
unlicensed
Assumptions: Two operators. 48 Pico+108 Femto cells per operator. 300 users per operator with 70% indoor. 3GPP Bursty model. 12x40MHz @ 5GHz for unlicensed spectrum.
LTE 10 MHz channel at 2 GHz;. 2x2 MIMO, Rank 1 transmission, eICIC enabled; LTE-U - Phase II., 2x2 MIMO (no MU-MIMO).; Wi-Fi - 802.11ac 2x2 MIMO (no MU-MIMO), LDPC codes and 256QAM).

18. 18
Compared to Wi-Fi
LTE Thrpt (Mbps) / Wi-Fi Thrpt (Mbps)
LTE-U improves coverage
20/2
16/2
3/x
6/x
4/x
24/26
27/27
35/27
15/9
9/1
14/3
26/23
2/x
29/16
LTE/ Wi-Fi
5GHz access point
Indoor 3rd floor
Source: Qualcomm Research. Example from our LTE-U testing in San Diego to validate coverage and performance advantages.

19. 19
Unlicensed 5 GHz spectrum is ideal for small cells with LTE-U
1 Channel 120, 124 and 128 (5.6-5.65 GHz) currently not permitted in the US. 2 5725MHz-5850MHz has been assigned to ISM services in China 3 Study of 5350MHz-5470MHz and 5725MHz-5925MHz use for license exempt is being planned in EU’.
4 5470-5650 MHz in Korea* These 5GHz channels typically require DFS, Dynamic Frequency Selection
Opportunistic use
Unlicensed spectrum is shared but “free”
~500 MHz spectrum available
Even more in pipeline, to complement licensed
Shorter range
Lower transmit power per regulations
Wide bands available for sharing
Efficiently shared amongst multiple users
20
MHz
120 MHz
could be available
in e.g. the US4/EU3
US, Korea, China, Europe,
Japan, India
US1, Korea5, Europe, Japan
US, Korea, India, China2,
considered in EU3
5.15
GHz
5.33
GHz
5.49
GHz
5.835
GHz
20
MHz
20
MHz
5.71
GHz
* * * * * * * * * * * * * **
5.735
GHz
UNII-1
5150-5250 MHz
UNII-2
5250-5350 MHz
UNII-2 5470-5725 MHz UNII-3 5725 – 5850 MHz
ISM 5725 – 5850 MHz

20. 20
LTE-U is a good neighbor:
coexists fairly with Wi-Fi

21. 21
Going above and beyond minimum requirementsMinimum requirements
Ensuring fair coexistence between LTE-U and Wi-Fi
1 CSAT - Carrier Sensing Adaptive Transmission required in the small cell.. 2 LAA Licensed Assisted Access being standardized in 3GPP Release 13 . In addition, New RF band support (e.g. 5GHz) needed at both device and small cell
Conformance testing
• Coexistence and fairness test
• Expected to be more rigorous than
Wi-Fi testing today
• Still allowing for differentiation
Standards & specifications
• LTE-U R10 for USA, China,
Korea, India and other markets
– With dynamic channel selection & CSAT1
for fair coexistence
• LTE-U R13 LAA2 for Europe, Japan
and beyond
– Modified waveform for LBT
Spectrum regulations
• Power and emission levels
• Additional channel occupancy limits:
Listen Before Talk (LBT) required in
Europe and Japan

22. 22
LTE–U protects Wi-Fi to ensure fair sharing of spectrum
1 CSAT - Carrier Sensing Adaptive Transmission required in the small cell Meeting regulatory requirements, in addition ensures fairness.
2 Part of 3GPP Rel 13, Licensed Assisted Access (LAA) for regions with short channel occupancy requirements, aka Listen Before Talk (LBT)
Adaptive duty cycle (CSAT) based1
for early deployments in USA, Korea, China, India etc. using 3GPP Rel. 10/11/12
Listen Before Talk (LBT) based2
for deployments in Europe, Japan and beyond using 3GPP Rel. 13 LAA
Sensing channel
utilization
LTE is off LTE is off
20ms - 100s of ms
Sensing channel
availability
1-10 ms bursts
Select clear channel : Dynamically avoid Wi-Fi
If no clear channel : Fair sharing with Wi-Fi on the same channel
1
2
Up to 500 MHz
available
Unlicensed
5 GHz band
20
MHz . . . . . . . .
Time Time
LTE is onLTE is on
20
MHz

23. 23
LTE/Wi-Fi co-channel fair coexistence using adaptive duty cycle
Enabling early LTE-U deployments using Rel 10/11/12 in countries such as USA, Korea & China
Sensing channel
utilization
LTE estimates # of active
Wi-Fi APs and determines
utilization1
LTE “OFF”
Provisions to allow for latency sensitive apps (e.g. VoWi-Fi)
LTE “ON”
2/6th of the time in the
example shown
LTE “OFF”
4/6th of the time in the
example shown
To proportionately share
channel with Wi-Fi
LTE “ON”
2/6th of the time in the
example shown
LTE-U LTE-U Wi-Fi Wi-Fi Wi-Fi Wi-Fi
Time
Carrier Sensing Adaptive Transmission (CSAT) example
20ms - 100s of msec2From 10ms to 100ms timeframe
1LTE reads Wi-Fi preamble to determine # of Wi-Fi APs and their usage; 220ms or more for primary channel, 100s of ms for secondary channel

24. 24
Stress testing LTE/Wi-Fi co-channel in very harsh conditions
Qualcomm Technologies’ LTE/Wi-Fi coexistence test chamber
Hyper dense network
• Up to 9 Access Points (AP) placed ~1m apart
• All APs set to the same channel
• Commercial, off-the-shelf Wi-Fi and test LTE-U APs
Extreme interference for devices
• No isolation between neighboring APs and devices

25. 25
Wi-Fi performance not adversely affected by LTE-U
Using adaptive duty cycle (CSAT) for fair coexistence
Increasing LTE-U penetration
7 Wi-Fi + 1 Wi-Fi 4 Wi-Fi + 4 LTE-U
Wi-Fi performance
improved
7 Wi-Fi + 1 LTE-U 6 Wi-Fi + 2 LTE-U
Wi-Fi Average
throughput

26. 26
Better performance of LTE-U
Using adaptive duty cycle (CSAT)
8 Wi-Fi + 1 Wi-Fi 8 Wi-Fi + 1 LTE-U
Wi-Fi average
throughput
LTE - U
Target AP with
Wi-Fi
Target AP
Average throughput
Wi-Fi
(3.3 Mbps)
LTE-U
(6.7 Mbps)
Target AP with
LTE-U

27. 27
LTE-U coexistence
3GPP R13 LAA - Licensed Assisted Access

28. 28
Going beyond Listen Before Talk (LBT) for fair sharing with Wi-Fi
For LTE-U deployments using 3GPP Rel. 13—Licensed Assisted Access (LAA)
LTE
“OFF”
Time
LTE
“OFF”
Sensing channel
availability per LBT
Every 20us per CCA
(Clear Channel Assessment)
Hold off when detecting
other user per LBT
Sense every 20us and decrement random counter
before transmitting per extended CCA
LTE
“ON”
LTE
“ON”
LTE
“ON”
LTE
“ON”
LTE
“ON”
Adaptive “ON” 1ms to 10ms
based on load—similar to CSAT

29. 29
All sites
LTE + Wi-Fi
LTE-U R13 LAA
Live Demo
Operator 1
Operator 2
Note: The data rates shown are only for the unlicensed spectrum, with only control and signaling traffic going over licensed spectrum

30. 30
Operator 1:
still on Wii-Fi
Wi-Fi performance
not adversely
affected
LTE-U R13 LAA
Live Demo
Operator 1
Operator 2
Operator 2:
One site changed
to LTE-U
~ 2x Improvement
Note: The data rates shown are only for the unlicensed spectrum, with only control and signaling traffic going over licensed spectrum

31. 31
LTE-U traction

32. 32
Strong mobile industry support for LTE-U
Operator Announcements
“And, we’ve already begun work with our …. partners to bring LAA
production trials to life this year and bring the technology to our
customers in the near-future.”
- Neville Ray, CTO, T-Mobile
"We are very pleased to have confirmed that LAA is a viable
technology for LTE and future LTE-Advanced,"
- Seizo Onoe, EVP & CTO, NTT DOCOMO.
Vendor Support
“..Ericsson first to give smartphone users indoor boost with License
Assisted Access..”
- Press release, 1.5.15
"We are pleased to see successful joint field results on deploying LAA
in partnership with NTT DOCOMO,"
- Ryan Ding, Executive Director of Board, Huawei.
Public Demos/Trials
• DoCoMo/Huawei – joint tests
• Qualcomm Technologies at MWC 2014, 2015
• Many non-public tests and demos
Standardization
Study item in Rel 13 (LAA)
Supported by many operators, vendors and
other industry participants
Sources: http://newsroom.t-mobile.com/issues-insights-blog/unleashing-lte-potential-integrating-new-spectrum.htm ; https://www.nttdocomo.co.jp/english/info/media_center/pr/2014/0821_00.html ; http://www.ericsson.com/news/1884277

33. 33
Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. (QTI) advances LTE-U ecosystem
Industry’s first small cell SoCs with LTE-U support, from QTI
FSM99xx SoCs for enterprise and metro small cells – available 2H CY15
Helping operators make the best use of all available spectrum
FSM99xx also supports concurrent 3G/4G operation, dual-carrier 4G with carrier aggregation, and hosted Wi-Fi.
Industry’s first RF transceiver with LTE-U for mobile devices
Extending QTI’s RF leadership in LTE Advanced
QTI’s WTR3950 is the first 28nm RF for single-chip Cat 6 carrier aggregation – available 2H CY15
Optional WTR4905 transceiver, to support up to 3x20 MHz CA across licensed & unlicensed bands
Proven Coexistence with Wi-Fi
QTI over the air testing not only proved co-existence between multiple LTE-U and Wi-Fi access points, but also
revealed that LTE-U can actually improve Wi-Fi performance under extreme load conditions.
QTI solutions exceed minimum requirements with standard and pre-standard coex features
Dynamic Channel Selection, Listen Before Talk (LBT), Carrier Sensing Adaptive Transmissions (CSAT), etc.

34. 34
PICO
Complete multi-mode SoCs
• Global 3G / 4G modem (with LTE-U)
• Quad-core 2 GHz Krait processor
• Hosted 802.11ac Wi-Fi
• Dedicated network listen
• Industry-leading RF, power management, GNSS,
security, and more…
Software for easier deployment &
management
• UltraSON™ interference & mobility management
• LTE-U / Wi-Fi coexistence features
• Digital pre-distortion (DPD)
• eICIC
• Hotspot 2.0
METRO
ENTERPRISE
FSM99xx
FSM99xx brings LTE-U to small cells
FSM small cell solutions and UltraSON are products of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc..
eICIC is enhanced Inter Cell Interference Coordination defined by 3GPP.

35. 35
Committed to making best use of licensed and unlicensed
• LTE Advanced for 5 GHz
unlicensed spectrum
• Carrier Wi-Fi and aggregation
with LTE
Licensed Spectrum
Cleared spectrum or LSA for 3G/4G
Exclusive use
Mobile Broadband
• Wi-Fi in 2.4 & 5GHz
unlicensed spectrum
• Private/residential, enterprise
users and more
Local Area AccessUnlicensed Spectrum
Multiple technologies (Wi-Fi, BT, LTE-U)
Shared use
LTE/
LTE-U
Wi-Fi

36. 36
Summary: making best use of unlicensed spectrum for 1000x
• LTE - Wi-Fi link aggregation
for carrier Wi-Fi
• LTE-U in 5GHz for
new small cells
• Improved coverage and
capacity; creates a unified
network for all spectrum
• Strong industry support for
LTE-U, and LTE – Wi-Fi
convergence; both will coexist
• LTE-U is a good neighbor:
coexists fairly with Wi-Fi
1
2
3
4
Wi-Fi
LTE-U
≥1x
>2x
Wi-FiLTE-U

37. 37
@Qualcomm_tech
http://www.qualcomm.com/blog/contributors/prakash-sangam
http://www.slideshare.net/qualcommwirelessevolution
http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8AD95E4F585237C1&feature=plcp
www.qualcomm.com/wireless
Questions? - Connect with Us
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38. 38
For more information, visit us at:
www.qualcomm.com & www.qualcomm.com/blog
©2013-2015 Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. and/or its affiliated companies. All Rights Reserved.
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permission. Other products and brand names may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners.
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Qualcomm corporate structure, as applicable.
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